Beppu

Beppu, a city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan, boasts a population of 113,045 residents as of November 30, 2023. With 62,702 households spread across its 125.34 square kilometers, Beppu maintains a population density of 900 persons per square kilometer. This charming city, renowned for its hot springs, is nestled at the western end of Beppu Bay in the east-central part of the prefecture, bordered by neighboring municipalities including Ōita, the prefectural capital, as well as Usa, Yufu, and Hiji.

The geographical layout of Beppu is diverse and captivating, with distinct characteristics in its western and eastern regions. The western area of the city is a treasure trove of scenic wonders, featuring the picturesque Yufugawa Canyon, which has earned its place among the One Hundred Views of Oita. This region also encompasses portions of the Aso Kujū National Park, showcasing vast expanses of lush forests that contribute to the area’s natural beauty.

In contrast, the eastern part of Beppu presents a different geological profile. Here, the landscape is dominated by an alluvial fan and plain, formed by the convergence of several rivers flowing into Beppu Bay. The Asami, Haruki, and Sakai Rivers have played a crucial role in shaping this terrain over millennia. It is within this relatively narrow strip of land, spanning approximately 5 kilometers from east to west and 10 kilometers from north to south, that the main urban area of Beppu has developed and flourished.

The city is embraced by mountains and highlands to the north, west, and east, with elevations reaching several hundred meters above sea level. These mountainous regions are primarily composed of Quaternary volcanoes, with Mount Tsurumi standing out as a relatively young formation still exhibiting fumarolic activity. Alongside Mount Tsurumi, other prominent peaks such as Mount Yufu and Mount Ohira form a majestic mountain range that defines the city’s skyline and contributes to its unique topography.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Beppu’s geology is the presence of numerous seismic faults on the north and south of the alluvial fan, encircling the urban area. These faults are responsible for the abundance of thermal vents that have made Beppu famous for its onsen, or Japanese-style hot springs. The city’s topography is further characterized by its steep gradients, particularly in the east-west direction, due to the short distance between the eastern seashore and the western part of the city, which quickly rises to elevations of several hundred meters.

Beppu’s claim to fame lies in its exceptional concentration of hot springs, collectively known as the Beppu Hattō. This term refers to eight major geothermal hot spots that have established the city as a premier onsen destination. These eight areas, each with its unique characteristics, are Beppu Onsen, Kankaiji, Kamegawa, Shibaseki, Kannawa, Myoban, Horita, and Hamawaki. Together, they offer visitors an unparalleled variety of bathing experiences and therapeutic waters.

The city boasts an impressive array of over 150 individual onsen facilities, catering to both locals and tourists seeking relaxation and rejuvenation. Beppu has even developed a unique onsen stamp rally, encouraging visitors to explore its many hot springs. Those who manage to collect 88 stamps are honored with the title of “onsen expert” or “onsen meijin,” a testament to their comprehensive exploration of the city’s thermal offerings. Among the most notable bathing facilities are the historic Takegawara Onsen, the rustic Myoban Yunosato Onsen, and the highly-rated Hyotan Onsen, each offering a distinct atmosphere and healing properties.

Beyond the traditional bathing experiences, Beppu is also home to the famous “Hells of Beppu,” a collection of hot springs designed for viewing rather than bathing. The Jigoku Meguri tour encompasses seven of these spectacular hells, each with its own unique features and attractions. The Oniyama Jigoku, or “monster mountain hell,” is particularly noteworthy for its large population of crocodiles bred and maintained on the grounds. Another highlight is the Umi Jigoku, or “Sea Hell,” celebrated for its striking cobalt-blue waters that captivate visitors with their otherworldly hue.

Beppu’s appeal extends beyond its geothermal wonders, offering a diverse range of attractions and activities for visitors to enjoy. The city plays a significant role in the annual Beppu-Ōita Marathon, a prestigious IAAF Silver Label road race that has been held every year since 1952. This event not only showcases the city’s sporting spirit but also highlights the strong connection between Beppu and its neighboring city of Ōita.

Nature enthusiasts will find plenty to explore in Beppu’s surrounding areas. Shidaka Lake, situated 600 meters above sea level, provides a serene escape from the bustling city center. The Otobaru Waterfall, nestled in the mountain area of Beppu, offers a refreshing natural spectacle just a short walk from the traditional Wonder Rakutenchi amusement park. For those interested in wildlife, the Takasakiyama Monkey Park, home to over 1,500 Japanese macaques, provides a unique opportunity to observe these fascinating primates in a semi-natural environment.

Beppu also caters to golf enthusiasts and leisure seekers with the Kijima Kogen resort, which features an 18-hole golf course, hotel accommodations, and an amusement park. Its location on a plateau en route to Yufuin makes it an ideal stop for those exploring the wider region.

The city’s innovative approach to thermal experiences extends to sand and foot baths, offering visitors alternative ways to enjoy the benefits of Beppu’s geothermal resources. While the famous Beppu Kaihin Sunayu, Ashiyu is currently closed for redevelopment until 2025, visitors can still enjoy sand baths at Hyotan Onsen and find foot baths at various locations throughout the city, including the Sea Hell on the Beppu Hells tour.

Cultural and recreational offerings abound in Beppu. The centrally located Beppu Park provides a green oasis within the city, perfect for leisurely strolls and picnics. The annual Beppu Fireworks Festival, held in late July, is a spectacular event featuring 5,000 fireworks launched from boats floating on Beppu Bay, creating a mesmerizing display that lights up the summer night sky. For art enthusiasts, the Beppu Contemporary Art Festival “Mixed Bathing World,” held every three years, showcases innovative and thought-provoking artworks throughout the city.

Connecting the city to its natural surroundings, the Beppu Ropeway offers visitors a scenic journey to the summit of Mount Tsurumi, providing panoramic views of Beppu and its picturesque bay. This aerial lift not only serves as a popular tourist attraction but also symbolizes the harmonious blend of urban development and natural beauty that defines Beppu.