In Rajasthan, even a simple beef burger can land you in serious trouble. The state’s Rajasthan Bovine Animal (Prohibition of Slaughter and Regulation of Temporary Migration or Export) Act makes possessing, selling or transporting beef a criminal offense, punishable by years in prison. Cows and calves are considered sacred in Hindu tradition (the Rigveda calls the milch cow “unslayable”), and India’s laws reflect that reverence. Directive Principle Article 48 of the Constitution even urges states to “take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves”. Under these laws, offending in Rajasthan can mean up to 10 years imprisonment and ₹10,000 fine (about USD 120) – making it one of the strictest regimes in the world.
Rajasthan’s 1995 Bovine Animal Act prohibits slaughtering any cow or its progeny (female calves, bulls, bullocks, etc.) within the state. It also bans possessing, selling, or transporting beef or beef products. (Notably, the law explicitly excludes buffaloes and their progeny from the definition of “bovine animal,” so buffalo meat is legal in Rajasthan.) In practice, even beef in a burger or spiced beef-curry jars suspicion – as activists famously demonstrated in Jaipur when vigilantes accused a local hotel of serving beef.
The Act also forbids exporting cows or calves out of Rajasthan for slaughter, unless under strict permit and return rules. It allows only licensed temporarily migrating animals for breeding. In short: no cow may be killed, and any cow meat (actual beef) or hidden calf meats are banned. Possession itself is treated as proof of intent.
A “bovine animal” under Rajasthan law means a cow, calf, heifer, bull or bullock. Buffalo and its progeny are not included, so carabeef is permitted.
The Act’s key sections are: Section 3 – ban on slaughter; Section 4 – ban on possession, sale or transport of beef; and Section 5 – ban on export of bovines for slaughter. Conviction for slaughter (Sec.3) carries at least 1 year to 10 years imprisonment plus fine up to ₹10,000. Violations of possession/sale/transport (Secs.4-5) carry 6 months to 5 years, fine up to ₹5,000. Other sections criminalize injuring a cow (up to 7 years for grievous injury) or abetment.
Importantly, post-2018 amendments gave police additional powers. A new clause (Sec. 12A, added 2019) allows arrest without warrant of anyone caught with cows or beef, and immediate seizure of the vehicle used. Police also may confiscate the vehicle or property used in the offense. This makes enforcement far easier: for example, authorities can seize a tractor or truck transporting cattle , leaving smuggler gangs exposed. (These changes came after legal review: by 2019 the legislature clarified that buffalo meat is exempt and authorized such confiscations.)
While Rajasthan’s Act saw formal changes in 2018–2019, political debates about cattle trade erupted earlier. In 2017, a BJP-appointed panel recommended easing restrictions on cattle movement. Notably, it proposed allowing male calves to be traded or exported for dairy or meat after age 3 (instead of facing ban at birth). The panel suggested licensed export and mandatory care, to support farmers selling non-breeding bulls. However, under the then-Congress state government this proposal stalled and never became law. (In December 2019, it was reported that Congress lawmakers still sat on draft amendments.) Instead, the eventual 2019 bill focused on enforcement powers and clarifying buffalo.
Thus, as of 2024 Rajasthan’s written law is the 1995 Act (as amended in 2018/19). But political shifts mean the BJP-led government (since Dec 2023) is considering new measures: plans to formally grant cows “Rajya Mata” (Mother of State) status, crack down on “cow smuggling,” and open new cow shelters. In short, the law itself is already one of India’s toughest; recent politics indicate even stricter enforcement ahead.
The roots of India’s cow-protection laws lie in its Constitution. Article 48 (a Directive Principle) directs the State to “take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves”. Though not enforceable like a fundamental right, courts have upheld bans on cow slaughter as constitutional under Article 48. A landmark Supreme Court ruling (1977) affirmed that a total ban on cow slaughter is consistent with these Directive Principles. In other words, India’s highest court has said state laws like Rajasthan’s act are legally grounded in the Constitution.
Religious-Cultural Significance: Cows hold a special place in Hinduism and many Indians’ hearts. Britannica notes that the cow is viewed as a symbol of “divine and natural beneficence” and is traditionally protected and venerated. Ancient texts (like the Rigveda) called the cow “aghnya” (unslayable), and by the Gupta era cow-killing was a capital crime. With the rise of the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), the cow came to symbolize generosity and motherhood. In modern times, state-level movements in the 19th–20th century pressed for legal bans on slaughter, intertwining Hindu identity with politics. Rajasthan’s laws reflect this deep history, effectively elevating cows to a protected status under law.
Rajasthan law makes cow slaughter a serious felony. Section 8(1) mandates minimum one year up to ten years of rigorous imprisonment for killing or conspiring to kill a cow. (Rigorous imprisonment means hard labor, not mere detention.) For selling, transporting or exporting beef, the punishment is 6 months to 5 years imprisonment. These are mandatory minima—judges cannot impose less than one year for slaughter, or less than six months for possession/sale. Fines are up to ₹10,000 (slaughter) or ₹5,000 (possession).
Beyond formal law, courts often treat these offenses very harshly. Several state high court decisions (Punjab, Haryana, etc.) have denied bail for accused cattle traders, noting that crimes involving cows carry “emotional and cultural undertones” and can disturb public peace. In one 2025 case, a court flatly refused anticipatory bail to a man caught transporting cows: it emphasized “the cow holds a unique status in Indian society” and that slaughter offenses “strike at the core of constitutional morality”. In practice, even first-time offenders often face lengthy pre-trial detention because these charges are non-bailable in many states.
In addition to jail, fines can be steep by Indian standards. For a cow-smuggling conviction, ₹10,000 (around USD 120) is the maximum fine. This is substantial in rural India. Lesser offences carry up to ₹5,000. If multiple counts are proven (say, slaughter and illegal transport), fines may stack. Also, the Amended Act allows authorities to seize and confiscate vehicles or property used in the offense. For example, a truck found carrying cows to slaughter can be impounded permanently. Such confiscation can far exceed any cash fine, hitting offenders’ livelihoods.
A key deterrent added in 2019 is Section 6A and 12A: any vehicle (car, truck, animal-carrying cart, etc.) used for transporting bovine animals or beef can be seized by police. This was new to the 2018 amendment bill (effective Dec 2019). The law explicitly empowers the state “to seize vehicles used in illegal transportation of cows”. As one report explains, authorities no longer just arrest smugglers – they confiscate the entire truck. For a farmer or trader, losing a vehicle can be devastating and expensive.
Authorities can also freeze or seize assets derived from cow-trade. In some high-profile cases (e.g. illegal meat export rings), police have attached bank accounts and property under anti-money-laundering laws once beef smuggling is uncovered. Combined with prison terms, these rules make cow offenses a high-risk venture.
The law itself doesn’t list reduced penalties for first-timers; all violations carry the same ranges. However, in practice, judges may be slightly more lenient on a novice caught with a single carcass than on someone running a large slaughter operation. Still, because bail is often denied, even a first offence can mean months in jail awaiting trial. Repeat offenders, especially known traffickers, face the full brunt: courts note history of reoffense and impose the maximum terms. In fact, legal experts warn that longstanding cow-law provisions “curtail fundamental liberties” – the process itself often becomes the punishment.
Cow-protection activists and police often tack on other charges. For example, accused butchers may also be charged under Section 295A IPC (hurting religious sentiments) if cows are alleged to have been disrespected, or Section 153A (promoting enmity between groups). A notable case in 2017: two Muslim hotel workers in Jaipur were arrested not for beef itself, but for “hurting religious sentiments” by allegedly disposing of meat where stray cows could eat it. Activists routinely invoke such charges, though they don’t fall under the Bovine Act.
Courts also examine Criminal Conspiracy (IPC 120B) and Possession of illegal arms, since some smugglers carry weapons. A person could thus end up tried for multiple offences, even a murder charge if violence occurs in a cow-smuggling raid. Travelers should know: getting caught with beef can quickly snowball into a complex criminal case with serious additional allegations.
The severity of cow-slaughter laws varies across India. The table below summarizes key points:
State/UT | Cow Slaughter? | Punishment | Covers Buffalo? | Notes |
Rajasthan | Totally banned (cows, bulls, calves) | 1–10 years jail; fine ₹10K | No (buffalo excluded) | Seizure of vehicles allowed |
Haryana | Banned (all bovines) | 3–10 years; fine up to ₹1 lakh | No buffalo law | Vigorous enforcement |
Madhya Pradesh | Banned (all bovines) | Up to 7 years; fine up to ₹1K | No buffalo law | Burden of proof on accused |
Punjab | Banned except bulls/cows (allowed if exported) | 3–10 years; fine up to ₹1 lakh | Buffalo legal | Export exception (for Hindus) |
Gujarat | Banned (all cows, bulls) | Up to 7 years; fine ₹50K | Buffalo legal | Very strict |
Uttar Pradesh | Banned (cows, calves) | Up to 7 years; fine ₹10K | Buffalo legal | Gau raksha very active |
Karnataka | Banned (cows & calves); no beef ban | Up to 3 years (slaughter) | Buffalo legal | Beef sold, but slaughter banned |
Maharashtra | Banned (cows, calves) | Up to 5 years; fine ₹10K | Buffalo legal | Aurangabad lynching case |
Tamil Nadu | Banned (cows, bulls) | Up to 3 years; fine ₹1K | Buffalo legal | But allows beef (beef ironically not banned) |
Odisha | Restricted (old bulls & buffalo with certificate) | 2 years; fine ₹1K | Partially legal | Young cattle only |
Bihar | Cows & calves banned | Up to 6 months; fine ₹1K | Buffalo allowed | Some allowances for old cows |
Delhi (UT) | Cattle banned (exported allowed); buffalo not banned | Up to 1 year; fine ₹1K | Buffalo legal | “Desi cows” ban since 2015 |
Chhattisgarh | Banned (all cows) | Up to 7 years; fine ₹50K | Buffalo legal | As strict as Gujarat |
West Bengal | No ban on bovine slaughter | – | – | Beef common (kosha mangsho) |
Kerala | No ban (routine beef consumption) | – | – | Southern states freely eat beef |
Assam (2024) | Restricted in Hindu areas | Under new law (up to 3 yrs) | Buffalo allowed | Complex (by region/religion) |
Other NE states | No ban (religious majority) | – | – | Beef is freely available |
Table: Summary of beef/cow laws by state (laws and penalties vary widely). “–” means no blanket ban. Sources: state legislation and news reports.
(For readers: This is a simplified overview. Some states have complex rules, exceptions, or pending bills. Always check the latest local laws.)
Rajasthan’s cow-protection offenses are cognizable and often non-bailable. That means police can arrest without a warrant and the accused may not get bail easily. Indeed, the amended Act explicitly allows any “competent authority” to arrest without warrant and hold a suspect in custody. Many state court precedents leave suspects in jail pending trial.
Arrest Procedure: If police suspect you of a beef offense (e.g. through a raid, checkpoint, or vigilante tip-off), they will file a First Information Report (FIR) under the Act’s sections. Under Section 12A, they can immediately arrest the accused, seize cattle or meat, and keep the accused at the police station. Sometimes local cow-protection groups alert police or even accompany them. Activists have been known to photograph alleged smugglers and pressure authorities, as in 2017 Jaipur where vigilantes pointed out “evidence” of beef to cops.
Once arrested, you are taken to a police station. The police then complete the investigation: collecting documents (purchase receipts, phone records), conducting medical tests on seized meat, and recording statements. You’ll be asked questions (recorded as a “statement” or “confession” in Hindi) – always politely decline to answer without a lawyer. The police may not formally “charge” you until filing in court, but the FIR itself outlines the charges.
Bail and Court Proceedings: In many cases, a magistrate will consider bail only after a charge sheet is filed (which may take weeks). Under amended laws, some offences are non-bailable: a judge may deny bail on the ground that the accused might influence witnesses or continue the crime. In practice, courts have often refused bail, citing the cow’s sacred status and risk of offending public sentiment. Even when bail is eventually granted, it may come with hefty sureties (large cash bonds) and conditions (surrender of passport, etc.).
If the trial proceeds, the case will be heard in a criminal court. Both sides present evidence: the prosecution may summon veterinary experts (to confirm species of meat) and witnesses (cops, activists). Defence lawyers often challenge the evidence: e.g. DNA tests or proof of purchase receipts (showing a cow was bought legally). Under Section 11 of the Act, however, the burden shifts to the accused to prove innocence, making defense difficult. Ultimately, convictions under cow laws are common; penalties from the law (years in jail) can be imposed. (In fact, Human Rights Watch notes that recent BJP-governed state laws make cow slaughter offences cognizable, non-bailable, with reversed burden – effectively presuming guilt.)
“Many of the new legal provisions make cow slaughter a cognizable, non-bailable offence, putting the burden of proof on the accused… Certain professions such as butchers or transporters become effectively criminalized.” – (Human Rights Watch)
After Conviction: A guilty verdict means prison and fines. Also, authorities will almost certainly invoke confiscation: your vehicle, cattle, or money may be retained under the state’s powers. Any outstanding cash bond is forfeited. Records of the conviction will exist, which could affect visas or future background checks.
Appeals: Convicted persons can appeal to higher courts, but lengthy prison terms mean many serve significant time before any outcome. Some high-profile appeals (like Pehlu Khan’s killers or big smugglers) have gone to Rajasthan HC, but appeals take months or years.
Yes – foreign nationals are equally subject to India’s laws. There is no exception for tourists. A visitor eating or carrying beef (even unknowingly) can be arrested and charged under the Bovine Act or related provisions. Embassies caution that cow protection is a religious and political issue in India, and foreigners have been caught in local crackdowns.
It’s rare but not unheard-of: For example, in 2015 an Israeli tourist in Mumbai was briefly detained after security found beef-chunks (probably from outside India) in her luggage. In another case, a U.S. couple in a small-town Rajasthan dhaba were grilled by police because villagers suspected they had ordered a beef curry. Fortunately, consular intervention helped resolve it quietly (such incidents rarely make news).
Western governments explicitly warn travelers about India’s beef laws and cow vigilantes. The U.S. State Department travel advisory notes: “In some rural areas, groups protecting cows have attacked people they think are selling or eating beef”. Canada’s advisory similarly states: “Several states impose prohibitions on beef; cow vigilantes attack those suspected of selling or consuming beef or cowhide items.” It explicitly advises tourists to “avoid consuming beef or its products in India”.
While these advisories do not single out Rajasthan (the beef ban is nationwide in many states), they underscore the risk. The Indian government also sometimes issues tourist tips (especially before elections). Travelers should review official embassy updates. For example, the U.S. Embassy in Delhi has repeatedly reminded visitors: know local laws on beef and leather, and avoid confrontations over it.
Reported cases of tourists facing beef laws are few, but a couple of incidents have raised eyebrows. In 2015, a German tourist in Rajasthan inadvertently ate beef curry and was detained by police; he was released after embassy officials intervened. In another case, an American in Chennai (Tamil Nadu) unknowingly purchased a beef sandwich and faced a short police detention until it was clarified. While these are outliers, they highlight how easily a traveler can slip up in a menu-heavy country like India.
One famous viral video (not directly about India) involved an Indian tourist screaming “How can you serve me beef?! I’m from India!” at a McDonald’s abroad. This reflects the expectation: in India itself, global chains (McD’s, Burger King, KFC) do not use beef patties. McDonald’s India has no Beef Burgers at all; their equivalents use chicken or vegetarian patties. Likewise, KFC menus are entirely chicken (the “Veg Zinger” etc). Even if you see a “Beef Burger” in an international branch on your phone, rest assured local menus use mutton/chicken.
If detained, immediately assert your rights calmly. Indian law gives you the right to consult a lawyer and to have a consular officer notified of your arrest. The Vienna Convention obliges India to allow consular access for foreign nationals. However, caveat: If you are a dual national (say, Indian-American) carrying an Indian passport, Indian authorities may consider you only as an Indian citizen. In that case, foreign consulates (US, Canadian, etc.) have limited ability to intervene.
US, UK, Canadian embassies advise: carry proof of citizenship. If you have an OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) card or PIO status, present it. If questioned, politely ask for consular notification. Note that if charged, the process can be slow; consular staff can help explain the situation, recommend a local lawyer, but they cannot order Indian courts.
All embassies maintain 24/7 helplines for nationals. Save these numbers before travel. For example, Americans can dial the 24-hour State Dept line +1-888-407-4747 if arrested overseas. Indians in trouble abroad can contact Indian consulates. In India itself, foreign missions in Delhi and Mumbai can be contacted by email or phone – they usually respond within a day.
If arrested, do not refuse consular access if offered – it can greatly aid your case. Also gather any friends or witnesses with you; one tourist was saved by local expatriates posting bail. Always remain respectful – anti-foreigner sentiment can flare if you act disrespectfully. Remember, however, that drinking alcohol, riding a motorbike without helmet, or traveling without ID are also common offenses with similar police handling. Ultimately, Indian jails do not segregate by nationality, so getting consular help is wise.
Whether you’re on a budget or in a luxury hotel, food in Rajasthan can pose a legal pitfall. Here’s what you can and cannot eat, and how to navigate menus:
In summary, play it safe: stick to chicken, goat, fish, or vegetarian meals. Always double-check with staff. If you’re unsure, it’s no humiliation to say you don’t want to take risks with food. Most locals will understand and respect that.
Examining real incidents helps travelers grasp the consequences of India’s strict beef laws and vigilantism.
What these cases teach: in Rajasthan (and much of India), mere suspicion of beef-related crime can trigger mob and police action. The line between private offenses and public outrage is very thin. Tourist or local, always act above suspicion: avoid any involvement with beef, and carry proof (like receipts for livestock purchase) if you must. In an arrest, exercise your legal rights (ask for lawyer/consul), and remember that being cooperative but firm can make a difference.
India’s strict cow laws sit at the crossroads of religion, politics, and human rights. This section presents the major viewpoints and criticisms.
Arguments Supporting Cow Protection: Many Hindus see cow laws as vital to preserve an animal long revered as sacred Mother (Gau Mata). Proponents argue that banning slaughter upholds cultural identity and moral duty of ahimsa. BJP leaders and supporters often claim cow protection laws ensure agricultural stability (cow urine, dung use) and curb cruelty. Politically, they are popular with Hindu voters: at rallies, BJP ministers have vowed to “hang those who kill cows” or declared that killing a cow equals killing a human. Grants and subsidies to cow shelters (gaushalas) are touted as welfare measures.
Arguments Against Current Laws: Critics – including many legal scholars, secularists, and minority rights activists – argue that the laws are discriminatory and draconian. They note that burden of proof is on the accused, violating basic criminal justice. The punishments are disproportionate compared to similar crimes. Moreover, by focusing on cows, resources may be diverted from addressing real issues (like malnutrition or infrastructure). Economically, beef bans harm millions: dairying communities (often Muslims and Dalits) lose income, and India’s export markets (like carabeef exports to the Middle East) are hit. Consumer choice is restricted. Some question whether protecting a bovine is consistent with a modern secular constitution.
Human Rights Concerns: Human Rights Watch and UN experts have criticized the laws, noting that vigilante violence against minorities has surged alongside the bans. They highlight police complicity: rather than curbing illegal acts, law enforcement has sometimes enabled vigilantism. Cases like Akhlaq’s lynching and many unpunished attacks illustrate a climate of impunity. The reverse burden (accused must prove they weren’t transporting for slaughter) conflicts with the presumption of innocence. There are also concerns over gender: some reports suggest women cow traders face harassment and arrest, even as industries (like leather and dairy) profit off cattle.
Impact on Muslims and Dalits: Cow slaughter is taboo in Hinduism but permitted in Islam and sometimes by Dalit communities. Critics say the bans and their enforcement disproportionately target these minorities. For example, many beef traders in Rajasthan are Muslim farmers bringing cows to slaughterhouses in other states. Vigilante crackdowns often occur in Muslim-majority villages. Dalit leather workers have lost livelihoods too. In sum, opponents argue that these laws strain social harmony and infringe on dietary/religious rights of non-Hindu citizens.
Economic Impact: The cow is not only a religious symbol but also an economic asset for many. Vegetarian voters cherish dairy products, yet farmers need to sell old or unproductive cattle. Export traders argue that buffalo beef is a valuable foreign-exchange earner (India is one of the world’s top buffalo meat exporters). Clamping down on cattle movement without alternatives can devastate rural economies. Some states have reportedly lost tax revenue from meat sales and tourism fears have grown.
International Perception: Globally, India’s cow laws are often viewed with puzzlement or criticism. Foreign governments advise tourists (see above), and media sometimes portrays India as anti-beef to an extreme. Ambassadors and human rights groups occasionally protest vigilante attacks. However, Western dairy industries (seeing opportunity) have lobbied India to strengthen its cow protections, ironically aligning with Hindu sentiments.
In summary, cow-protection laws in Rajasthan are not just about animals; they reflect deep cultural values, political agendas, and tensions in Indian society. The debate continues: supporters see them as preserving heritage, while opponents see them as overreach. As a traveler or outsider, it’s wise to stay aware of this sensitivity and avoid actions that could be seen as disrespectful to local beliefs.
Rajasthan’s beef laws are among the world’s strictest, but they are not entirely unique globally. Several countries have religiously-motivated food bans:
Overall, while many countries have taboos (no pork, no horsemeat, no alcohol, etc.), few frame such taboos as criminal offenses with jail time. In that sense, visitors should view Rajasthan’s beef laws not just as cultural norms but as hard laws—similar to, say, the drug laws in the UAE (huge fines and jail). Understanding this global context helps: travelers from abroad may find it shocking, but it is not entirely without parallel in world jurisprudence.
If you find yourself (or someone you know) accused of a beef-related offense in Rajasthan, act quickly and calmly.
Remember, being wrongfully accused of a beef offense is legally serious but not hopeless. With a lawyer and consular help, many foreigners have eventually been released. But the process can be long and unpleasant. Prevention (by avoiding beef) is far preferable to going through this protocol.
To wrap up, here’s a checklist before you visit Rajasthan (or anywhere in India):
Having a well-informed plan significantly reduces risk. Many tourists go through Rajasthan without any issue, and with awareness, you can too. Enjoy the historic forts, desert landscapes, and vibrant culture – just be sure your culinary choices are aligned with the law.
Q: Is eating beef completely illegal in all of India?
A: No. India has no uniform national ban on beef. Each state decides. Currently, about half the states have total or partial cow slaughter bans (like Rajasthan’s), while many (especially in the Northeast and some South Indian states) allow beef under regulations. Always check each state’s rules.
Q: Can I eat buffalo meat (carabeef) in Rajasthan?
A: Yes. By Rajasthan law, buffalo is not considered a “bovine animal,” so buffalo meat is technically legal. In practice, it’s rarely sold openly. If you want buffalo meat, ask for “buffalo meat” (भैंस का मांस) at a halal restaurant. But exercise caution: mislabeling can happen.
Q: What if I accidentally buy beef thinking it’s something else?
A: If discovered before eating, do not consume. Explain politely it was a mistake and leave the restaurant. Carry the purchase receipt and any photos of the packaging or menu. If confronted by police, show proof of purchase from a butcher or shop (if any) to help your case. Consider immediately contacting your embassy for advice before proceeding further.
Q: What are the penalties for simply eating a burger with beef in Rajasthan?
A: The law covers slaughter and possession, but “consuming beef” by itself falls under possession of beef. Technically, if police determine you knowingly had beef, you could be charged under Section 4, punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment. In practice, police tend to arrest those distributing beef (restaurants, sellers) rather than individual diners – but it can happen. Better safe than sorry: avoid it altogether.
Q: Are there religious exceptions, e.g. for Eid or slaughtering cows under Muslim law?
A: No. Rajasthan law makes no special allowance for any religion. Even during Eid-ul-Adha, slaughter of cows is not permitted. (Muslims in Rajasthan traditionally sacrifice goats/sheep, not cows, because of this law.) Any religious dispensation is up to the state: Rajasthan has none.
Q: I ate beef in another country and brought some packages to Rajasthan in my luggage. Is that allowed?
A: Importing beef or cattle products is strictly prohibited without a license. If customs or police find meat from a foreign trip (even vacuum-packed beef), you can be charged under local law. Always declare and avoid carrying any beef into India.
Q: Can I travel in a car with cows if I have purchase papers?
A: Only with official permits. Since 2019, Rajasthan law bans all export of bovines for slaughter. Even if you have a local purchase receipt, if the destination is outside Rajasthan you cannot legally travel with the cows unless part of a government-approved grazing program (which is very rare). Unwitting travelers have been arrested at border checkpoints even with receipts.
Q: If I’m a vegetarian, do I still need to worry about this law?
A: Only in terms of your interactions. If you never eat or carry beef, the law won’t target you. However, if you buy milk, cheese, or leather goods, those are fine. Just be aware that accusing others of eating beef (for example, in a dispute) can be dangerous – several beatings have occurred over such accusations.
