Best Preserved Ancient Cities: Timeless Walled Cities
Precisely built to be the last line of protection for historic cities and their people, massive stone walls are silent sentinels from a bygone age.…
Malta enthralls travelers with its blend of ancient heritage, vibrant culture and sun-soaked landscapes. This tiny Mediterranean archipelago packs centuries of history into just 316 square kilometers (122 sq mi). Prehistoric megalithic temples stand alongside medieval fortresses and Baroque cathedrals, all framed by crystalline blue waters. Even the most seasoned traveler cannot help but be drawn in by Malta’s multifaceted allure — a sun-drenched mosaic of harbors, hilltop villages and coastal charm. From the narrow cobbled streets of Valletta to the tranquil bays of Gozo, every corner has a story rooted in millennia. Malta is, in many ways, a mosaic of wonders that combines every era into one sweeping experience.
For centuries, Malta’s harbors drew merchants and conquerors across the Mediterranean. Today the islands lure modern visitors in much the same way. Under the relentless sun, one can stand atop ancient ramparts and gaze across a sea dotted with fishing boats. The layers of culture are visible everywhere: temples older than the pyramids, Roman villas, Ottoman forts and British colonial quays lie within easy reach. Yet Malta is far more than a collection of relics. Its people have forged a vibrant island culture from these layers of history. Cafés spill onto limestone plazas where locals chat over coffee. Fishermen in harbors like Marsaxlokk haul in the day’s catch under church spires. The air is scented with Mediterranean herbs and freshly baked bread. With every step, Malta invites exploration – urging visitors to touch its stones, taste its cuisine and join its festivities.
Table of Contents
– Location: Archipelago in the central Mediterranean, south of Sicily and north of Libya.
– Islands: Eight in total; the three largest are Malta, Gozo and Comino. (Other islets include Manoel Island, Cominotto, the St. Paul’s Islands, Filfla and Filfoletta.)
– Capital: Valletta (Europe’s smallest capital city by area, about 0.8 km²).
– Population: About 520,000 (2023 estimate) – one of the most densely populated countries in Europe.
– Area: Approximately 316 km² (122 sq mi) spread across all islands.
– Languages: Official languages are Maltese (a Semitic language written in Latin script) and English. Italian is widely understood as well.
– Currency: Euro (€).
– EU Member: Part of the European Union (since 2004), the Schengen Area and the Eurozone.
Though Malta is small, it operates like a bustling city-state. Each year tourists swell the population, yet the islands remain remarkably safe and welcoming. The Grand Harbour region is heavily built-up, giving the impression that the entire country is one continuous urban area. Yet beyond the towns lie warm rural charms: olive groves, honey-scented valleys and an endless coastline of bays and cliffs. For so small a nation, Malta is rich in diversity – every village has its own character, and every harbor its own story.
The name “Malta” likely comes from the Phoenician word Maleth, meaning “haven,” which perfectly captures the island’s sheltered harbors. Others trace it to the ancient Greek Melite, or “honey-sweet,” a nod to Malta’s long tradition of beekeeping and honey production. Either way, the name evokes the islands’ gentle bounty and hospitality. The people of Malta (the Maltese, il-Malti) reflect a blend of many cultures. Their national tongue, Maltese, evolved from medieval Sicilian Arabic but today is written in Latin letters and sprinkled with Italian, French and English loanwords. Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin script — a unique living link to Malta’s complex past.
In practice, virtually every Maltese person speaks both Maltese and English fluently. Road signs, newspapers and school lessons routinely switch between the two. Italian is widely understood as well (many Maltese grew up watching Italian TV), and some locals also know bits of French or Arabic. This blend of languages is part of daily life: a menu might list dishes in both Maltese and English, and TV news may alternate languages. A visitor rarely feels lost linguistically, and the country’s official bilingualism gives it an added cosmopolitan character.
Language Fact: Maltese is the only Semitic language written in Latin script. It mixes Arabic roots with thousands of words from Italian and English, reflecting Malta’s layered history.
Few places on Earth boast such a rich prehistoric legacy. Between 3600 and 2500 BC, Malta’s Neolithic islanders built massive stone temples that predate the Egyptian pyramids. Six temple complexes survive (all UNESCO World Heritage Sites), collectively known as the Megalithic Temples of Malta. Their enormous limestone slabs form curved chambers and altars for rituals long forgotten.
Ġgantija (Gozo): The oldest temple complex, Ġgantija (“Giants’ Tower”) dates to around 3600–3200 BC. Its monumental trilithons (two vertical stones supporting a horizontal lintel) stand nearly six meters tall. At Ġgantija archaeologists found pottery and clay figurines — evidence of fertility rituals. On Malta’s main island, the Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra temples (c. 3600–3000 BC) perch on a clifftop overlooking the sea. Mnajdra’s main chamber was built to catch the rising sun on equinox days, effectively serving as a prehistoric solar calendar. Further inland are the Tarxien Temples (c. 3150–2500 BC), known for intricate spiral carvings and animal reliefs that hint at a sophisticated ancient craft tradition.
Beneath the surface lies another marvel: the Ħal-Saflieni Hypogeum. This underground temple/necropolis (c. 4000–2500 BC) was carved three levels deep into the rock in Paola. Visitors descend stone steps into a dim labyrinth of chambers that resemble above-ground temples. The Hypogeum held the remains of about 7,000 people; its walls display the only known prehistoric paintings in Malta (spiral red motifs). Archaeologists even found a tiny “Sleeping Lady” figurine in a niche. Owing to its age and uniqueness, UNESCO calls the Hypogeum “a masterpiece of creative genius.” (Note: entry is strictly limited to small guided groups, so book well in advance.)
Malta’s capital city, Valletta, is tiny (about 0.8 km²) yet packed with monuments. Founded in 1566 by the Knights of St. John after they beat back the Great Siege of 1565, Valletta was one of the Renaissance’s first planned cities. Its fortified grid of broad streets and massive bastions was an architectural marvel. Today almost every building in Valletta is historic: Baroque churches, auberge mansions for the knights, and palaces line the narrow lanes.
Valletta’s skyline is dominated by church domes and campaniles. The golden dome of the Basilica of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the slender spire of St. Paul’s Anglican Pro-Cathedral soar above the harbor. One of the city’s greatest gems is St. John’s Co-Cathedral: its plain exterior hides an opulent Baroque interior. Inside, the nave shines with gold-leaf vaulting and marble tombstones of the knights, and it houses two famous Caravaggio paintings on the altar walls. Next to it, the Grand Master’s Palace (now the President’s offices) contains ornate halls and a vast Armoury of medieval weapons. For sweeping views, visitors climb to the Upper Barrakka Gardens – a terraced park overlooking the Grand Harbour and Three Cities. Every day at noon the restored Saluting Battery cannon fires a salute to the harbor below.
Other must-see sights in Valletta include:
– St. Paul’s Shipwreck Church: A richly decorated church said to hold relics from the Apostle Paul’s 60 AD shipwreck.
– Fort St. Elmo: The star-shaped fortress at Valletta’s tip; it defended the city in 1565 and today houses the National War Museum.
– Auberges and Palaces: The Knights built grand auberge homes for each language (Italian, French, Spanish, etc.); many now serve as government buildings or museums.
– Historic Streets: Simply wandering streets like Republic and Merchant’s Streets feels like stepping back in time among limestone churches and carved doorways.
UNESCO designated Valletta a World Heritage Site in 1980 for its concentration of historic architecture and fortifications. Today the city hums with cafés, shops and concerts, but history still feels alive. Stroll the bastions at sunset or enjoy an evening drink in a centuries-old square, and you get the sense that every stone has its own story.
Malta’s past is woven from many civilizations. Around 700 BC Phoenician traders settled the islands and named the principal city Maleth. In 218 BC Malta fell under Roman rule; it remained a quiet Roman province where Christianity later took root (tradition says St. Paul brought the faith after his 60 AD shipwreck). In 870 AD, Arab conquerors arrived, introducing irrigation, new crops (like citrus and cotton), and even words into the Maltese language. By 1091 Count Roger of Sicily (Norman) took Malta from the Arabs, and it became part of the medieval Kingdom of Sicily and later Aragon (Spain).
The next pivotal chapter began in 1530, when Emperor Charles V granted Malta to the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) in perpetuity. Over the next 268 years, these knights turned the islands into a bastion of the Catholic faith. They built aqueducts and hospitals, founded towns (like Paola and Kalkara), and in 1566 laid out the new capital after the Great Siege. Their most famous building boom gave Malta its Baroque splendor: palaces, churches and auberges that still define its heritage today.
This rule ended abruptly in 1798, when Napoleon seized Malta on his way to Egypt. The French occupation proved brief: in 1800 Maltese rebels, with British naval aid, ousted the French. Malta then became a British protectorate and later a colony (from 1814). Under Britain, Malta modernized: hospitals, schools and infrastructure expanded, and English gradually replaced Italian as a co-official language.
After World War II, self-government expanded. Malta achieved full independence on September 21, 1964, initially as a Commonwealth monarchy under Queen Elizabeth II. In 1974 Malta became a republic (though still in the Commonwealth). In the following decades Malta joined the United Nations, NATO dialogue programs, and eventually the European Union (2004) and Eurozone (2008). Through all this, Malta’s story remained unique: an island nation whose culture reflects an unbroken chain from temple-building farmers to modern EU member.
World War II tested Malta like nothing before. The islands were a crucial Allied base, so from 1940 to 1942 the Axis powers (Italy and Germany) unleashed relentless air raids. It has been described as one of the heaviest bombing campaigns of the war. Over those two years, Italian and German planes dropped about 6,700 tons of bombs on Malta’s cities, harbors and airfields. Food, fuel and medicines ran short. Maltese civilians slept in rock-cut shelters and made do with severe rationing. Yet the island’s spirit never broke.
In August 1942, a desperate Allied convoy (Operation Pedestal) delivered just enough supplies to sustain Malta. In tribute to the island’s endurance, King George VI awarded the George Cross to Malta on April 15, 1942 — a rare honor usually given to individuals, now bestowed on the entire population. (Malta still proudly displays the George Cross on its flag.)
By late 1942, Axis focus shifted away and the siege ended. Malta then became a springboard for Allied offensives into Italy. Today, the bravery of those years is commemorated at sites like the Lascaris War Rooms (an underground command center in Valletta) and the National War Museum. The story of “Fortress Malta” is one of remarkable resilience: surviving thousands of air raids, the Maltese kept their island afloat and helped change the course of the war.
The Maltese archipelago is made up of several islands, each with its own character:
Other islets include Cominotto (next to Comino, with a scenic cave and beach), Manoel Island (off Gżira, connected by a causeway; it has an 18th-century star fort), St. Paul’s Islands (two rocks near St. Paul’s Bay, associated with the Apostle’s shipwreck legend), and Filfla/Filfoletta (uninhabited rocky islets off the southwest coast, now nature reserves and nesting sites).
Each island offers a distinct flavor. In a single day you can walk among ancient temples on Malta, wander quiet Gozitan lanes, and swim in Comino’s lagoon. Ferries and boats link the islands regularly (Gozo ferries run every 20–30 minutes, and small boats shuttle passengers to Comino). The compact size means island-hopping is easy — it’s part of Malta’s charm.
Maltese culture is joyful and community-oriented. With about 98% of the population baptized Catholic, religious and folk traditions are everywhere. The most vivid example is the village festa. From spring through autumn, nearly every town and village has one or more patron saints. The festa is a week-long celebration in the saint’s honor: church plazas are lit up with strings of lights, brass bands march through streets, and townspeople set off fireworks each evening. A statue of the saint is carried in procession through the decorated streets. During these festas, locals and visitors alike enjoy music, dancing, and traditional festival foods sold at stalls. It’s a lively display of faith and local pride in every corner of the islands.
Other cultural highlights include:
– Carnival (February): Malta’s Mardi Gras, especially big in Valletta, Floriana and Nadur (Gozo). Expect parades, floats and masquerade balls filled with music and revelry.
– Notte Bianca (October): A one-night arts festival in Valletta each autumn. Museums stay open late, the streets fill with street performers, and the city is “painted white” in celebration.
– Għana (Folk Singing): A traditional form of improvisational folk music (now UNESCO-listed). Singers trade verses on everyday topics (often humorous or poignant) accompanied by Maltese guitars. You can find gara (competitions) in village bars or at cultural events.
– Holy Week & Easter: Malta observes solemn Good Friday processions (some towns carry large wooden statues of the Passion) and festive Easter Masses. In Mdina and other ancient towns, candlelit processions create a memorable atmosphere.
– National Holidays: Independence Day (Sept 21), Republic Day (Dec 13) and Freedom Day (Mar 31) are marked with ceremonies and fireworks. The Feast of the Assumption (Aug 15, “Santa Marija”) is celebrated as a major national holiday; most towns host a grand feast with fireworks that weekend.
Daily life in Malta also feels communal. Families often picnic outdoors on Sundays, children walk safely to school or church alone, and the Maltese ħanut (corner shop) serves as a local gathering spot. Summer evenings may find elders sipping coffee in town piazzas, while youth enjoy seaside nightlife. Traditional crafts like lace-making and filigree jewelry are still practiced, and one might stumble upon a lace or jewelry shop in even a small village. In short, Malta’s culture is a warm tapestry of devotion, celebration and social gathering — a living tradition as much as a historical one.
Eating in Malta is a celebration of Mediterranean flavors with local twists. Sicilian, Arab and British influences mingle with Maltese farm-to-table traditions. The national dish is Stuffat tal-Fenek (rabbit stew) – rabbit slow-braised in wine, tomatoes, garlic and herbs. (Fun fact: rabbit was once protected from hunting as a symbol of self-reliance, so the stew became a symbol of freedom.)
No visit to Malta is complete without pastizzi. These are warm, crisp, flaky pastries usually stuffed with ricotta cheese or a spiced mushy pea filling. Pastizzi are sold at tiny bakehouses (the pastizzeria) on nearly every street corner. Eating a cheese- or pea-filled pastizz with morning coffee is practically a national pastime.
Other local specialties to try include:
– Ħobż biż-żejt: A rustic sandwich made with crusty Maltese bread rubbed with fresh tomato paste and filled with tuna, olives, capers and olive oil. It’s simple but packed with flavor.
– Lampuki Pie: A seasonal pie made in autumn from lampuki (mahi-mahi fish) mixed with spinach, olives and herbs, wrapped in pastry.
– Bigilla: A hearty dip made from mashed broad beans with garlic and parsley. It’s often served on toasted bread or crackers as an appetizer.
– Qagħaq tal-għasel: Sweet honey rings with sesame, traditionally baked at Christmas.
– Local Cheeses: Gbejniet are small disks of goat or sheep cheese, available fresh (soft) or dried and peppered. They’re often eaten for breakfast or as a snack.
Because Malta is an island, seafood is abundant and fresh. Grilled octopus, sea bream, swordfish and mussels appear on many menus. The Maltese coat-of-arms dolphin and fish often adorn seafood taverna signs. In winter, markets sell swordfish steaks (xgħir) right off the boats. Maltese wine has seen a resurgence: try a glass of local red or the white Ġellewża. And don’t miss Kinnie, a uniquely Maltese herbal orange-soft drink with a bittersweet bite.
Snack Tradition: Pastizzi are so beloved in Malta that local bakeries start serving them warm from dawn. A cheese or pea-filled pastizz is almost a rite of passage – try one with a morning coffee for an authentic Maltese bite!
Meals in Malta are usually social affairs. Sunday lunches might gather many generations around a table of stews, pasta and salads. Even casual dining often turns into multi-course leisurely meals, reflecting the island’s welcoming spirit.
Malta’s varied scenery and historic architecture have made it a popular film location. Ancient harbors become Rome or Jerusalem; rocky shores double for exotic islands. Notable productions filmed in Malta include:
– Gladiator (2000): Fort Ricasoli (Kalkara) and parts of Comino were used to depict Roman battlefields and arenas.
– Troy (2004): Fort Ricasoli and Golden Bay’s sands stood in for scenes of ancient battlefields.
– Game of Thrones: Season 1 scenes: Mdina Gate and Fort St. Angelo became King’s Landing, and the now-collapsed Azure Window on Gozo was the site of Daenerys’s Dothraki wedding. (The Mdina gate can be seen as the entry to King’s Landing in the pilot.)
– The Count of Monte Cristo (2002): Valletta’s Baroque streets and fortifications doubled for 19th-century Marseille.
– Popeye (1980): A whole village set was built at Anchor Bay for the musical Popeye. Today “Popeye Village” stands as a quirky seaside theme park of colorful wooden houses.
– Midnight Express (1978): Several scenes set in a Turkish prison were filmed at Fort St. Elmo and in Cospicua (the Three Cities).
– Other films: Thunderball (1965, James Bond) and By the Sea (2015, Angelina Jolie/Brad Pitt) used Malta’s locations, as did Italian productions like Tolo Tolo (2020).
Movie tourism has grown, with tours pointing out famous sites. For instance, fans often enjoy recognizing Mdina gate or a harbor as they did in their favorite scenes. The film industry also benefits Malta’s economy and global profile. Annual film awards in Malta now celebrate this cinematic heritage. In short, visiting Malta can feel a bit like being on a movie set – a bonus for film buffs!
Despite intensive development, Malta still offers striking natural scenery. The climate is typically Mediterranean: long, hot dry summers and mild winters. Summer days (June–September) routinely reach 30–33°C (86–91°F) with clear, sunny skies. Winters (December–February) are mild (daytime highs around 15–18°C/59–64°F) and brief. Rain falls mostly between October and March. These conditions paint Malta’s landscape beautifully: spring fields are dotted with red poppies and cyclamen, and hardy Mediterranean herbs like rosemary and thyme perfume the dry earth.
One of Malta’s most charming wild sights is the Blue Rock Thrush (Il-Merill), the national bird. This shy, slate-blue songbird nests in cliff faces and sings a cheerful tune at dawn. Other native wildlife includes the Maltese wall lizard and the Mediterranean gecko, which scurry along rocks and walls. In winter, migratory birds such as hoopoes and kestrels pass through. In the sea, divers may glimpse loggerhead turtles, rays and even dolphins feeding on the rich fish. Maltese waters also harbor vibrant seagrass meadows of Posidonia — underwater gardens that keep the sea clear and alive.
Geologically, Malta is defined by its soft golden limestone. Dramatic cliffs like the Dingli Cliffs (253 m / 830 ft) rise from the sea, offering the highest viewpoints on Malta. Inland the terrain is mostly terraced fields and rocky garrigue. Ancient farmers carved terraces into the hillsides to grow olives, grapes and citrus; many are still used today. Along the coast one finds picturesque bays and caves: the Blue Grotto (south of Zurrieq) is famous for its sea caves that glow deep blue in morning sunlight, and the Xwejni salt pans on Gozo are a landscape of geometric pools that turn pink at sunset and attract flamingos in winter.
Beaches and coves add to Malta’s natural appeal. Golden Bay and Mellieħa Bay on Malta’s northwest coast are long golden-sand beaches, popular for sunbathing and water sports. On Gozo, Ramla Bay’s red sand and the Inland Sea’s enclosed swimming lagoon are standout spots. Even urban areas have pockets of nature: Dingli Cliffs, unspoiled bays on Gozo, or hillside gardens can be just a short walk away. For hikers and swimmers alike, Malta’s combination of clear skies, mild climate and rugged coastlines makes outdoor adventure easy year-round.
Religion remains a cornerstone of Maltese life. Official figures show about 98% of Maltese are Roman Catholic. This high percentage means churches are everywhere: nearly every town has a major parish church, and countless countryside chapels mark old routes and local devotions. It’s often said Malta has “one church for every day of the year,” reflecting the sheer number of sacred sites for a tiny population.
Standout religious landmarks include:
– St. John’s Co-Cathedral (Valletta): As noted above, this cathedral is a Baroque masterpiece filled with marble and gold, built by the Knights.
– Mosta Rotunda: A large domed church in central Malta. During WWII its dome survived being pierced by a 1,000-pound bomb which did not explode — a famous miracle. The unexploded bomb is now displayed inside.
– Mdina Cathedral: The St. Paul’s Cathedral in the old capital. Its ornate interior and dome are noteworthy; outside, Mdina’s narrow silent streets feel like stepping back in time.
– Ta’ Pinu Basilica (Gozo): A pilgrimage church built after a reported 1883 vision of the Virgin Mary. It’s unusually large and richly decorated, standing in a quiet rural setting.
– Village Parish Churches: Each town’s parish church is lavishly decorated in its own way. During a festa, townspeople will carry the church’s patron saint statue through the streets. Many of these churches are centuries old and designed by notable architects.
Besides Catholicism, Malta has small other communities. There is a tiny Muslim community (mainly foreign workers), and one of Europe’s oldest synagogues (active since 1575) stands in Valletta. But national holidays align with Christian feast days — e.g., December 8 (Feast of the Immaculate Conception) and Good Friday are public holidays. Even though religion is so prominent, most Maltese combine faith with a laid-back lifestyle. For visitors, a midday rosary or a Sunday mass is often simply part of the local color: bells ringing from the towers and processions in the streets. The result is that spirituality in Malta is very public, yet integrated into everyday life.
Malta’s economy today is dominated by services. Tourism is king: cruise ships, history tours, dive tourism and festivals bring in significant revenue. Financial services (banking, insurance, online gaming) also play a large role. In fact, Malta is known as a European hub for online gambling companies due to favorable regulations. Shipping and logistics benefit from Malta’s prime location in the Mediterranean; the island maintains a busy shipyard and one of the largest maritime registries in Europe. Agriculture persists on a small scale (grapes for wine, potatoes, tomatoes, dairy), but most food is imported. Manufacturing (electronics, pharmaceuticals, food processing, boatbuilding) exists but is a modest slice of GDP. Malta’s per capita income is high relative to Eastern Europe, though housing costs (especially in Valletta or waterfront areas) can be quite steep.
Traditional crafts, once essential to local life, now survive mainly in heritage and tourism. Notable Maltese crafts include:
– Silver Filigree: Intricate jewelry made from fine twisted silver wire. Craftsmen produce delicate crosses, earrings and lace-like patterns. This craft dates back to ancient Phoenician times. Filigree shops in Valletta and villages offer beautiful souvenirs.
– Gozo Lace: Handmade bobbin lace featuring geometric Maltese cross designs. Gozo, in particular, is famous for lace-makers who learned the craft over generations. Homespun lace doilies, scarves and flags are found at markets and gift shops.
– Mdina Glass: Art-glass blown and shaped into bowls, paperweights and ornaments. Visitors can watch glassblowers at work at the Ta’ Qali studios, and buy vivid-colored glassware in shops.
– Maltese Clocks: Traditional wooden clocks with a single hand (a custom from old Caravaggio fashion). These ornate timepieces are collector’s items.
– Woodcarving and Stone Carving: Skilled artisans carve religious figures, nativity scenes and even modern signs from local limestone. Woodworkers make wooden toys and cabinets. You might see carvers working in markets or craft villages.
Ta’ Qali Crafts Village (in former WWII hangars) is a popular stop, with shops displaying all these crafts. Prices reflect true craftsmanship, but the quality and uniqueness are clear compared to cheap imitations.
Modern Malta blends heritage with high-tech. Internet and mobile coverage are excellent island-wide. Public services (e-government, healthcare and education) run on par with Western Europe. In recent years, Malta has invested in renewable energy (solar farms, wind turbines) to reduce reliance on imported fuel. English-language media keep the population connected to global news. At the same time, the islands retain a village feeling: in many cafés you hear Maltese elders chatting in Maltese, neighbors gossiping in Italian, and youngsters texting in English — all in the same place. Living in Malta feels like enjoying Europe on a human scale, with both antique walls and Wi-Fi in sight.
In recent decades, Malta has become a magnet for expats. The biggest communities are from the UK, Italy, France and Germany, but people from many countries live here. The main draws are the English language, sunny weather, low crime and EU membership. Malta’s small size means everything is close: no extremely long commute to work or school. But space is also limited, so housing in central areas (Valletta, Sliema, seaside towns) can be costly. Traffic congestion is a complaint, especially on narrow island roads during rush hour. Overall, expats say the friendly atmosphere outweighs these inconveniences.
Education: Malta offers free public schooling from ages 5–16. In the early years, instruction is in Maltese, but English is introduced immediately and then both languages are used. Several private and international schools teach solely in English (with students from many countries). The University of Malta (established in 1769) provides higher education in English, offering degrees in engineering, sciences, business and the arts. Its graduates often work throughout Europe. Additionally, English language courses are popular: Malta hosts many European students in short-term English immersion programs. Literacy and educational attainment in Malta are very high.
Healthcare: Malta’s healthcare system is ranked highly. Public healthcare is universal for residents, funded by taxes and insurance contributions. The main hospital, Mater Dei (opened 2007 near Msida), is modern and well-equipped, complemented by regional hospitals on Malta and Gozo. Most general practitioners and specialists serve both public and private patients. Residents obtain services either free or for a small fee. Many expats working here qualify for the public system, or they purchase private insurance to use private clinics (for shorter waits or elective care). People often praise the quality of Maltese healthcare — it compares favorably with much of Western Europe. Malta even attracts some medical tourism, such as dentistry or surgeries, from nearby regions.
Lifestyle: Daily life in Malta is comfortable. Outdoor dining and street cafés operate year-round due to mild weather. Shops range from local markets selling Maltese fruit and fish to European-brand supermarkets. English signage and services mean even bureaucratic tasks (banking, municipal permits) are easy to navigate. Utilities (electricity, water) are reliable, though electricity can be pricey. Internet is fast and widespread. Public transport (buses, ferries) is comprehensive but can slow down in summer crowds. Driving is common once off the busier coastal route; car ownership is high.
For families, Malta offers safety and a strong community feel. For singles and young people, a lively nightlife (see below) and beach sports abound. Retirees note the blend of Mediterranean pace with good healthcare and English availability. Most agree that the warm weather, community festivals and English-friendly society make Malta’s advantages outweigh drawbacks like traffic or limited size. In short, Malta lives up to its reputation as a convenient, laid-back place to live with a touch of European flair.
Malta is very safe for visitors. Violent crime is rare and petty crime minimal. You can walk around towns and beaches late at night without worry. The main concern is pickpocketing in crowds (buses or bazaars); common-sense precautions (watch belongings) are enough. Emergency services can be reached by dialing 112 (EU emergency number). Tap water is drinkable everywhere, so carry a refill bottle instead of buying plastic.
Getting around is straightforward:
– Flights: Malta International Airport (Luqa) connects to major European and North African cities by frequent daily flights, including many low-cost airlines.
– Ferries: High-speed catamarans run between Valletta and Sicily (Pozzallo or Catania) several times a day, especially in summer. The trip takes around 1.5–2 hours. Ferries to Gozo (from Ċirkewwa on Malta to Mgarr on Gozo) depart every 20–45 minutes; travel time is about 25 minutes. A small boat service or even kayak gets people across to Comino.
– Buses: Malta’s Tallinja bus network covers most of the islands. Buses are modern and air-conditioned on main routes. They can be slow in rush hour or tourist season congestion, but they reach almost every town. A Tallinja Card (pay-as-you-go travel card) allows easy transfers. Night buses operate on weekends in towns.
– Car/Scooter Rental: Driving offers flexibility. (Note: Malta drives on the left.) Roads range from multi-lane highways to narrow winding lanes. GPS is helpful in small towns where English signs may be limited. Parking in Valletta or Sliema can be tight; many hotels include parking spaces. Fuel prices in Malta are on par with Western Europe, making petrol relatively expensive.
– Taxis & Rideshare: Taxis run on meters or fixed rates, and apps like Bolt operate across Malta. Fares add up, so agree on fixed rates for longer trips. Shared minibuses between towns are available.
– On Foot: In city centers like Valletta, Mdina or Mġarr (Gozo), walking is the best way to explore. Many sites are clustered together.
Best times to visit: Spring (April–June) and early fall (September–October) have warm weather, fewer crowds and lower prices. Summer (July–August) is very hot and the peak tourist season — beaches and clubs are buzzing, but expect higher rates and busy sites. Winter can be rainy, but days stay mild (15–18°C) and it’s the quiet season for sightseeing (some tours may be less frequent).
Additional tips:
– Money: Euro is the currency. Credit cards work in most places; ATMs are ubiquitous. Small shops or remote village buses may need cash.
– Adapters: Malta uses Type G plugs (same as UK, 230V). Bring a UK-style adapter.
– Language: English is spoken everywhere, so communication is easy. Learning a few Maltese phrases (“bongu” for hello, “grazzi” for thank you) is appreciated.
– Dress: Modest dress is expected in churches and when visiting traditional villages. Cover shoulders and knees in churches. Swimwear is fine at beaches but not in towns or churches.
– Sun Protection: The summer sun is strong. Use sunscreen, sunglasses and hats. Hydrate well on hikes and beach days.
– Tipping: No obligation, but 5–10% in restaurants is customary for good service.
In general, traveling in Malta is hassle-free. Distances are short (a drive from north to south might be 90 minutes). You can spend one day hiking a temple trail and the next snorkeling off a boat, with easy transport between. Malta’s mix of ancient sights and modern comforts ensures a varied and effortless holiday experience.
Travel Tip: Maltese tap water is perfectly safe to drink. Carry a refillable water bottle – it’s eco-friendly and saves money.
– Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum (Paola, Malta): The unique underground prehistoric temple. Book a visit months in advance due to limited tickets.
– Megalithic Temples: Ġgantija (Gozo), Ħaġar Qim & Mnajdra (Qrendi, Malta), Tarxien Temples. These Neolithic stone complexes (c. 3600–2500 BC) are UNESCO sites.
– Valletta (St. John’s Co-Cathedral, Grand Master’s Palace, Upper Barrakka): As above, the entire capital is dense with historic sites. Don’t miss the siege bell and the harborside Malta Experience show.
– Mdina (“The Silent City”): The medieval walled capital. Great for wandering its quiet streets, visiting St. Paul’s Cathedral, and enjoying panoramic views from bastion walkways or the Fontanella Tea Garden.
– Three Cities (Birgu/Vittoriosa, Senglea, Cospicua): Historic fortified dockyards and forts across from Valletta. Fort St. Angelo in Birgu is beautifully restored, and there are waterfront cafes. Senglea’s Gardjola Garden offers a classic view over Valletta.
– Blue Lagoon (Comino): In the bay between Comino and Cominotto, its turquoise shallows are ideal for swimming and snorkeling. Best enjoyed early morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds.
– Golden Bay & Mellieħa Bay (Malta): Malta’s top sandy beaches, popular for sunbathing and sunset watching.
– Ramla Bay (Gozo): A sandy beach with reddish sand and the legendary Calypso Cave above.
– Blue Grotto (near Żurrieq, Malta): Sea caves accessible by boat tours; midday light makes the water intensely blue.
– Dingli Cliffs (Malta): Highest cliffs on the main island. Spectacular sunset viewpoint overlooking the sea and plains below.
– Fort Rinella (Kalkara, Malta): A Victorian fort with the world’s largest muzzle-loading cannon (100-ton), demonstrated daily. A fun stop for military history.
– Popeye Village (Anchor Bay, Malta): A colorful film set and theme park (for the 1980 film Popeye). Quirky and great for families or photo-ops.
– Ta’ Qali Crafts Village: Former WWII airfield hangars now house workshops and shops for Mdina Glass, filigree, lace and other Maltese crafts.
– Sliema & St. Julian’s (Paceville): The main commercial and nightlife districts. Sliema has a scenic promenade, ferries to Valletta and many hotels. St. Julian’s (especially the Paceville quarter) is known for its bars, clubs and dining – it’s Malta’s entertainment center.
Each of these landmarks adds a piece to Malta’s story – from prehistoric mysteries to modern seaside fun. Exploring them lets travelers see the island’s layers of history and natural beauty in one journey.
What is Malta best known for? Its dense concentration of history and culture in a small area. People often visit for Malta’s ancient Neolithic temples (older than the pyramids), the fortified capital of Valletta, and its year-round sunshine and clear Mediterranean waters (like the Blue Lagoon). Malta is also famous for its lively village festas with fireworks. In short, Malta is best known as a small country with a big story, where Mediterranean charm meets millennia of heritage.
Why is Malta called Malta? The origin of “Malta” is debated. One theory says it comes from the Phoenician maleth meaning “haven” or “refuge,” referring to its safe harbors. Another links it to the Greek meli (“honey”), for the island’s ancient honey trade. Both point to Malta’s long history and resources.
How many islands make up Malta? The Maltese archipelago has 21 islands and islets. Only three are inhabited: Malta, Gozo and Comino. The others (like Cominotto, Manoel Island, St. Paul’s Islands, Filfla) are either nature reserves or private.
What is Malta’s national dish? Rabbit stew (Stuffat tal-Fenek) is considered the national dish. It’s tender rabbit slowly stewed in wine, garlic and tomatoes. For a quick snack, Maltese love pastizzi (flaky pastries filled with ricotta or peas) – often called the unofficial “national fast food.”
What languages are spoken in Malta? Maltese and English are official. Virtually everyone speaks both fluently. Italian is widely understood too (it was an official language until 1934 and remains on TV and in schools).
Is Malta part of Italy? No. Malta is an independent country. It was under various foreign rulers (Phoenicians, Arabs, knights, British) but never part of the modern state of Italy. Geographically it’s close to Sicily, but politically and culturally it’s separate.
What is the capital of Malta? Valletta. It was founded in 1566 and is known for its fortifications and Baroque buildings. (Mdina was Malta’s capital in the Middle Ages, but Valletta is the modern capital and center of government.)
Why is Valletta a UNESCO World Heritage Site? Because Valletta preserves an exceptionally dense collection of historic structures within a precisely planned Renaissance city. Its fortifications, palaces, churches and unique layout reflect European art and military architecture from the 16th–18th centuries. UNESCO cited Valletta’s baroque riches and intact city plan as outstanding heritage.
What are the oldest temples in Malta and how old are they? The Ġgantija temples (on Gozo) and the Ħaġar Qim, Mnajdra and Tarxien temples (on Malta) are among the oldest. They date back to roughly 3600–2500 BC (around 5,000–6,000 years old). Ġgantija on Gozo is the oldest, beginning around 3600 BC — older than Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid.
What is the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni? An underground prehistoric temple and necropolis in Paola (Malta), dating to around 4000–2500 BC. It consists of three rock-carved levels with chambers and passages. It was a sacred burial site. The Hypogeum is unique in being subterranean and richly decorated, earning it UNESCO status.
What is the population of Malta? Approximately 520,000 people (2023). The population has grown steadily in recent decades. Most Maltese live on the main island; Gozo has about 37,000 residents, and Comino only a handful.
What is Malta’s climate like? Mediterranean: hot dry summers and mild wet winters. Summer daytime highs often exceed 30°C (86°F), and winters usually stay around 15–18°C (59–64°F). Rain falls mainly from October through March. The sea is warm (over 20°C/68°F) from early summer into autumn. Overall, Malta enjoys about 300 days of sunshine per year.
What is Malta’s currency? The euro (€). Malta joined the Eurozone in 2008.
What is the history of Malta’s independence? After centuries under British rule (1814–1964), Malta negotiated self-government. It became fully independent on September 21, 1964, as a Commonwealth realm (with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state). In 1974 Malta became a republic (still in the Commonwealth). Later, Malta joined the European Union (2004) and adopted the euro (2008).
What is Malta’s connection to WWII? Malta was a key Allied base and underwent a brutal siege (1940–1942). Its population endured intense bombing to keep Malta in Allied hands. The island’s resistance earned it the George Cross (awarded by King George VI). Today, war museums and memorials in Malta honor that history.
Why is Malta called the “Fortress Island”? This nickname comes from Malta’s strategic Mediterranean location and extensive fortifications. The Knights of St. John built a web of forts and defensive walls around the islands. In WWII, Malta’s defense under siege reinforced the idea of the islands as an impregnable fortress.
What are Malta’s main festivals and celebrations? The biggest events are the patron saint festas nearly every weekend in summer (each town celebrates its own saint with parades and fireworks). Other highlights include Carnival (February), Easter processions, National Day (Sept 21), Republic Day (Dec 13) and Christmas/New Year. Feast of the Assumption (Aug 15) is celebrated island-wide as “Santa Marija” with fireworks in every town.
What movies were filmed in Malta? Many! Highlights include Gladiator, Troy, Game of Thrones (Season 1), The Count of Monte Cristo, the James Bond film Thunderball, Midnight Express, Popeye (1980), and By the Sea (2015). Malta’s studios and locations have stood in for everything from ancient Rome to New York.
What is the Blue Lagoon? A crystal-clear swimming bay on Comino island. The water is a brilliant turquoise, the sand is white, and the sea is shallow. It’s a favorite day-trip spot for sunbathing, swimming and snorkeling.
What is special about Gozo? Gozo is more rural and tranquil. It has its own identity: Gozitans even speak a slightly different dialect of Maltese. The island’s highlights include the Ġgantija temples, the hilltop Victoria Citadel, scenic beaches like Ramla Bay, and local crafts like lace-making. Gozitans are proud of their slower pace of life and countryside.
What happened to the Azure Window? The Azure Window was a famed natural limestone arch on Gozo’s Dwejra Bay. It collapsed into the sea during stormy weather on March 8, 2017. The site is still worth visiting (the Inland Sea and the cliffs remain) but the iconic arch is gone.
What is the George Cross? A prestigious British award for bravery. It was bestowed on Malta (as a whole) in April 1942 to honor the island’s heroism during WWII. The George Cross is featured on Malta’s flag and coat of arms, symbolizing national pride in resilience.
What are Malta’s main industries? Tourism is top (hotels, cruise port, diving, cultural tourism). Other key industries: financial and gaming services (banking, insurance, online gaming), shipping and ship repair, light manufacturing (electronics, pharma, food) and, to a lesser extent, agriculture and fishing. Renewable energy and technology sectors are growing.
What is the education system like in Malta? Education is compulsory from age 5 to 16. Schools teach in both Maltese and English. The University of Malta (est. 1769) offers a wide range of degrees primarily in English, making Malta a regional center for higher education. Many Maltese students also study abroad. Malta is also a popular destination for learning English as a second language, with many language schools accredited by the EU.
What is Malta’s healthcare system like? Malta has a universal healthcare system. Public hospitals (e.g. Mater Dei in Msida) provide free or subsidized care to residents. Standards are high and service is comparable to Western Europe. Expats and visitors can use emergency services (which are very good). Private clinics are available for shorter waits on elective procedures. Overall, Malta’s healthcare is efficient and well-regarded, which is a draw for families and retirees.
What are the pros and cons of living in Malta? Pros: English-speaking and safe, EU member, warm climate, rich culture and history, and good services (healthcare, internet). The Mediterranean lifestyle is relaxed and community-oriented. Cons: Small size means crowded roads and limited space; housing near the coast or in Valletta can be expensive; summers are hot and touristy; public transportation can be slow. Many expats feel the lifestyle and climate outweigh these downsides.
Malta’s Most Famous Landmarks: (Summaries in the “Landmarks” section above) – Valletta’s fortifications and cathedral, Mdina’s medieval city, the Neolithic temples (Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim, etc.), the Hypogeum, the Blue Lagoon, scenic cliffs and beaches, and picturesque villages like Marsaxlokk and the Three Cities.
Malta’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Three: the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum (in Paola); the Megalithic Temples (Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim/Mnajdra, Tarxien); and the City of Valletta. These are protected for their outstanding historical value.
Best beaches: Golden Bay, Mellieħa Bay, Għajn Tuffieħa on Malta, and Ramla Bay on Gozo (plus Comino’s Blue Lagoon) are consistently rated the top beaches. Each offers soft sand and clean waters.
What are the main challenges facing Malta today? As a tiny, densely populated island, Malta faces pressures on land and resources. Challenges include controlling urban development, traffic congestion, water scarcity (Malta relies heavily on desalination), and environmental sustainability. The government and society are working on solutions like waste recycling programs, renewable energy projects and urban zoning plans. The hope is to balance growth with preserving Malta’s heritage and natural beauty.
Malta is a land of contrasts that somehow coexist. Its compact size allows extraordinary variety: one moment you walk among 5,500-year-old temple stones, and the next you dine on seafood in a centuries-old harbor café. Limestone buildings glow golden under the sun, while church bells echo through valleys. The Maltese today welcome visitors with the same warmth as their ancestors — neighbors gather on benches, families share wine at dusk, and colorful festas light up even the smallest towns.
For travelers, Malta’s blend of past and present leaves a lasting impression. Every alleyway, bay and festival suggests a story. The fortified walls of Valletta, the silent streets of Mdina and the Mediterranean-blue waters of the Blue Lagoon stand out as unforgettable sights. Friendly locals, low crime and English everywhere make exploring easy and fun. Whether one seeks history, sunshine, or a vibrant culture, Malta delivers it all in one place. It is, quite simply, a treasure of the Mediterranean — a place where many journeys converge into one enduring memory.
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