Dubai is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai. It perches on the southeastern shores of the Persian Gulf, its skyline rising above a coastal strip where desert meets sea. In 2025 the city itself is home to roughly four million people, a vast majority of whom—about 92 percent—are expatriates. This makes Dubai a remarkably cosmopolitan metropolis: its residents speak dozens of languages and observe a wide variety of cultural traditions. The city’s broader metropolitan area (including adjacent Sharjah and Ajman) approaches six million inhabitants, cementing Dubai’s status as the economic and cultural heart of the northern Gulf region.
Dubai’s geography and climate define much of its character. The city lies at sea level along the Arabian Gulf, backed by flat desert in the east. Summers are relentlessly hot and humid: from May through early October daytime highs typically exceed 38 °C (100 °F), often rising into the mid-40s, with nights rarely cooling below the mid-20s. Rare summer thunderstorms and dust storms sweep across the city, and the city’s coastal humidity compounds the heat. Winters are mild and short (roughly November to March), with daytime highs around 22 °C (72 °F) in January and overnight lows near 12 °C (54 °F). Rain is scant: Dubai averages about 130 mm (5 inches) of precipitation per year, most of it falling in brief winter storms. In sum, Dubai offers nearly year-round sunshine, tempered only by its sweltering summer season and very low rainfall.
By population and density, Dubai dwarfs its neighborring emirates. The city’s growth has been extraordinary: little more than a village a century ago, Dubai is now a city of gleaming skyscrapers and sprawling suburbs. The official Emirati statistics place the population at about 4 million in 2025. About 60 percent of the city’s residents live in Dubai’s namesake Emirate (the rest in mixed zones with Sharjah and Ajman), and the growth rate is steady. Economically, Dubai’s GDP has expanded rapidly since oil was discovered in the 1960s, diversifying from energy into commerce and services. In recent years Dubai’s economy has grown by about 3–4% annually. Its non-oil sector – driven by tourism, trade, finance, aviation, logistics, and real estate – now constitutes the vast majority of economic activity. According to Dubai’s Department of Finance, the emirate’s nominal GDP reached AED 116 billion (roughly US $31.6 billion) in mid-2024, about 3.3 percent higher than a year earlier. Leading growth sectors include transport and storage (up 7.8% in that quarter), information and communications (5.6%), and hospitality and food services (4.7%). In 2024 Dubai ranked as the world’s seventh most-visited city, and its international airport (DXB) handled over 92 million passengers in the year – the most of any airport globally. All of these figures underscore Dubai’s role as a global travel and trade hub.
Today Dubai is best known for its skyline and ambition. The city’s urban landscape bristles with the world’s tallest tower, the Burj Khalifa (828 meters tall), along with dozens of other supertall buildings that define a futuristic cityscape. Dubai also claims architectural firsts such as the sail-shaped Burj Al Arab hotel, the Palm Jumeirah palm-shaped island, the man-made “World” archipelago, and the sprawling Dubai Mall and Fountain show at its base. These developments have made Dubai famous as a place of luxury and spectacle. But beneath the skyscrapers, Dubai retains a working port (Jebel Ali, one of the world’s busiest container harbors) and a major financial district (the DIFC, an international financial center). The combination of policy openness (free trade zones, no income tax, liberalized business laws) and strategic location between East and West has turned Dubai into a crossroads of commerce and culture.
It is important to clarify that Dubai is an emirate, not a sovereign country. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federal nation formed in 1971 from seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi as the capital. Dubai is one of those seven emirates. Colloquially many English speakers refer to “going to Dubai” as if it were a country, but legally it is an emirate within the UAE. The Emirate of Dubai covers roughly 4,100 km² (similar in size to Rhode Island) and includes the city of Dubai and surrounding desert territory. Like its neighbors Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and others, Dubai has its own ruler and government, but shares citizenship, foreign policy, and military defense with the UAE federation.
From the time of its modern founding, Dubai’s rulers have nurtured grand ambitions for the emirate’s future. In the mid-20th century, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum used oil revenues to expand ports, roads, and airports, envisioning Dubai as a trading emporium for the region. Today Dubai’s leadership continues to plan with audacity. Projects like the “Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan” and Expo 2020 (delayed to 2021) reflect a forward-looking strategy to diversify beyond oil. The Dubai 2040 plan, for example, sets goals to double the proportion of green space, build new city centers, and increase public infrastructure for a population approaching ten million. These initiatives show Dubai’s intent to remain a global hub even as regional energy economies evolve. (Dubai’s current leaders often speak of transforming the emirate into a knowledge and service economy, anticipating a future where oil is no longer the main driver. In fact, oil already contributes less than 1 percent of Dubai’s GDP.) In short, Dubai has a reputation for big ideas—whether skyscrapers that touch the clouds or plans to host international events—and much of its appeal to visitors is tied to these bold visions.
Dubai’s story began long before its gleaming towers. Archaeologists have found evidence of settlement in the area dating back thousands of years (during the Bronze Age), when it lay at the edge of ancient trade routes linking Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and the Persian Gulf. The region’s inhabitants in antiquity were likely fishermen, farmers, and metalworkers. By the early 18th century, Dubai was a modest fishing and pearling village on a natural creek inlet. It was part of a larger tribal confederation (the Bani Yas) based in Abu Dhabi. In the 1820s a turbulent period of tribal conflict led some leaders to break away: in 1833 the Maktoum family (still ruling today) took charge of Dubai after seceding from Abu Dhabi. This began Dubai’s separate trajectory as a distinct sheikhdom.
For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Dubai’s economy centered on pearling, fishing, and small-scale trade. The Persian Gulf’s rich pearl beds brought some wealth, but competition and then the advent of cultured pearls in Japan after World War I caused a crash in the pearling industry. In the 1890s and early 1900s, Dubai remained a small port town. A pivotal decision came in 1901: Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher declared Dubai a duty-free port (a “free port”), encouraging merchants from the region to settle there. Traders, especially from Yemen, Persia, and later India, brought spices, textiles, and produce. In 1961, long before oil, Dubai completed a dredging of its creek which dramatically increased port activity. In this way, even as a tiny emirate, Dubai gained a reputation as a liberal trading outpost.
The 20th century turned on oil. In 1966 prospectors hit oil in Dubai, and the first tanker load left in 1969. The new oil revenues provided the financial means to transform Dubai. Sheikh Rashid, who became ruler in 1958, used oil money to build essential infrastructure: new roads, schools, the Dubai Municipality, Port Rashid (a deep-water harbor opened in 1972), and the Emirates’ first international airport. These public investments laid the groundwork for modern growth. When Britain withdrew from the Gulf in 1971, Dubai joined with six other emirates to form the United Arab Emirates. Dubai and Abu Dhabi secured a special status in this new federation: together they would effectively hold veto power over federal decisions in exchange for providing unified governance. With oil income and federal arrangements in place, Dubai began an era of rapid expansion.
Sheikh Rashid’s vision was continued by his successors. Sheikh Rashid’s son, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and later his brother Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (the current Ruler), oversaw the transition from an oil-based boom to a diversified economy. Under Sheikh Mohammed, who became Ruler in 2006, Dubai embraced mega-projects and tourism. The airport and airline were expanded, real estate exploded (notably the Palm Islands and Burj Khalifa), and cities within the emirate (like Dubai Marina and Jumeirah Lakes Towers) were built almost from scratch. In good times, Dubai’s growth seemed limitless, turning desert into high-rises at breakneck speed.
1971: Formation of the UAE, unifying Dubai and its neighbors with Abu Dhabi as capital.
1979: Launch of the Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZA), offering tax-free zones for foreign businesses; this triggered a flood of international firms to Dubai.
1990s: Dubai earns a reputation for financial openness; the Dubai International Financial Centre is opened in 2004.
2008–2009: The global financial crisis leads to a major real estate bust in Dubai; prices collapsed briefly. However, Dubai recovered within a few years, aided by further state support and the maturing of its non-oil sectors.
2020: Dubai hosts Expo 2020 (postponed to 2021), showcasing global innovation and further boosting tourism.
2023: Dubai hosts COP28, drawing global attention to its role on the world stage.
Through these eras, one constant remained: Dubai’s leaders continually reinvested in new industries (aviation, tourism, media, logistics) so that oil today plays a minimal economic role. Indeed, as early as 2018 only about 1 percent of Dubai’s GDP came from oil. The emirate’s evolution from a pearling village into a global city is among the swiftest transformations in modern history.
The Emirate of Dubai is an absolute monarchy, ruled by the Al Maktoum family. The current ruler is Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE. The ruler is both head of state and head of government for Dubai. Under his authority is the Dubai Executive Council, a cabinet-like body led by the Crown Prince (currently Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed). This council oversees government departments and the implementation of policy. In practice, Dubai’s government functions with considerable autonomy in managing its economy, infrastructure, education, and police force. Upon union in 1971, Dubai negotiated to retain control over most domestic affairs – in effect it maintains its own legal and regulatory systems for issues like commerce, real estate, and public services. For example, Dubai has its own police force and municipal laws, even as it shares national policies (such as foreign relations and defense) with the UAE federation.
Dubai’s economy is famously diversified. With little oil to rely on, the city has built a portfolio of global industries. Today’s economy centers on trade, tourism, aviation, finance, and real estate. Dubai’s port at Jebel Ali is one of the largest container ports in the world, handling around 14 million TEUs (twenty-foot-equivalent units) in 2023. The emirate is a natural re-export hub: goods from Asia arrive in Dubai’s free zones and are shipped to Europe, Africa, and beyond. Dubai International Airport (DXB) is likewise a transit point between continents. These transport/logistics sectors grew especially after world oil prices rose in the 2000s.
Tourism has become a pillar of the economy. In 2024 Dubai was the seventh most-visited city globally, famous for shopping, entertainment, and luxury. The city hosts events like the Dubai Shopping Festival and global conferences. Over 15% of Dubai’s GDP comes from tourism-related activity (hotels, retail, attractions). Dubai’s government has steadily promoted the city as a 21st-century destination: luxurious hotels, indoor theme parks, desert safaris, and beach resorts cater to a wide range of visitors (family, adventure, luxury travelers).
Financial services also play a major role. The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) is an independently regulated financial district housing banks, asset managers, and legal firms. It is widely recognized as one of the Middle East’s leading financial centers. Dubai also developed free zones dedicated to technology (Internet City), media (Media City), and healthcare (Science Park), each offering incentives to attract global companies.
In recent years, Dubai’s GDP has maintained growth in the mid-single-digits. For example, official data show Q2 2024 GDP of AED 116 billion (US$31.6 billion), up 3.3% year-on-year. Key growth was led by transport, IT, and hospitality, reflecting the ongoing diversification away from oil. Construction and real estate remain significant too (Dubai has a large real estate market especially at the luxury end), though their role fluctuates with global cycles.
Dubai’s population is a mosaic of cultures. Emirati citizens (the native Arab population) are a tiny minority – roughly 8–10% of residents. The other 90-plus percent are expatriates drawn from South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and North America. Among the largest expatriate communities are Indians, Pakistanis, Filipinos, Bangladeshis, and Egyptians, as well as a sizeable Western-born professional class. This mix means Dubai is very multilingual: Arabic is the official national language, but English is widely used in business and everyday life. Other languages heard on the streets include Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tagalog, Russian, and many more, reflecting the emirate’s global draw.
Islam is the official religion of Dubai and the UAE. The majority of citizens are Muslim (with Sunni Islam predominating). Islamic values strongly influence the culture: family and community are central, and hospitality is considered a sacred duty. Emirati culture emphasizes respect for elders and family bonds; visiting guests with coffee and dates is customary. Despite being more liberal than some neighbors, Dubai still observes Islamic norms in public life. For example, public worship (mosques) is abundant: about 95% of Dubai’s mosques are government-funded and the state oversees religious guidance. At the same time, Dubai’s citizens are tolerant of other faiths. The law grants religious freedom, and large churches and temples (for Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, etc.) exist to serve the diverse population.
Arabic (Gulf dialect) is the Emirati national language, and classical Arabic is used in education and media. However, English is ubiquitous in business, science, and international communication. In fact, most signage and official information is bilingual. Many expatriates speak their own languages (for example, Malayalam, Urdu, or Filipino dialects) at home and in communities. Even within Dubai’s cosmopolitan milieu, however, simple phrases in Arabic (such as “Salam” or “Shukran”) go a long way in showing respect to locals.
Dubai’s leadership is publicly committed to a future beyond hydrocarbons. The official “Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan” envisions tripling parks and public spaces, extending metro lines, and adding new city centers. It also emphasizes sustainable development – for example, targets to improve building energy efficiency by 50% by 2050. These plans reflect a view of Dubai as a city that will continue to grow as a global commerce and tourism hub, even as oil plays no direct role. In sum, modern Dubai is guided by a strategic vision: a high-tech, service-oriented economy catering to a diverse, international population.
Dubai is effectively open to tourists year-round, but climate considerations shape the experience. The best time to visit is generally late autumn through early spring (November to March), when the weather is warm rather than searing, typically ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C with low humidity. These months offer pleasant conditions for outdoor activities, desert excursions, and sunbathing without the extreme heat. This is also peak season for tourism. The city calendar is busy then: the Dubai Shopping Festival (Jan–Feb), major trade fairs, and holiday events occur in cool weather.
Summer (April–October) is intensely hot. Daytime temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F), especially June–August. The heat and humidity can be oppressive, making outdoor sightseeing grueling. However, summer brings its own advantages: resorts offer steep discounts, indoor attractions (like water parks and malls) are at their least crowded, and humidity aside, rainfall is virtually nil. If visiting in summer, plan activities for early morning or evening when the sun is lower, and be sure accommodations and transport are air-conditioned (which they nearly all are). Carry water and take breaks indoors.
Shoulder seasons (April–May, September–October) can be a compromise. Temperatures are still high (often in the mid-30s °C), but nights cool off enough to allow for some outdoor comfort. These months are less crowded and slightly cheaper than high season. December–January can occasionally see brief rain and cooler nights (with lows around 10–12 °C on rare winters). A warm jacket is never needed, but a light sweater may be welcome in air-conditioned restaurants during winter evenings.
The ideal length of a visit depends on your interests. For a short trip (3 days), focus on a cluster of highlights: the downtown skyline (Burj Khalifa, Dubai Mall, Dubai Fountain), a desert safari experience, a stroll through old Dubai (Al Fahidi historical district, the Gold and Spice Souks), and a sunset dhow cruise or modern marina walk. This covers the city’s iconic mix of old and new.
With 5 days, you can slow down and add more variety. In addition to the above, include a beach day (Kite Beach or Jumeirah Public Beach), an excursion to the Atlantis hotel on Palm Jumeirah (its aquarium and water park), and perhaps a visit to a theme park (IMG Worlds, Dubai Parks, or Aquaventure). A day trip to nearby Sharjah’s museums or Dubai Frame attraction can fill an afternoon. Five days allows for a night of shopping at the souks and a taste of Dubai’s nightlife or rooftop dining scene as well.
A week or more opens up possibilities beyond Dubai. You could venture to Abu Dhabi (only about 1.5 hours away) to see the Sheikh Zayed Mosque and Louvre Abu Dhabi. Another day might go to the Hajar Mountains: Hatta’s dam and kayaking, mountain biking, and heritage village are popular for a day trip. You could even plan a two-day desert camping trip in the Wahiba Sands (Oman) if you have a rental car or tour. The UAE is compact, so multi-city itineraries are easy. But even without leaving Dubai, seven days allow sampling the city’s hotels, dining, shopping, and attractions at a relaxed pace.
Visa: Citizens of many countries can obtain a visa on arrival for up to 30 or 90 days. If you plan to stay longer or are from a country without this privilege, you will need to apply for a tourist visa in advance. Often airlines or hotels help arrange visas. Business and work visas have different requirements (usually requiring a sponsoring employer). Always check the UAE’s official visa rules for your nationality before travel.
Currency: Dubai’s currency is the United Arab Emirates dirham (AED). As of 2025, AED is pegged roughly at US$0.27. Credit cards are widely accepted, but having some local cash is useful for small vendors or taxi tips. ATMs are plentiful in malls and banks.
Cost: Dubai is known for luxury, but you can visit on different budgets. Budget hotels or hostels start around AED 150–300 per night, midrange hotels AED 400–800, and high-end resorts well above AED 1000. Street food and mid-range restaurants might cost AED 20–60 for a meal, while fine dining or hotel restaurants can be AED 100–300 and up per person. The Dubai Metro and buses are inexpensive (a 10-AED day pass covers most zones), taxis have a flag drop of AED 12 plus AED 2.50/km, and ride-hailing apps (Careem, Uber) cost similar to taxis. Entry to Burj Khalifa’s observation deck is around AED 150–250 (depending on time slot), Dubai Aquarium ~AED 120, theme parks AED 250–300, and desert safari tours from ~AED 150. Shopping costs vary massively – the Dubai Mall has everything from duty-free groceries to diamond jewelry – so your personal budget will stretch from frugal to extravagant based on choices.
Overall, if you wish to splurge on five-star hotels and fine dining, budget AED 1500+ per day; on a modest midrange budget (3-star hotel, local restaurants), AED 400–600 per day is more typical. The visa, flight, and accommodation often make the biggest chunk of costs for a visit.
Dubai’s most famous landmark is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper. At 828 meters (2,717 feet), it is the tallest man-made structure on Earth. A visit usually means going to “At the Top,” the observation decks on floors 124/125 (and a higher level at 148). From these decks one gets an unparalleled vista: on clear days the Persian Gulf, Dubai Creek, and desert horizons are all visible. Onground at its base is the Dubai Mall, but above, the building’s floors house residences, corporate suites, and the world’s highest restaurant (Atmosphere). Tickets to the observation deck should be booked in advance, especially for sunset hours, as lines can be long.
Adjacent to the Burj Khalifa is the Dubai Mall – one of the largest shopping and entertainment complexes in the world. Beyond shopping (over 1,300 shops), the mall contains an Olympic-sized ice rink, an indoor aquarium and underwater zoo, a massive aquarium tank visible from multiple levels, a KidZania children’s city, and countless restaurants and cafes. Outside, along Burj Boulevard, lies the Dubai Fountain – a choreographed water, light, and music show performed in the Burj Khalifa Lake. Each performance sees jets of water rise hundreds of feet to classical and modern tunes, all projected onto a screen of water. The show is free and runs every evening, attracting crowds every 30 minutes from dusk into the night.
This artificial, palm-tree shaped island extends into the gulf, and it exemplifies Dubai’s flair for engineering grand projects. From above, the palm motif (and neighboring islands) is clearly visible, though even at ground level the Palm’s curving fronds and crescent breakwater (home to high-end hotels) are distinctive. The Atlantis The Palm resort sits at the top of the frond and features a famous waterpark (Aquaventure) and aquarium. Guests or day visitors can ride the Palm Monorail along the “trunk” of the island for panoramic views of the skyline. The Palm is linked to mainland Dubai by a bridge and is accessible by car or monorail.
Set on its own little island just offshore, the Burj Al Arab is shaped like a billowing sail and is often described as the world’s most luxurious hotel. Its gold-leaf atrium and lavish suites are legendary – the hotel even has the world’s largest fleet of Rolls-Royce cars. The lobby is opulently decorated, and there is a fine-dining restaurant “Al Mahara” under a huge fish tank. Non-guests can dine here by reservation, or simply walk by the beach entrance for a view and photos. (Be aware that reaching the island without reservation may involve a security check – it is within a secure hotel compound.)
For historical contrast, visit the Al Fahidi Historical Neighborhood (also called Al Bastakiya) on the Dubai Creek’s Bur Dubai side. Here narrow lanes wind past preserved 19th-century buildings of coral and teak, with wind-tower architecture. It offers a glimpse of the city’s past as a modest trading town. The Dubai Museum (in the old Al Fahidi Fort) displays life before oil. Across the creek in Deira is the famous Gold Souk – a labyrinth of jewelry shops where you can marvel at and buy gold and gemstones at (relatively) wholesale prices. Nearby is the Spice Souk, a maze of aromatic stalls selling saffron, turmeric, incense, dried fruits, and traditional medicines. These souks are touristy but vibrant, and they recall the old Dubai of traders and dhows (traditional boats) on the creek. A must-do is to cross the creek on an abra (a wooden water taxi). These tiny ferries run every few minutes, cost just AED 1–2 per ride, and provide an authentic local experience.
A newer addition (opened in 2018), the Dubai Frame is a 150-meter tall “picture frame” monument. One can take an elevator to a sky bridge at the top, which is essentially a glass-bottom walkway framed by a giant gilded square. Looking one way across the frame shows the modern skyline (the Future), and looking the other shows older Dubai (the past) – hence the name. The structure also houses an exhibition on Dubai’s history and future development inside its towers.
This striking torus-shaped building (opened 2022) on Sheikh Zayed Road has become an icon of Dubai’s futuristic vision. Its façade is inscribed with Arabic calligraphy and it represents advanced technology development. Inside is a museum and exhibition space showcasing innovation in science, technology, and design, with immersive experiences related to future possibilities. It is often cited as “the world’s most beautiful building” and symbolizes Dubai’s branding as a forward-looking city.
No visit to Dubai is complete without venturing into the nearby desert. Tours usually run in the late afternoon or evening. Participants ride out to the dunes in a 4×4 for an adrenaline-pumping session of dune bashing (spiriting up and down sand ridges). Afterward, travelers arrive at a Bedouin-style camp in time to admire sunset over the sands. There, visitors can ride camels, try sandboarding, or simply relax. Typical safari packages include henna painting, shisha (waterpipe), traditional Emirati attire dress-up, and a barbecue dinner with belly dancing and Tanoura (whirling) shows. The temperatures cool down enough to dine outdoors. It’s a fun cultural experience: eating saffron rice and grilled meats under the stars in the desert. (As a practical tip, choose reputable operators, and inform them of any health issues, since the rides can be rough. Also bring layers as desert nights can be quite cool in winter.)
Dubai has developed into a family vacation paradise with theme parks for all ages. Legoland Dubai and Motiongate Dubai (in Dubai Parks & Resorts complex) offer rides and attractions based on popular characters and movies. IMG Worlds of Adventure is a giant indoor park with Marvel and Cartoon Network themes. For water parks, Aquaventure (at Atlantis) and Wild Wadi (near the Burj Al Arab) are full-size parks with slides, wave pools, and lazy rivers set against Dubai’s skyline. Kidzania (inside Dubai Mall) is an edutainment city where children role-play jobs in miniature. These attractions tend to be more expensive (tickets often AED 200–300+), so look for combo deals or summer discounts. Still, they are world-class parks that make Dubai a draw for families.
Dubai’s coastline has many beaches, some public and some attached to hotels. The public Jumeirah Public Beach is popular for swimming with a view of Burj Al Arab in the distance. It has amenities like showers and lifeguards. Kite Beach (near Jumeirah) is beloved by kite-surfers and has a lively “beach club” vibe with food trucks and sports fields. Several hotel beaches (like at the Jumeirah Mina Seyahi or Rixos The Palm) allow day visitors for a fee, granting access to private beach lounges, pools, and food services. Water temperatures are warm most of the year. Note that modest swimwear is allowed on beaches – bikinis or shorts are fine by the water, but men and women should cover up when leaving beach clubs or entering restaurants.
Dubai’s dining scene is extraordinarily diverse, reflecting its multicultural population. One can sample traditional Emirati cuisine: dishes like harees (a chicken-and-wheat porridge), machboos (spiced rice with meat), balaleet (sweet saffron noodles), and luqaimat (date-syrup coated dumplings). These are served in restaurants like Al Fanar or local family eateries that aim to preserve heritage. Equally, Dubai offers world-class international cuisine: Michelin-starred restaurants by celebrity chefs (such as the newly celebrated FZN by Frantzén or Tresind’s three-star award in 2025) coexist with a vast array of Indian, Lebanese, Iranian, Chinese, and Western establishments. Since Dubai has residents from nearly 200 countries, almost any regional cuisine is available. A unique local tradition is the “Friday brunch” – an elaborate buffet spread offered by many hotels on Friday midday, which is a social highlight for residents. As a visitor, trying a Friday brunch (non-alcoholic or alcoholic) is an indulgence that showcases both Emirati hospitality (coffee and dates often greet guests) and Dubai’s taste for plenty. (For travel etiquette, note that Ramadan affects restaurant schedules: during Ramadan months many restaurants open only after sunset, and even in public one should avoid eating or drinking in front of fasting Muslims.)
Shopping in Dubai is an experience unto itself. Beyond the traditional Gold and Spice Souks, Dubai boasts enormous malls that mix retail with entertainment. The Dubai Mall is a destination for luxury and mid-market brands alike, from Tiffany to H&M. Nearby Mall of the Emirates features the indoor ski resort Ski Dubai. For more local flavor, visit the Gold and Textile Souks in Deira. Here one bargains for everything from pashmina shawls to antique coffee pots. Shopping festivals (Dubai Shopping Festival in winter, Dubai Summer Surprises in July/August) offer major sales. Note: sales tax in the UAE is 5% VAT and is added at checkout, but duty-free shops make electronics and alcohol (in licensed stores) more affordable.
For thrill-seekers, Dubai has become a playground. Experience skydiving over the Palm Jumeirah with views of the city in the background, or enjoy indoor skydiving at iFly Dubai. Dune-bashing and quad biking in the desert provide off-road excitement. Water sports abound on the Gulf: jet skiing, parasailing, and flyboarding are common at beach clubs. Even bungee jumping is available at select locations. For the ultimate adrenaline rush, some visitors try a roller coaster at IMG Worlds or the XLine zipline at Dubai Marina (one of the longest city zip lines in the world). Safety standards in Dubai’s major adventure operators are generally high, but always ensure you use licensed providers (often those recommended by your hotel) and follow all safety briefings.
Dubai’s metro system is one of its crowning achievements in public transit. It is fully automated (driverless trains) and covers about 90 kilometers with 55 stations on its Red and Green lines. The Red Line runs roughly north-south from Rashidiya station to Jebel Ali/Dubai Marina, passing many key stops (including downtown Dubai, the airport terminals, and Mall of the Emirates). The Green Line traverses Deira and Bur Dubai across the creek. Trains are air-conditioned and safe, with separate “Gold” class sections for extra comfort and women’s carriages. The metro operates from early morning until midnight (later on weekends and holidays). Fares are very affordable via the Nol card (the city’s contactless transit card). As of 2024, the Dubai Metro carried about 275 million passengers per year (roughly 750,000 per day), a testament to its efficiency and popularity. It is often the fastest way to avoid city traffic.
Taxis in Dubai are plentiful and metered, run by the Roads & Transport Authority (RTA). They are relatively affordable by Western standards. Flag drop is AED 12 ($3.27) during the day (higher at night or on major roads), plus AED 2.50/km. Taxis are color-coded by area (e.g. blue/cream for Dubai). Uber and Careem (a local service, now owned by Uber) also operate widely, with comparable rates (often a bit cheaper than street taxis during traffic). For convenience, the Dubai Taxi app or Careem app can be used as easily as taking a cab from the curb. Unlike many Western cities, tipping taxi drivers is not mandatory but appreciated (a few dirhams for good service is common).
Driving in Dubai is a realistic option for those comfortable with local road rules. The road network is modern and extensive, with highways connecting all districts and neighboring emirates. A local (or international) driver’s license is required. Gasoline is relatively cheap (around AED 2.63 per liter in late 2024), and traffic flows smoothly outside rush hours. However, parking can be expensive or difficult in busy areas, and traffic jams do occur during peak times on Sheikh Zayed Road and other arteries. Dubai is quite spread out, so if your itinerary includes places like Emirates Hills, Dubai Parks, or Abu Dhabi trips, a car offers flexibility. Many visitors use car rentals for one day to reach the desert or visit Fujairah. Be aware that Dubai enforces strict traffic laws (speeding fines are common, and red-light cameras are active), so drive responsibly.
A charming way to get around is via the Dubai Creek abras. These are small wooden ferries that shuttle passengers across the creek between Deira and Bur Dubai every few minutes. Riding an abra is not just transportation but a cultural experience. The fare is only AED 1 on the older motorized abras (and AED 2 on the newer “heritage” petrol-run abras). At the abra docks, you simply wait and hop on. The ride takes a couple of minutes and offers a view of both the older souk area and the coastline. Holding the camera out on deck, passengers can capture photos of the city from the water. Abras run from early morning till evening; late-night crossings are not available.
Dubai also has a tram system and a monorail. The Dubai Tram (opened 2014) runs 14.5 km along the Al Sufouh corridor (connecting Dubai Marina to the Palm Jumeirah area). It connects with the Metro (Red Line) at DMCC (Jumeirah Lakes Towers) and SOBHA (Dubai Marina) stations, and at the Palm Gateway station it meets the Palm Monorail. The tram offers a picturesque ride past the Marina skyline and beachfront. Meanwhile, the Palm Jumeirah Monorail (opened 2009) is a 5.45 km line that runs along the trunk of the Palm from the Gateway (at Nakheel Mall) to Atlantis, The Palm. It offers great aerial views of the island and the marina. A one-way ticket on the monorail costs about AED 20. (Note: The monorail is currently being extended to connect directly with the Red Line Metro at Nakheel Station.)
Emirati culture places heavy emphasis on family, tradition, and hospitality. Traditionally, Bedouin values such as generosity to guests and respect for elders remain strong. Visitors will notice that offering coffee (gahwa) and dates is a common courtesy; refusing such an offer without good reason can be considered impolite. Respecting older people and authority figures is ingrained. Islamic values also underscore the importance of modesty and social harmony. Women in Emirati families often hold central roles at home, and family life is highly valued. Social gatherings often involve extended family and community events. (Overall, expatriates and tourists who show respect for these values by being courteous and modest are generally welcomed warmly.)
Islam is the main religion of Dubai. It influences daily life, from the call to prayer (heard five times a day) to public holidays and workweek schedules. The typical workweek runs Monday to Friday morning, with Friday afternoon–Saturday as the weekend (reflecting Friday as a day for congregational prayers). The UAE’s constitution declares Islam as the official religion, and the government supports almost all mosques, employing the imams. Non-Muslims are free to practice their faith privately or in licensed places of worship, but proselytizing by non-Muslims is prohibited.
Dubai is quite liberal by Gulf standards, but modest clothing is expected in public. The UAE government’s own travel guidelines advise visitors not to wear revealing clothes, especially in conservative areas or family-oriented spaces. Generally, tourists should keep shoulders and knees covered. T-shirts, long shorts, and dresses above the knee may be acceptable at the beach or malls, but avoid tight or transparent outfits in the street. Both men and women will feel comfortable in loose, lightweight attire that covers the torso and legs. Beachwear (bikinis, swim trunks) is fine at the beach or poolside, but wearing swimwear away from beach areas is inappropriate.
Importantly, non-Muslim women are not legally required to wear a hijab or abaya in public. Many expatriate women do not cover their hair day-to-day. However, it is mandatory to cover shoulders and knees. When entering a mosque (and some cultural sites), women must cover their hair and wear long sleeves and skirt/trousers – the mosque often provides abayas and headscarves. During the month of Ramadan (the Islamic fasting month), even non-fasting visitors should be mindful: eating or drinking in public during daylight hours is frowned upon, and some restaurants and shops may be closed midday.
Emirati social customs emphasize politeness. A handshake or nod with “As-salamu alaykum” (peace be upon you) is common when greeting someone. Note that with some older or conservative Emirati women, it is polite to wait for them to offer a handshake. When sitting, avoid facing someone directly or using your feet to point at someone (considered rude). Loud behavior or rude gestures are socially unacceptable. Public displays of affection between unmarried couples are strictly limited. Holding hands between a married couple or friends of the same gender is generally fine, but passionate kissing, hugging, or intimate behavior in public can offend and may even lead to legal issues. For example, the UAE government website explicitly states that “holding hands is acceptable but kissing and hugging in public is not”.
Alcohol is available in Dubai under regulated conditions. It is legal for non-Muslim residents and tourists to drink in licensed venues: this includes hotel bars, restaurants, and specially licensed pubs and clubs. Visitors need not obtain a permit just to drink alcohol in these places. Many hotels serve alcohol on their premises, and there are supermarkets (like MMI and African + Eastern) where expatriates with a liquor license can purchase alcohol. (Since 2020 Dubai nationals no longer need a fee-based permit to buy liquor, though traditionally residents would register for a liquor license.) However, drinking in public (on the street, beach, or taxi) is illegal. Drunken behavior is taken seriously: fines, jail time, or deportation can result if one is publicly intoxicated or causes a disturbance. Also note that Sharjah (the neighboring emirate) enforces a complete ban on alcohol. In Dubai, restaurants and bars will card patrons, and entry is usually restricted to those 21 and older.
During Ramadan (dates vary each year), the daytime customs shift. Fasting Muslims will not eat or drink from dawn to dusk. Visitors should be discreet about eating, drinking, or smoking in public during daylight hours. Malls and restaurants may put up curtains to hide diners or shorten hours. The fast is broken each evening with an elaborate meal called Iftar, often served in restaurants and among families. Some hotels offer special Ramadan buffets (non-alcoholic). Experiencing Ramadan can be fascinating for a visitor: the city quiets during the day, then comes alive with communal meals, night markets, and prayers after sunset. Schedules for attractions shift (burj khalifa timings, desert safaris may start later, etc.), so check before planning activities during Ramadan.
Emirati cuisine has Bedouin and Persian Gulf roots and emphasizes meat, rice, and dates. Must-try dishes include:
Harees: a slow-cooked porridge of wheat and meat (usually chicken), fluffy and savory.
Machboos: fragrant rice cooked with spices (cumin, cardamom, dried lemon) and meat or fish.
Luqaimat (Luqaymat): sweet dumplings drizzled with date syrup or honey and sprinkled with sesame seeds.
Al Madrooba: salted fish mixed with spices and thickened with flour.
Samak Mishwi: whole grilled fish, often served with a tangy garlic sauce.
These and other local specialties (such as balaleet sweet noodles or galayah saffron rice) are best sampled at traditional restaurants. Al Fanar, located at Dubai Festival City, is a well-known restaurant that recreates old Emirati village settings and serves many heritage dishes. The khanfaroush (local pancake) and chebab (flatbread) are popular for breakfast, often eaten with dates and cheese. And Arabic coffee, spiced with cardamom, is offered frequently as a hospitable gesture. Dining Emirati style often means sitting on rugs around a low table and sharing dishes, which can be a communal and friendly experience.
Thanks to its multicultural population, Dubai boasts an immense variety of international cuisines. From Michelin-starred fine dining to street food stalls, every taste is catered to. There are acclaimed steakhouses, French bistros, Italian pizzerias, Asian fusion spots, and endless Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi eateries at all price levels. A notable trend is the city’s embracing of high-end culinary innovation: as of 2025, the Michelin Guide lists 119 recommended restaurants in Dubai, including two establishments that earned three stars that year. This reflects how Dubai has become a “gastronomic capital of the region,” attracting chefs and foodies from around the world.
Simultaneously, Dubai retains its global street-food culture. The city has popular food trucks, shawarma stands, and shawarma kiosks at every mall and petrol station. Local markets may serve karak chai (strong spiced tea) and shawarma (Arabic-style sandwiches of grilled meat). Dubai’s Friday brunch tradition, where restaurants serve extravagant buffets, is a phenomenon in itself. Many hotels (from budget to ultra-luxe) host “brunches” that include a vast selection of food – cold, hot, live-cooking stations, desserts, and unlimited drinks (juice, mocktails, or alcoholic drinks, depending on the venue). It is a social highlight for many residents and visitors alike, demonstrating the city’s hedonistic side.
If invited to an Emirati home or if dining in a traditional setting, remember that eating with the right hand is customary (the left hand is considered unclean for eating). It is polite to accept at least a few bites when offered food. If someone refills your cup, it is courteous to take it. When serving others, the general rule in Arabic hospitality is to serve elders or guests first. In mixed-gender situations, men may wait for female guests to initiate shaking hands or greeting.
Dubai is widely considered very safe by international standards. Street crime is quite rare. Authorities maintain strict public order, and police are generally quick to respond if needed. In safety rankings, Dubai often places high: for example, a Numbeo index rated Abu Dhabi and Dubai among the top five safest cities in the world. Minor issues like pickpocketing can occur in crowded tourist spots (as in any city worldwide), so usual precautions (watch bags in crowds, avoid flash valuables) are wise. Otherwise, visitors can walk or ride public transit at night without undue worry. The UAE’s heavy surveillance and robust policing are partly why locals and expats generally feel secure walking streets even after dark.
Dubai’s emergency services are modern and efficient. Police number is 999, and ambulance/medical is 998 or 999 as well. English-speaking operators handle emergencies. Hospitals in Dubai are high-quality, though costly; travelers are advised to have travel health insurance or ensure their hotel covers them. Pharmacy and clinic access is easy: even many hotels have in-house clinics for basic care.
Dubai’s laws differ from Western norms in some areas. Tourists should be especially aware of these important rules:
Public Behavior: Public drunkenness, indecent behavior, or insults to Islam are offenses. Swearing or obscene gestures (such as using rude hand signals) can be criminalized. Always speak politely and avoid coarse language or displays.
Relationships: Unmarried couples may find restrictions on personal intimacy. Living together outside marriage was traditionally illegal, though authorities have relaxed this in recent years for foreigners. Holding hands with a spouse in public is acceptable, but more intimate public displays are not.
Dress: As noted earlier, dressing modestly is expected in public places, particularly government buildings, malls, and during religious times. Nude or topless sunbathing is illegal.
Alcohol: As described, drinking is legal only in licensed venues and for those over 21. No drinking in public. Driving under the influence is a serious crime.
Drugs: Very heavy penalties (including life imprisonment) apply for drug possession or trafficking, even for small amounts. Never bring any illegal substance – UAE has no tolerance.
Respecting these laws is crucial. Ignorance of local customs is often not accepted as an excuse. The UAE government’s official visitor guidelines (UAE portal) emphasize that foreigners must abide by local norms. Tourists who commit minor infractions (like overly affectionate behavior) have sometimes faced fines or even jail. In practice, common sense – looking around and emulating how locals behave – is the best guide. When in doubt, err on the side of conservatism.
Dubai offers world-class healthcare. In recent years, the city expanded hospitals (there are now over 5,000 healthcare facilities) and many expatriate residents have employer-provided insurance. Pharmacies are plentiful, and over-the-counter medications (for colds, aches, etc.) are available. Taxis and malls have first-aid kits on hand, and English-speaking paramedics are standard. For a tourist, serious emergencies can be handled at private hospitals (e.g. Mediclinic, Emirates Health Services), though the cost is high without insurance. Minor health issues (food upset, heat exhaustion) are relatively uncommon if one drinks bottled water and stays hydrated, but it is wise to carry sunscreen and wear hats in summer. As a precaution, ensure your routine vaccines are up-to-date (e.g. tetanus, COVID) before travel. No special immunizations (like yellow fever) are required unless coming from an infected country.
Dubai is relatively scam-free compared to many tourist destinations, but a few pitfalls do exist. For instance, always agree on a taxi meter or fare in advance (some drivers from neighboring countries may try to charge inflated flat rates). Be wary of street touts offering “free tours” (who then demand cash) or selling overpriced goods. For desert tours or excursions, use reputable agencies (hotels or official travel sites) to avoid unscrupulous operators. In malls, beware fraudulent “free gift” scams (someone posing as a promoter who insists you register to claim a prize). However, such scams are uncommon, and standard vigilance suffices: keep your bags zipped, do not show large amounts of cash, and only deal with licensed businesses for tours and services.
Dubai’s central location makes it easy to explore other parts of the UAE. Abu Dhabi (the national capital) is only 150 km away. There you will find the magnificent Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque (one of the world’s largest and most beautiful mosques) and cultural sites like the Louvre Abu Dhabi museum and the Qasr Al Watan (Presidential Palace). Yas Island in Abu Dhabi has Ferrari World (for car enthusiasts) and Yas Waterworld. A day trip to Abu Dhabi provides a contrast: a slower pace, wider roads, and a different skyline.
Just 90 minutes east of Dubai lies Hatta, an enclave in the Hajjar Mountains. Hatta is known for its scenic mountain trails, emerald Hatta Dam (where you can kayak among the peaks), and restored Hatta Heritage Village. Outdoor adventurers can mountain-bike, zipline, or simply trek in the arid hills and wadis. The rugged landscape and green dam waters make Hatta a popular escape from city life. (Note: a 4×4 vehicle is recommended if you want to explore off the main road around Hatta; commercial tours also run from Dubai.)
Al Ain (“the Garden City”) is another intriguing day trip. An oasis city about 140 km southeast, it is part of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Al Ain’s attractions include the lush Al Ain Zoo, the Jebel Hafeet mountain (offering panoramic desert views), hot springs at Green Mubazzarah at the mountain’s base, and historic forts like Al Jahili. The Al Ain Oasis, with its thousands of date palms and falaj irrigation channels (a UNESCO site), offers a taste of the UAE’s oasis agriculture heritage. Al Ain feels more traditional; Emirati sheikhs and many local families live there, so you encounter a more rural Emirati atmosphere.
Dubai’s immediate neighbor to the north, Sharjah is the cultural capital of the UAE. Sharjah prides itself on art and history – the Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization and Sharjah Art Museum house significant collections. The Sharjah Heritage Area (Heart of Sharjah) features restored Arabic houses, a traditional bazaar, and art galleries. Sharjah also has a stunning waterfront corniche and family parks. Note that Sharjah has stricter Islamic codes: it is alcohol-free (you will not find any bars), and photography of people is more sensitive. Nonetheless, its museums and atmosphere make it a worthwhile visit, especially for those interested in Emirati culture beyond Dubai’s glitz.
Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the two largest cities in the UAE, but they feel different. Dubai has a fast, entrepreneurial energy. Its districts are densely packed with skyscrapers, shopping malls, and tourist attractions. Dubai’s vibe is international – the expatriate culture dominates, and you will hear dozens of languages in any crowd. Abu Dhabi, in contrast, moves at a somewhat slower pace. While it too has modern towers (especially on Sheikh Zayed Road), there is more emphasis on open boulevards and green spaces. Abu Dhabi has a more native Emirati presence; locals from around the country work and socialize there, giving it a somewhat more local flavor.
Dubai excels in entertainment and spectacle. Its Guinness-record-breaking wonders (world’s tallest building, largest mall, man-made islands) draw families and luxury travelers. Abu Dhabi’s draw is cultural and governmental: the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Emirates Palace hotel (ultra-luxury landmark), and the Louvre Abu Dhabi (a world-class art museum) stand out. Dubai’s nightlife and theme parks are more developed. Abu Dhabi is building its entertainment sector too (Ferrari World, Warner Bros. World, Yas Marina Circuit), but as a visitor you may notice more museums, fewer skyscrapers, and a more conservative evening scene.
Both cities are costly by global standards, but daily expenses are similar. Some analysts find Dubai slightly more expensive due to its intense tourism infrastructure (very high-end hotels). However, Abu Dhabi’s real estate is pricey and dining costs are comparable. Salaries in both are tax-free. In general, Dubai’s economy (driven by tourism and real estate) can be more volatile: for example, rental prices in Dubai spiked dramatically during its recent boom, while Abu Dhabi’s market tends to be steadier (owing to oil-backed government spending). For tourists, both offer a range from budget to ultra-luxury options.
Many travelers ask whether to visit Dubai or Abu Dhabi (or both). For a first-time visitor, Dubai’s diverse attractions mean you could easily spend a week without running out of things to do. If you can, also carve out a day for Abu Dhabi: it is only a short drive away and offers a different dimension to the UAE experience. If your time is very limited (say 3 days), focus on Dubai’s icons and add a half-day Abu Dhabi tour (most tour companies run day trips to Abu Dhabi’s highlights). But if you have more time (5+ days), devote at least 2 days to Abu Dhabi to explore its cultural sites without rush. Many itinerary planners list Dubai first (for glitz) and Abu Dhabi second (for culture), but both cities have their own appeal.
Dubai is not only a tourist magnet; it is home to a large expatriate population. Many foreigners move here for jobs, attracted by the tax-free income and international environment. Pros: Residents enjoy modern amenities (urban infrastructure, international schools and hospitals, recreation facilities). The standard of living is high: new apartment complexes, beach clubs, and state-of-the-art malls are ubiquitous. Multicultural society means one can find communities, places of worship, and products from home countries. Additionally, Dubai is strategically well-located for travel (a short flight to major global cities), and English is widely spoken, easing daily life for expatriates.
However, cons exist as well. The cost of living is relatively high: rent can consume a large portion of income, especially in desirable neighborhoods. Many expats report that while salaries are higher than in their home countries, housing, schooling, and utilities are expensive, so disposable income may be less generous than it seems. Traffic and long commutes can be a problem if one lives far from work. Culturally, some expats note that building deep local friendships is challenging, given the transient nature of the population. There are also legal and cultural adjustments: for example, personal status laws (marriage, cohabitation) differ from Western norms.
According to recent analyses, Dubai’s living costs rank high regionally. For residents, monthly budgets vary: a single professional might rent a one-bedroom apartment (AED 3,000–6,000/month), spend AED 1,500 on groceries, AED 300 on utilities, and use public transit or car (fuel cheap). Families incur school fees (which can run AED 30,000–60,000 per child per year for international schools), and health insurance is mandatory (often employer-provided). Overall, a middle-class family might need AED 15,000–20,000 per month (inclusive of all costs) to live comfortably. Salaries, likewise, are tax-free but pitched to match this cost; for example, mid-career professionals may earn AED 15,000–25,000 per month.
Employment in Dubai is typically on a sponsorship system: one must have a job lined up (with a company visa sponsorship) to legally live here. The UAE does not offer work visas without employer sponsorship (though recent “Golden Visas” allow long-term residency for entrepreneurs and investors). Jobs range across sectors: finance, engineering, tourism, teaching, healthcare, and the oil/gas sector (mainly in Abu Dhabi). Networking and recruitment fairs are common ways to find jobs. Employment contracts usually provide for company housing or an allowance. Rental apartments are diverse: from high-rise city towers to suburban villa compounds (some housing is segregated by gender and profession, especially in older areas). Most expats seek furnished rentals, and short-term furnished apartments or hotels are often used while searching.
Dubai has numerous international schools (American, British, IB, Indian boards, etc.). The quality of many schools is good, though fees are high. For families, choosing a neighborhood often depends on school location. The government has also opened public schools for expats under some programs (in 2023 some UAE public schools began accepting resident non-citizens, easing enrollment pressures).
Healthcare is advanced but privatized. By law all expatriate residents must carry health insurance (usually arranged by the employer). Hospitals like Dubai Healthcare City facilities or DHA-run hospitals have excellent reputations. Emirati citizens have free public healthcare; expats pay either via insurance or direct fees. Many expats buy international health plans or local company-cover plans to ensure access to hospitals such as Clemenceau, Aster, or RTA clinics. Emergency rooms can be expensive (a simple fracture can cost thousands of dirhams without insurance), so coverage is essential.
What are the 7 Emirates of the UAE? The United Arab Emirates consists of seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, and Fujairah. Each emirate is ruled by its own royal family, and together they form the UAE federation.
Is Dubai a good place to live? Dubai offers a high standard of living, with modern infrastructure and multicultural environment. Many expats appreciate the safety, job opportunities, and no-income-tax salaries. However, it can be expensive, and the work culture can be demanding. Whether it is “good” depends on one’s priorities: for some it is a land of opportunity and cosmopolitan lifestyle; for others the fast pace and high costs are drawbacks.
What is the salary like in Dubai? Salaries vary widely by profession. According to local employment surveys, middle management in finance or engineering might earn AED 20,000–30,000 per month, while roles in IT, healthcare or skilled trades might be AED 8,000–20,000. Entry-level jobs (e.g. retail, admin) can be AED 3,000–6,000. Salaries are typically tax-free, which offsets the higher living costs. Remember that employers often provide housing or allowances, which is a significant benefit.
Can you move to Dubai without a job? Generally no. To obtain a residency visa in Dubai, one needs a sponsor, which is almost always a job offer (or a spouse who is a resident). Recent laws have created investor and freelancer visas that allow self-sponsored residency, but those require substantial capital investment or proving independent income. In practice, virtually all expatriate residents relocate with a job arranged in advance.
Environmental issues in Dubai. Dubai, like its neighbors, faces challenges of water scarcity and carbon emissions. The city’s leafy cityscape depends on extensive irrigation and desalinated water, which is energy-intensive. Urban development has led to loss of some coastal ecosystems (e.g. mangroves) and wide traffic corridors contribute to air pollution. The government acknowledges these issues. Dubai has launched initiatives for sustainability: for example, a “Demand Side Management Strategy 2050” aims to double efficiency in electricity, water, and transport by 2050. Massive projects like the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park (the world’s largest single-site solar power plant) are under construction, intended to supply thousands of megawatts of renewable energy by 2030. The UAE also led global climate diplomacy at COP28 in Dubai. So, while Dubai’s environment is stressed by development, efforts are underway to mitigate impacts and prepare for a drier future.
Human rights concerns in Dubai. Human rights advocates note that the UAE, including Dubai, maintains strict controls on political expression and assembly. Laws on free speech are broad, and critics of the government have been jailed in the past. Migrant labor rights have also been a concern: many laborers come from developing countries on temporary contracts, and cases of wage delays or poor working conditions have been reported. However, the government has recently reformed some labor laws and created systems (e.g. Workers’ Welfare Standards, health insurance mandates) aimed at better protecting workers. Socially, Dubai is conservative on issues like LGBTQ rights: homosexual acts remain illegal, though enforcement is rare among foreigners. Alcohol and cohabitation laws (mentioned above) also reflect local customs.
It is important to approach these sensitive topics factually. Dubai is overall safe and orderly, but visitors should respect local laws and cultural norms. Discriminatory or abusive practices are officially prohibited, but one should be aware that definitions of “decency” differ. In practice, most travelers report no problems; however, being informed and respectful of rules is both a courtesy and legal necessity.
How did Dubai become so rich? Dubai’s wealth has historical roots in oil, but grew tremendously through strategic economic planning. The first oil discovery in 1966 provided capital. The first export shipment in 1969 brought in needed revenues. Sheikh Rashid wisely invested these earnings into infrastructure: a large port (Jebel Ali), an airport, and roads, rather than consumer spending. This laid the foundation for trade. Key moves included creating free trade zones: in 1979 Jebel Ali Free Zone allowed foreign companies to import labor and export capital freely. This alone attracted thousands of businesses. Over subsequent decades, additional sectors were built: tourism (luxury hotels and attractions), aviation (Dubai Airlines, cargo services), finance (free zones like DIFC), and technology parks. In short, initial oil money was leveraged into developing global commerce and tourism. Now, ironically, the oil itself is a tiny part of the economy. Dubai’s wealth today comes from being a re-export hub and tourist destination – a fate secured by its early oil revenues and a long-term vision of growth.
Despite its modernity, Dubai’s economy thus still owes much to oil as a seed capital. Over time, as oil runs out, the plan is for trade, tourism, and finance to carry the city forward. As Sheikh Mohammed himself is often quoted, Dubai aims to be an “oasis of tolerance and innovation.” So far, the emirate’s wealth and global profile attest that this ambitious project has succeeded beyond what most envisioned.
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