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Israel, formally referred to as the State of Israel, is a nation of considerable historical relevance and current geopolitical significance situated in the Southern Levant of West Asia. As of 2024, Israel’s population is roughly 9.3 million, predominantly concentrated along the Mediterranean coastline and in the central highlands. The country’s strategic location at the eastern terminus of the Mediterranean Sea situates it at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa, enhancing its diverse cultural heritage and intricate geopolitical dynamics.
Geographically, Israel encompasses a variety of terrains within a compact space. The nation encompasses little more than 22,000 square kilometers, about equivalent to the area of New Jersey in the United States. The borders are delineated by a mixture of natural and political boundaries. To the north, Israel borders Lebanon and Syria, while Jordan is situated to the east. The southwestern border is delineated by Egypt and the Gaza Strip, while the Mediterranean Sea constitutes the western frontier. Israel possesses a modest yet important coastline along the Red Sea at its southernmost point, granting access to the Gulf of Aqaba and, consequently, the Indian Ocean.
The nation’s terrain comprises four main areas. The coastal plain, extending along the Mediterranean, encompasses most of Israel’s metropolitan centers and agricultural areas. Proceeding eastward, one arrives to the central highland region, encompassing the Judean and Samarian hills in the West Bank. To the east is the Jordan Rift Valley, a segment of the Great Rift Valley system, which encompasses the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, the Earth’s lowest point at 430.5 meters below sea level. The southern region is characterized by the Negev Desert, a harsh and scarcely inhabited expanse that constitutes over fifty percent of Israel’s territory.
The climate of Israel is diverse, varying from moderate in the north to desert in the south. The coastal regions experience a Mediterranean climate characterized by scorching, arid summers and warm, precipitation-rich winters. The central highlands endure lower temperatures and sporadic precipitation during winter, whilst the Jordan Valley and southern areas have a hot, arid environment throughout the year. The variation in climate and topography has significantly influenced the nation’s agriculture, settlement patterns, and economic growth.
Jerusalem, the capital of the nation, possesses a distinctive and controversial position in global affairs. Although Israel asserts Jerusalem as its capital and has established several governmental institutions there, this designation lacks broad recognition from the international community. The majority of nations establish their embassies in Tel Aviv, Israel’s economic center and biggest metropolitan region, which functions as the de facto administrative capital.
The contemporary history of Israel is fundamentally intertwined with the overarching narrative of the Jewish diaspora and the Zionist cause. The late 19th century witnessed the emergence of political Zionism, led by Theodor Herzl, advocating for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. The movement accelerated following World War I, when the British government, via the Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsed the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
The era of British Mandatory governance (1920-1948) was characterized by a surge of Jewish immigration, especially during the 1930s, when Jews escaped persecution in Europe. The inflow, along with the opposing nationalist ambitions of the Arab community, resulted in escalating tensions and sporadic bloodshed between the two populations. The situation became grave following World War II and the Holocaust, as pressure intensified for a decision regarding Jewish sovereignty.
On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the foundation of the State of Israel. This proclamation prompted an instant invasion by adjacent Arab nations, signifying the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Israeli War of Independence. The struggle resulted in Israeli sovereignty over an area beyond that designated by the UN Partition Plan and caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs, an event referred to as the Nakba (catastrophe) in Palestinian historiography.
The decades after Israel’s founding were marked by persistent confrontation with its Arab neighbors, highlighted by significant battles such as the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in 1973. These confrontations led to Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights—territories key to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and wider regional tensions.
Alongside its foreign wars, Israel has seen considerable internal development and transition. The nation has received several influxes of Jewish immigrants globally, notably significant numbers from Europe in the early post-war era, from North Africa and the Middle East during the 1950s and 1960s, and from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. This varied migration has enhanced Israel’s multicultural identity while presenting obstacles regarding social integration and economic assimilation.
Israel has transitioned from a predominantly agrarian civilization in its formative years to a highly advanced, technology-oriented economy. The nation has acquired the designation “Start-Up Nation” owing to its significant density of technology firms and entrepreneurial endeavors. Israel’s economic strengths are rooted in high-tech sectors, encompassing software development, telecommunications, and biotechnology. The nation possesses a formidable military sector, partially motivated by its security requirements.
Israel operates under a parliamentary democracy, characterized by a unicameral legislature (the Knesset) elected via proportional representation. The Prime Minister, often the leader of the predominant party or coalition, acts as head of government, whilst the President assumes a predominantly ceremonial position as head of state. This approach has resulted in a political environment marked by coalition administrations and a multitude of parties representing diverse ideological, religious, and ethnic groups.
The nation’s socioeconomic structure is intricate and varied. Although Jewish Israelis represent the majority, this group exhibits considerable diversity, encompassing secular and religious Jews, individuals of European (Ashkenazi) and Middle Eastern (Mizrahi) heritage, as well as recent immigration from many global regions. Arab Israelis, predominantly Palestinians who stayed within Israel’s boundaries post-1948, are the biggest minority population and have persistent problems for comprehensive social and economic integration.
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The prehistory of the Levant encompasses a substantial period extending back at least 1.5 million years. During this time, early hominins inhabited the region, signifying a prolonged human presence. By the 10th millennium BCE, the Natufian society had developed, distinguished by its sophisticated stone tool technology and nascent agricultural practices. The Ghassulian culture emerged circa 4,500 BCE, advancing agricultural techniques and establishing more permanent settlements.
The historical narrative of ancient Israel and Judah is a topic of significant contention among historians. It is widely acknowledged that the northern Kingdom of Israel emerged in 900 BCE, whilst the Kingdom of Judah was created approximately 850 BCE. The Kingdom of Israel was significantly more affluent, transforming into a regional power that governed extensive territory such as Samaria, Galilee, the upper Jordan Valley, the Sharon, and substantial portions of the Transjordan. In Iron Age II, the region’s population was around 400,000, indicating its advancement and importance.
In the Middle Ages, the Levant was a cosmopolitan area recognized for its religious pluralism and liberties. Christians, Muslims, and Jews cohabited with a level of tolerance that was notably rare in other regions of the world at that period. The Ottoman Empire’s acquisition of the territory in 1516 resulted in notable alterations, notably variations in the Jewish demographic. The Ottoman millet system was crucial in safeguarding Christians and Jews, who were obligated to pay the jizya tax for this protection. Although a minority, the Jewish people preserved a symbolic association with the notion of “return,” which constituted a vital element of religious Jewish faith.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries seen the emergence of political Zionism, motivated by the aspiration to create a Jewish state in Palestine. The First Aliyah commenced in 1881, as Jews escaped pogroms in Eastern Europe. This wave of immigration initiated a notable demographic transformation, resulting in a slow increase of the Jewish population in Palestine, referred to as the Old Yishuv.
The Second Aliyah (1904-1914) resulted in the immigration of around 40,000 Jews to Palestine, mostly driven by the repercussions of the Kishinev massacre. Zionist socialist organizations were essential during this era, creating an independent Jewish economy founded on Jewish labor. The Yishuv movement sought to establish communal agricultural communities, with Tel Aviv being the inaugural planned Jewish town, established in 1909.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 marked a pivotal moment, since it garnered British endorsement for the Zionist movement. Nonetheless, this era witnessed a decline in ties between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. The Third and Fourth Aliyahs resulted in the influx of an additional 100,000 Jews to the region, intensifying tensions and culminating in the Arab rebellion of 1936-1939. The British government responded by issuing the White Paper of 1939, which imposed limitations on Jewish immigration to Palestine. This approach resulted in a Jewish insurrection and heightened tension with the Arab community.
The situation in Palestine intensified, leading to the United Nations’ proposal to supplant the British Mandate with an autonomous Arab State, a Jewish State, and an internationalized City of Jerusalem. Notwithstanding these endeavors, the Jewish resistance reached its zenith in July 1947, leading the British government to resolve on the evacuation of Palestine. This decision facilitated the ultimate creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing geopolitical dynamics in the area.
In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly enacted Resolution 181 (II), which advocated for the division of Mandatory Palestine into distinct Jewish and Arab governments. This plan designated around 55-56% of the land for the Jewish people. The Arab League and the Arab Higher Committee of Palestine repudiated the idea, resulting in a civil war. The British Mandate concluded on 15 May 1948, and on the preceding day, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the foundation of the State of Israel. This proclamation prompted the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, during which more than 700,000 Palestinians either fled or were forcibly removed from their residences, leading to a substantial demographic transformation and the devastation of Palestine’s primarily Arab populace. Israel became a member of the United Nations on 11 May 1949, with the Labor Zionist movement, under the leadership of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, prevailing in Israeli politics.
The 1950s were characterized by recurrent assaults against Israel by Palestinian fedayeen, predominantly originating from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip. These invasions prompted Israeli retaliatory operations and escalated tensions, culminating in the Suez Canal conflict. In a clandestine collaboration with the United Kingdom and France, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis but was later compelled to withdraw in return for Israeli shipping rights via the canal.
The 1967 Six-Day War was a crucial event in the region’s history, leading to Israel’s annexation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights. Subsequent to the conflict, Israel encountered persistent assaults by Egyptian military forces and Palestinian factions, notably the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). The Yom Kippur War of 1973 witnessed Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian armies, but at considerable cost.
The Israeli-Palestinian peace process commenced in 1977, after to the Knesset elections that resulted in Menachem Begin’s Likud party assuming power. The Camp David Accords and the ensuing Egypt-Israel peace treaty represented key milestones, enabling Israel to engage in negotiations over Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Notwithstanding these endeavors, Israel encountered retaliatory assaults and heightened tensions with Palestinians, culminating in the enactment of the Jerusalem Law and the annexation of the Golan Heights. The Israeli government was also accused of culpability for the Sabra and Shatila atrocity and the initiation of the First Intifada.
In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin assumed the role of prime minister and executed the Oslo Accords, which conferred authority to the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) over segments of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The 1994 Israel-Jordan peace pact faced diminished popular support among Arabs due to persistent Israeli settlement endeavors and economic difficulties. The 2000 Camp David Summit, which included Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat, and U.S. President Bill Clinton, did not provide a sustainable deal, as all parties attributed the stalemate to one another.
By the 2010s, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has transformed from a conventional Arab-Israeli conflict into a more intricate Iran-Israel proxy struggle, with direct encounters taking place during the Syrian civil war. Regional collaboration between Israel and Arab League nations intensified, culminating in the Abraham Accords, which established normalized ties between Israel and several Arab governments.
On 7 October 2023, Palestinian terrorist factions from Gaza, spearheaded by Hamas, initiated a series of coordinated assaults against Israel, signifying the commencement of the Israel-Hamas conflict. This war led to the fatalities of some 1,300 Israelis, primarily civilians, and the abduction of more than 200 captives. In retaliation, Israel initiated an extensive bombing campaign and invaded Gaza on 27 October, with the objective of annihilating Hamas and liberating the captives. This battle, the fifth iteration of the Gaza-Israel hostilities since 2008, has proven to be the most lethal for Palestinians and the most consequential military confrontation in the region since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
Israel is strategically located in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent, near the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest. Israel is situated between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 34° and 36° E, positioning it in an area of considerable historical and geopolitical significance.
The sovereign territory of Israel, as delineated by the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding regions acquired during the 1967 Six-Day War, spans roughly 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 square miles), with water bodies comprising around two percent of this expanse. Israel, despite its limited geographical area, has a narrow breadth of 100 kilometers at its broadest point, in stark contrast to its length of 400 kilometers from north to south. The limited width is compensated by Israel’s exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean, which is twice the land size of the nation. The overall territory governed by Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 square miles). Including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-administered areas of the West Bank, the overall area under Israeli jurisdiction extends to 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 square miles).
The little size of Israel conceals its abundant geographic variety. The southern part is characterized by the Negev Desert, which starkly contrasts with the rich Jezreel Valley situated inland. The northern region of the nation features mountain ranges like the Galilee, Carmel, and Golan Heights. The Israeli coastal plain, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, accommodates the bulk of the nation’s populace, with a combination of urban and natural environments.
To the east of Israel’s central highlands is the Jordan Rift Valley, a portion of the vast 6,500-kilometer (4,039-mile) Great Rift Valley. The Jordan River, an important waterway, flows through this valley, originating from Mount Hermon, passing through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee, and ultimately reaching the Dead Sea, the Earth’s lowest elevation. To the south, the Arabah area reaches the Gulf of Eilat, a segment of the Red Sea, offering a distinctive biological and geological environment.
One of the most distinctive geological features in Israel is the Makhtesh, or “erosion cirques,” which are exclusive to the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula. The most extensive of these formations is the Makhtesh Ramon, extending 38 kilometers in length. These natural structures provide insight into the region’s geological past and serve as a notable attraction for both researchers and tourists.
Israel possesses the largest density of plant species per square meter in the Mediterranean Basin, indicative of its abundant biodiversity. The nation comprises four terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests, Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests, Arabian Desert, and Mesopotamian shrub desert. This diversity of habitats sustains a broad spectrum of flora and animals, enhancing Israel’s biological richness.
As of 2016, forests encompass 8.5% of Israel’s territory, a notable rise from under 2% in 1948. This expansion is mostly ascribed to the comprehensive afforestation initiatives launched by the Jewish National Fund. These initiatives have not only increased wooded regions but also aided in environmental preservation and the improvement of natural ecosystems.
The climate of Israel has considerable variability, especially in the winter season. Coastal areas, such as Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a quintessential Mediterranean climate marked by cold, wet winters and extended, scorching summers. The region surrounding Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate characterized by scorching summers, cold winters, and a reduced number of wet days. The Southern Negev and Arava areas have a desert environment characterized by intensely hot, arid summers and temperate winters with scant precipitation. The hottest temperature recorded outside Africa and North America, 54°C (129°F), was noted in 1942 in the Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan River valley. Elevated regions, especially those over 750 meters (2,460 feet), like Jerusalem, can have windy and frigid conditions, often getting a minimum of one snowfall year. Between May and September, precipitation in Israel is infrequent.
Israel’s unique position between the temperate and tropical zones creates four separate phytogeographic areas, enhancing its vast biodiversity. The nation hosts 2,867 documented plant species, of which a minimum of 253 are imported and non-indigenous. This biodiversity is also safeguarded by 380 natural reserves, which are essential for the conservation of the nation’s flora and wildlife.
Due to its limited water supplies, Israel has developed several water conservation technology, including drip irrigation. This invention has dramatically improved agricultural efficiency and water saving. Moreover, Israel’s ample sunshine has established the nation as a global frontrunner in per capita solar energy utilization. Nearly every residence in Israel employs solar panels for water heating, demonstrating the country’s dedication to sustainable energy methods.
The Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection has emphasized the significant effects of climate change on the nation, especially for at-risk communities. The ministry’s papers highlight that climate change will significantly impact all aspects of life, requiring adaptive strategies to alleviate its consequences.
Israel functions within a parliamentary system defined by proportional representation and universal suffrage. The Prime Minister, usually the leader of the predominant party in the Knesset, serves as the head of government in Israel’s 120-member parliament. The Prime Minister commands a legislative majority and leads both the government and the cabinet. The President of Israel functions as the head of state, a position that is predominantly ceremonial with little authority.
The Knesset, Israel’s legislative assembly, consists of 120 members chosen by a proportional representation system. This method guarantees that political parties obtain seats in accordance with the votes they collect, subject to a minimum electoral threshold of 3.25%. This threshold frequently leads to coalition governments, as no individual party usually attains a definitive majority. Inhabitants of Israeli settlements in the West Bank have the right to vote in these elections, and as of the 2015 election, settlers comprised 8% of the Knesset’s membership.
Parliamentary elections occur every four years; nevertheless, the government may be dissolved prematurely owing to unstable alliances or a no-confidence vote. The inaugural Arab-led party was founded in 1988, and by 2022, Arab-led parties occupy almost 10% of the Knesset seats. The Basic Law: The Knesset (1958) and its modifications prohibit any party list from participating in elections if its goals entail the denial of Israel as the state of the Jewish people.
Israel lacks a proper written constitution. It functions under a set of Basic Laws that serve as an uncodified constitution. These statutes characterize Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, as well as the nation-state of the Jewish people. In 2003, the Knesset commenced the formulation of an official constitution derived from these Basic Laws.
Despite lacking an official religion, Israel’s characterization as a “Jewish and democratic” state has a significant association with Judaism. On July 19, 2018, the Knesset enacted a Basic Law designating Israel as the “Nation State of the Jewish People,” establishing Hebrew as the national language and conferring special status upon Arabic. This legislation also asserts the exclusive right of Jews to national self-determination and advocates for the advancement of Jewish settlements as a national priority.
Israel is segmented into six primary administrative districts, referred to as mehozot: Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, South, and Tel Aviv. Furthermore, the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank, along with sections of the Jerusalem and Northern districts, lacks international recognition as part of Israel. The districts are further split into fifteen sub-districts, or nafot, which are then partitioned into fifty natural areas.
Israel is the most advanced nation in Western Asia and the Middle East for economic and industrial growth. As of October 2023, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected Israel’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at $521.7 billion, with a GDP per capita of $53,200, positioning it 13th globally. This designates Israel as the third wealthiest nation in Asia based on nominal per capita income and the country with the greatest average wealth per adult in the Middle East. In 2022, The Economist designated Israel as the fourth most prosperous economy among industrialized nations. Moreover, Israel possesses the largest concentration of billionaires in the Middle East and is ranked 18th worldwide.
In recent years, Israel has had one of the fastest growth rates among wealthy countries. This strong economic performance is evidenced by its participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 2010. Israel is positioned 20th in the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report and 35th in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business ranking. The economic statistics for Israel includes the complete economic territory, comprising the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem, and Israeli settlements in the West Bank.
Notwithstanding its restricted natural resources, Israel has attained considerable self-sufficiency in food production, barring cereals and meat, via the rigorous advancement of its agricultural and industrial sectors. In 2020, Israel’s imports amounted to $96.5 billion, including raw materials, military equipment, capital goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grains, and consumer products. The primary exports of the country encompass machinery, equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural goods, chemicals, textiles, and clothing, totaling $114 billion in 2020. The Bank of Israel possesses $201 billion in foreign-exchange reserves, placing it 17th in the world.
Israel is distinguished for its creativity and technical progress, hosting the second-highest number of startup businesses worldwide, behind the United States, and the third-highest number of NASDAQ-listed firms. The nation ranks first globally in startups per capita, gaining the designation “Start-Up Nation.” Prominent global organizations, such as Intel and Microsoft, inaugurated their initial international research and development centers in Israel, prompting a multitude of additional high-tech firms to do likewise.
Israel is renowned for its innovation and technological advancements, housing the second-largest number of startup companies globally, following the United States, and the third-largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies. The country leads the world in the number of startups per capita, earning it the moniker “Start-Up Nation.” Major multinational corporations, including Intel and Microsoft, established their first overseas research and development facilities in Israel, and numerous other high-tech companies have followed suit.
The Israeli workweek generally spans from Sunday to Thursday for a five-day schedule, or extends to Friday for a six-day schedule. In observance of Shabbat, Friday is seen as a “short day” in largely Jewish communities where it is a workday. Numerous attempts have been made to synchronize the Israeli workweek with the worldwide standard.
Israel’s advancement in innovative technologies, especially in software, communications, and life sciences, has been likened to Silicon Valley. The nation ranks first globally in research and development spending as a proportion of GDP. In 2024, Israel was positioned 15th in the Global Innovation Index and sixth in the 2019 Bloomberg Innovation Index. Israel has the largest concentration of scientists, technicians, and engineers internationally, with 140 experts per 10,000 employees. Since 2004, Israel has yielded six Nobel Prize laureates in science and is consistently rated among the nations with the greatest per capita rates of scientific publications. Israeli institutions, including Technion, Tel Aviv University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Weizmann Institute of Science, are positioned within the top 50 global universities in the fields of computer science, mathematics, and chemistry.
In 2012, Israel attained the ninth position globally according to Futron’s Space Competitiveness Index. The Israel Space Agency oversees all Israeli space research initiatives with scientific and commercial objectives. Israel has developed and constructed a minimum of 13 commercial, research, and reconnaissance satellites, some of which are regarded as some of the most sophisticated space systems globally. The Shavit space launch vehicle, which was first launched in 1988, established Israel as the eighth nation to attain space launch capability. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became the inaugural astronaut from Israel, participating in the doomed Space Shuttle Columbia mission.
The persistent water scarcity in Israel has catalyzed substantial advancements in water saving methods. The nation is a forerunner in agricultural development, having developed drip irrigation. Israel is a leader in desalination and water recycling technology. The Sorek desalination plant, the preeminent seawater reverse osmosis desalination facility globally, illustrates this leadership. As of 2014, Israel’s desalination initiatives accounted for over 35% of the country’s potable water, with forecasts indicating an increase to 70% by 2050. As of 2015, more than 50% of the water utilized in Israeli households, agriculture, and industry is artificially generated. In 2011, Israel’s water technology sector was valued at around $2 billion per year, with exports of products and services amounting to tens of millions of dollars. Advancements in reverse osmosis technology enable Israel to potentially emerge as a net water exporter.
Israel has adopted solar energy, with Israeli engineers leading advancements in solar technology. The nation has the largest solar parabolic dish globally at the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center. More than 90% of Israeli households utilize solar energy for hot water, representing the greatest per capita consumption worldwide. Government statistics reveal that solar energy utilization for heating conserves 8% of Israel’s yearly power usage. The elevated yearly sun irradiation at Israel’s geographic latitude fosters optimal circumstances for a prominent solar research and development sector in the Negev Desert. Despite Israel’s advanced electric vehicle infrastructure with a nationwide network of charging stations, the electric car business Better Place ceased operations in 2013.
Transportation in Israel mostly depends on private automobiles and bus services, supplemented with a growing railway system. The nation’s road network extends 18,096 kilometers, of which 449 kilometers are designated as freeways. Key thoroughfares, including Route 6, the Trans Israel Highway, Route 1 between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, and Route 2 linking Tel Aviv and Haifa, are meticulously maintained and essential for internal transportation.
In recent years, Israel has achieved considerable progress in advancing public transportation and cycling. Tel Aviv has established a comprehensive network of bike lanes, including around 360 kilometers either in existence or in planning stages. The Tel-O-Fun bicycle-sharing system, inaugurated in April 2011, comprises 150 stations across the city. Jerusalem features more than 125 kilometers of cycling paths.
In March 2024, Israel implemented a public transportation reform designed to promote public transit utilization by lowering fares. This reform provides a 50% discount for inhabitants in peripheral regions and those with impairments, as well as a 33% reduction for those aged 18 to 26. Discharged military personnel and others who have fulfilled national service obligations are entitled to complimentary rides for one year. These reductions pertain to monthly passes instead than single-trip tickets, potentially enhancing public transport utilization.
Although air and sea transport have a limited role in internal travel due to the country’s tiny dimensions and absence of inland waterways, these modes are essential for international connectivity. Israel possesses 47 airports, with Ben Gurion Airport, located near Tel Aviv, being the largest. In 2017, Ben Gurion Airport accommodated over 21 million passengers, establishing it as the most trafficked airport in the Eastern Mediterranean for international travel. Additional notable airports are Ramon Airport, which services Eilat, and Haifa Airport.
Ramon Airport, inaugurated in 2019, supplanted the former Uvda and Eilat airports. Uvda was converted back into a military airbase, whilst the former Eilat airport was closed for redevelopment. Domestic flights are scheduled to connect Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport with Haifa, Rosh Pina, the Golan Heights, and Eilat. Ramon Airport also facilitates international charter and low-cost flights.
In 2012, Israel’s civil aviation fleet consisted of 59 aircraft, comprising 56 passenger planes and 3 freighters. The fleet predominantly comprises Boeing jets, supplemented by aircraft from Airbus, ATR, and Embraer. Israeli airlines, including El Al, Sun D’Or, Arkia, and Israir Airlines, want to substantially augment their fleets during the next twenty years, with Boeing projecting the acquisition of 60-80 additional aircraft.
All facets of transportation in Israel are governed by the Ministry of Transport and Road Safety. This include the supervision of road networks, public transit systems, and aviation operations, guaranteeing the safety and effectiveness of the nation’s transportation infrastructure.
The Jerusalem Light Rail system, spanning 13 kilometers, commenced operations in August 2011 and is still undergoing expansion. The Tel Aviv Light Rail, which services Tel Aviv and adjacent municipalities, inaugurated its initial line, the Red Line, in August 2023. A substantial segment of this railroad is subterranean. Two supplementary lines, the Green Line and the Purple Line, are under progress. A segment of the Green Line will be subterranean, whereas the Purple Line will be wholly elevated. The Tel Aviv Metro, a subway system intended to serve Tel Aviv and other cities in the Gush Dan region, is under development. The system will have three lines designated as M1, M2, and M3, with the inaugural public inauguration anticipated in 2032.
Haifa’s Carmelit, an underground funicular train, constituted Israel’s inaugural subway line. It is recorded in the Guinness World Records as the shortest subway system globally, ranking as the second smallest track network after the Tünel in Istanbul, however the smallest “system” due to being the sole urban rail network in the city. The Haifa–Nazareth railway, an anticipated light rail line connecting Haifa and Nazareth, is projected to commence operations in 2025. The building of the Beersheba Light Rail received approval in August 2023. This system will provide service to the city of Beersheba, numerous surrounding communities, and a military facility in proximity to the city, with anticipated completion by 2033.
The plans from the 2023 G20 New Delhi conference encompassed a transit route linking India to the Middle East and Europe via Israel. This idea corresponds with previous Israeli initiatives formulated by Israel Katz, a government transit minister, intended to augment Israel’s position in global transportation networks.
Tourism in Israel constitutes a vital economic industry and a key source of government revenue. The nation has a varied assortment of attractions, encompassing historical and religious monuments, coastal resorts, natural landscapes, archeological tourism, heritage tourism, adventure tourism, and ecotourism. This overview includes tourism in the West Bank and the Golan Heights due of its tight interconnection with mass tourism in Israel. In 2019, Israel had 4.55 million tourist visitors, while tourism contributed NIS 20 billion to the national economy in 2017.
Jerusalem is a pivotal tourist destination, showcasing renowned landmarks such the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Dome of the Rock. The city features several cultural and historical sites, including as the Israel Museum and Yad Vashem.
Tel Aviv is famous for its dynamic nightlife, cultural events, and Mediterranean shores. The “White City” neighborhood, renowned for its Bauhaus architecture, attracts both domestic and foreign tourists.
Additional notable attractions are the Dead Sea, renowned for its elevated salinity and medicinal properties, and Haifa, distinguished by its Baháʼí Gardens. Archaeological sites include Masada, Beit She’an, and Caesarea attract numerous visitors. The Negev Desert has natural tourism prospects in sites like as Ramon Crater and Timna Valley, with activities including hiking, camel trekking, and stargazing. The Coral Beach Nature Reserve in Eilat, located in the Red Sea, is a favored destination for diving aficionados. The Galilee region offers many activities including as boating, cycling, and birdwatching, in addition to its religious landmarks.
Religious tourism is especially prevalent in Israel and the West Bank. The Holy Land has been among the most frequented destinations globally for millennia. Numerous locations in contemporary Israel are regarded as sacred in Christianity and Judaism owing to their references in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. In 2007, the Western Wall and the Tomb of Rashbi were the most frequented Jewish holy sites. The most frequented Christian sacred sites comprise the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth. The most frequented Islamic religious sites are the Temple Mount (Al-Aqsa Mosque) in Jerusalem and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.
In 2017, Masada was the preeminent paid tourist destination. Jerusalem was the most frequented city, with the Western Wall being the most visited attraction. The predominant proportion of tourists originated from the United States, constituting 19% of the total, succeeded by Russia, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Italy, Poland, and Canada.
Israel, being the greatest Jewish population globally, is the sole nation where Jews constitute the majority. As of May 31, 2024, the estimated population of Israel was 9,907,100. In 2022, the government reported that 73.6% of the people identified as Jews, 21.1% as Arabs, and 5.3% as “Others,” encompassing non-Arab Christians and persons without a specified religion. In the last ten years, Israel has experienced a substantial influx of migrant laborers from Romania, Thailand, China, Africa, and South America. While precise numbers remain elusive due to the unlawful status of some migrants, estimates fluctuate between 166,000 and 203,000. As of June 2012, over 60,000 African migrants had arrived in Israel.
Approximately 93% of Israelis reside in urban regions. Palestinian Israelis, at 21.1% of the population, mostly inhabit 139 densely populated towns and villages in the Galilee, Triangle, and Negev areas, while the remaining 10% dwell in mixed cities and suburbs. In 2016, the OECD assessed Israel’s average life expectancy to be 82.5 years, ranking it as the sixth-highest globally. The life expectancy of Israeli Arabs is 3 to 4 years lower, however it surpasses that of the majority of Arab and Muslim nations. Israel possesses the highest fertility rate within the OECD, being the sole nation above the replacement threshold of 2.1.
The retention of Israel’s population after 1948 is equivalent to or exceeds that of other nations experiencing major immigration. Demographers characterize Jewish emigration from Israel, predominantly to the United States and Canada, as minor; nonetheless, Israeli government departments frequently regard it as a substantial problem for the nation’s future.
Approximately 80% of Israeli Jews are native-born, 14% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 6% are immigrants from Asia and Africa. European and former Soviet Union Jews, especially Ashkenazi Jews, comprise around 44% of Jewish Israelis. The majority of the surviving Jewish population consists of Jews from Arab and Muslim nations, including Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews. Jewish intermarriage rates surpass 35%, and current research indicate that the proportion of Israelis with both Sephardi and Ashkenazi ancestry rises by 0.5% per year, with over 25% of pupils now hailing from both backgrounds. Approximately 4% of Israelis, equating to 300,000 individuals, are of Russian descent with Jewish ancestry or familial ties who do not meet the criteria of Jewishness as defined by rabbinical law but qualify for citizenship under the Law of Return.
The cumulative count of Israeli settlers beyond the Green Line surpasses 600,000, constituting around 10% of the Jewish Israeli populace. In 2016, 399,300 Israelis resided in West Bank settlements, including those re-established post-Six-Day War in locations such as Hebron and the Gush Etzion bloc. Furthermore, around 200,000 Jews reside in East Jerusalem, and 22,000 on the Golan Heights. Approximately 7,800 Israelis resided in communities in the Gaza Strip, referred to as Gush Katif, until their evacuation by the government as part of the 2005 disengagement plan.
Israeli Arabs, include the Arab populace of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, constitute 21.1% of the total population, amounting to 1,995,000 individuals. A 2017 survey indicated that 40% of Arab residents of Israel identified as “Arab in Israel” or “Arab citizen of Israel,” 15% as “Palestinian,” 8.9% as “Palestinian in Israel” or “Palestinian citizen of Israel,” and 8.7% as “Arab.” Moreover, 60% of Israeli Arabs hold a favorable opinion of the state.
The cultural variety of Israel mirrors its heterogeneous population, as Jews from many diaspora groups contribute their own cultural and religious traditions. Arab influences are significant in several cultural domains, including as architecture, music, and food. Israel is distinctive in that life is centered around the Hebrew calendar, with festivals dictated by Jewish customs. The designated day of rest is Saturday, known as the Jewish Sabbath.
Hebrew serves as the official language of Israel and is utilized daily by the majority of its populace. The resurgence of Hebrew as a cohesive national language was a vital element of the Zionist movement, especially within the Yishuv, the Jewish population in Palestine prior to the founding of the state of Israel in 1948. This movement aimed to elevate Hebrew over Yiddish, the historical language of Ashkenazi Jews. Initial measures of the Israeli government embodied this mindset, resulting in the prohibition of Yiddish theatrical performances and publications.
Arabic was an official language of Israel until 2018. In 2018, its designation was altered to reflect a “special status in the state.” Arabic is mostly spoken by the Arab minority in Israel, whereas Hebrew is instructed at Arab educational institutions. This multilingual education system enables Arab residents to speak proficiently in both languages.
The influx of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia has profoundly impacted the linguistic environment of Israel. Approximately 130,000 Ethiopian Jews reside in Israel, where Russian and Amharic are commonly spoken. From 1990 to 2004, more than one million Russian-speaking immigrants settled in Israel, establishing Russian as a prevalent language in several localities.
Approximately 700,000 Israelis speak French, predominantly those from France and North Africa. This encompasses the Maghrebi Jews, who have imparted their language legacy to Israel, enhancing the nation’s mosaic fabric.
Although English is no longer an official language with the conclusion of the British Mandate, it continues to have considerable importance in Israel. A significant number of Israelis possess proficiency in English, as it is instructed from the early years of elementary education. English-language television shows are frequently aired with subtitles, therefore boosting language proficiency. Israeli universities provide courses in English across many areas, establishing it as a significant language for higher education and international discourse.
Israeli literature predominantly comprises poetry and prose composed in Hebrew, reflecting the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century. A limited corpus of literature is published in alternative languages. Legally, two copies of all printed materials produced in Israel must be submitted to the National Library of Israel, a mandate that was expanded in 2001 to encompass audio and video recordings as well as other non-print media. In 2016, 89 percent of the 7,300 works transferred to the library were written in Hebrew.
In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature alongside German Jewish novelist Nelly Sachs. Prominent Israeli poets encompass Yehuda Amichai, Nathan Alterman, Leah Goldberg, and Rachel Bluwstein. Prominent contemporary Israeli authors with international acclaim include Amos Oz, Etgar Keret, and David Grossman.
Israeli music comprises a diverse array of genres, including Mizrahi and Sephardic music, Hasidic melodies, Greek music, jazz, and mainstream rock. The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, in existence for nearly seventy years, conducts about two hundred concerts each year. Prominent Israeli musicians encompass Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman, and Ofra Haza. Since 1973, Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest almost year, scoring four victories and hosting the event twice. Eilat annually hosts the Red Sea Jazz Festival, and the country’s traditional folk music are referred to as “Songs of the Land of Israel.”
Israeli cinema has achieved global acclaim, with eleven Israeli films nominated as finalists for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards. Palestinian Israeli filmmakers have made notable contributions, exploring the Arab-Israeli conflict and the position of Palestinians in Israel in films like Mohammed Bakri’s “Jenin, Jenin” and “The Syrian Bride.”
Israel has a dynamic theatre landscape, perpetuating the robust theatrical heritage of Yiddish theatre in Eastern Europe. Established in 1918, Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv is Israel’s oldest repertory theatrical company and serves as the national theater. Additional prominent theaters are Ohel, the Cameri, and Gesher.
Israeli Jewish art has been significantly shaped by Kabbalah, the Talmud, and the Zohar. The School of Paris significantly influenced the 20th century. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the art of the Yishuv was predominantly influenced by movements originating from Bezalel. Starting in the 1920s, the local art scene was significantly shaped by modern French art, initially shown by Isaac Frenkel Frenel. The Jewish masters of the School of Paris, including Soutine, Kikoine, Frenkel, and Chagall, significantly impacted the evolution of Israeli art. Israeli sculpture was influenced by modern European sculpture, as well as Mesopotamian, Assyrian, and indigenous art. Prominent instances comprise Avraham Melnikov’s howling lion, David Polus’ Alexander Zaid, and Ze’ev Ben Zvi’s cubist sculpture.
The architecture of Israel exemplifies its unique cultural legacy, profoundly shaped by the influx of Jewish architects. In the early 20th century, Jewish architects aimed to amalgamate Occidental and Oriental architectural forms, producing edifices that exhibit a diverse array of integrated styles. This diverse design ultimately transitioned to the modernist Bauhaus style due to the arrival of German Jewish architects, such as Erich Mendelsohn, escaping Nazi persecution. The White City of Tel Aviv, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, displays the impact of Bauhaus architecture.
Subsequent to Israel’s independence, various governmental initiatives were undertaken, many of which were constructed in a brutalist architectural style, characterized by a pronounced use of concrete and adaption to the arid environment of Israel. Innovative urban planning concepts, like the Garden City, were executed in Israeli cities. The Geddes proposal for Tel Aviv gained international acclaim for its innovative design and suitability to the local environment. The design of kibbutzim embodied ideological concepts, shown by Richard Kauffmann’s designing of the circular kibbutz Nahalal.
The Israeli media landscape is varied, serving a broad range of viewers. Notable newspapers including the left-leaning Haaretz, the centrist Yedioth Ahronoth, and the center-right Israel Hayom. Prominent television networks cater to many linguistic and cultural demographics, such the Russian-language Channel 9 and the Arabic-language Kan 33. The 2024 Freedom House assessment states that Israeli media is “dynamic and permitted to critique government policy.” In the 2024 Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, Israel was positioned 101st among 180 countries, ranking second in the Middle East and North Africa. The research said that the Israel Defense Forces had killed over 100 journalists in Gaza and that Israel had been attempting to stifle reportage from the confined area while deception permeated the media landscape. On May 5, 2024, Israel closed the local offices of the Qatari network Al Jazeera and temporarily confiscated equipment from the Associated Press, which was subsequently released following intervention by the U.S. administration.
Israel possesses the highest density of museums per capita globally. The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is a paramount cultural institution in the country, containing the Dead Sea Scrolls and a vast collection of Judaica and European art. Yad Vashem, Israel’s official Holocaust museum, functions as the global principal repository of Holocaust-related knowledge. The ANU – Museum of the Jewish People, situated on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive institution focused on the history of Jewish communities globally.
Numerous Israeli museums focus on Islamic culture, such as the Rockefeller Museum and the L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art, both located in Jerusalem. The Rockefeller Museum focuses on archeological artifacts from Middle Eastern history and houses the earliest hominid fossil skull discovered in Western Asia, referred to as Galilee Man.
Israeli cuisine is a dynamic mix of indigenous cuisines and Jewish culinary traditions introduced by immigrants. Since the late 1970s, a fusion cuisine in Israel has developed, integrating components from Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Ashkenazi culinary traditions. This fusion encompasses several delicacies often consumed in Levantine, Arab, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean cuisines, including falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za’atar. Typical foods in Israel encompass schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice, and salad.
Approximately fifty percent of the Israeli-Jewish populace adheres to kosher dietary laws at home, while kosher establishments constitute roughly twenty-five percent of the total as of 2015. Notwithstanding dietary prohibitions in Judaism and Islam, non-kosher items such as pork, commonly termed “white meat” in Israel, are manufactured and ingested.
The predominant spectator sports in Israel are soccer and basketball. The Israeli Premier League is the foremost football league, whilst the Israeli Basketball Premier League is the preeminent basketball league. Prominent football clubs including Maccabi Haifa, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv, and Beitar Jerusalem. These clubs have participated in esteemed events such the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup.
Israel hosted and triumphed in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup and qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1970. Due to political concerns, Israel was barred from the Asian Games post-1974 and has subsequently participated in European sporting competitions. Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. has secured the European basketball title on six occasions.
Since their inaugural victory in 1992, Israel has secured nine Olympic medals, including a gold medal in windsurfing in the 2004 Summer Olympics. The nation has also distinguished themselves in the Paralympic Games, securing over 100 gold medals and achieving a 20th position in the all-time medal tally. Israel was the host of the 1968 Summer Paralympics.
The Maccabiah Games, an Olympic-style competition for Jewish and Israeli athletes, have occurred every four years since the 1930s. Krav Maga, a combat system created by Jewish ghetto defenders during the fight against Nazism in Europe, is extensively utilized by Israeli security services and law enforcement.
Chess is a significant sport in Israel, featuring several Israeli grandmasters and young world champions. The nation organizes an annual international chess event and hosted the World Team Chess event in 2005.
Israel, a nation of notable geographical diversity, presents a distinctive amalgamation of landscapes, including coastal plains, hilly areas, woodlands, and deserts. This diversity facilitates a range of experiences within a confined location. One may ski on Mount Hermon in the Golan Heights and sunbathe by the Dead Sea on the same winter day. The metropolitan areas of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv constitute separate regions; nonetheless, the country’s regions stretch well beyond these urban centers.
The Galilee area, renowned for its scenic vistas and profound religious heritage, is partitioned into five sub-regions. The Western Galilee, situated on the northern coastal plain, is distinguished for its verdant landscapes and ancient landmarks. The Upper Galilee, characterized by mountainous terrain, has Mount Meron, the region’s highest elevation. The Lower Galilee presents undulating hills and valleys, providing a more understated yet still exquisite terrain. The Galilee Panhandle, located in the far northeast, and the Sea of Galilee, Israel’s biggest freshwater lake, characterize this varied region.
The Carmel Range extends southeast from the Mediterranean Sea and encompasses several cities and villages, including Haifa, Israel’s third-largest city. The Jezreel Valley, an extensive area flanked by the Lower Galilee to the north and the Samarian mountains to the south, is recognized for its agricultural importance. The Beit She’an Valley, situated between the Gilboa mountain range and the Jordan River, is a significant region, abundant in historical and natural splendor.
The Israeli Coastal Plain, which includes the Sharon Plain, Gush Dan, and the Southern Coastal Plain, is the most developed region of the country. About 70% of Israel’s populace inhabits this area, which extends along the Mediterranean coastline. The region features sandy beaches and a Mediterranean climate, establishing it as a center of urban activity. The Tel Aviv metropolitan area, Israel’s largest urban region, is situated here, presenting a dynamic amalgamation of culture, business, and recreation.
The Jerusalem Hills, situated in the country’s center, constitute a sub-region of the Judaean Mountains. This hilly region encompasses Jerusalem, the capital and largest city of Israel. The area is recognized for its historical and religious importance, featuring several ancient ruins and contemporary attractions.
The Shfela area, a fertile and undulating hinterland, is situated between the Coastal Plain to the west and the Judaean Mountains to the east. It is bordered by Samaria to the north and the Negev to the south. This region is renowned for its agricultural yield and picturesque landscapes, providing a serene alternative to the vibrant coastal urban centers.
The Dead Sea Valley contains the Dead Sea, the lowest elevation on the planet at 427 meters beneath sea level. The Dead Sea obtains its water from the Jordan River and is distinguished by its elevated salinity and mineral-laden muck. The northern portion of the western Dead Sea Valley is situated in the West Bank, fully governed by Israel as part of Area C.
The Negev region, an extensive desert in southern Israel, including significant locations such as the Ramon Crater. The southern regions of the Judaean Mountains and the Judaean Desert, situated between the West Bank and the Negev, contribute to the area’s rough allure. The Arava Valley, a segment of the Great Rift Valley, extends from the Dead Sea in the north to the Gulf of Eilat in the south, constituting a portion of Israel’s border.
The Golan Heights, a hilly area situated northeast of the Sea of Galilee, has been a source of dispute between Israel and Syria. Israel seized the Golan Heights during the Six-Day War in 1967 and unilaterally annexed the region in 1981. This annexation, however, has not garnered widespread international recognition. The United States is the sole nation that recognizes Israel’s assertion over the Golan Heights, but the United Nations and the majority of the international community regard it as Syrian territory under Israeli occupation. Notwithstanding this, Israeli law is enforced in the area, and it continues to be under Israeli jurisdiction.
The West Bank and Gaza Strip are two separate regions essential to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The West Bank, positioned eastward adjacent to the Jordan River, and the Gaza Strip, located along the southwestern Mediterranean coastline, lack international recognition as components of any sovereign state.
West Bank
The West Bank is an area characterized by intricate governance and control dynamics. Subsequent to the Oslo Accords, the land is partitioned into regions with differing levels of administrative and security oversight by Israel and the Palestinian Authority. In certain regions, Israel administers government services like security and medical treatment, whilst in other areas, these services are overseen by the Palestinian Authority or a collaboration of both states. The disjointed control framework has resulted in a mosaic of authorities inside the West Bank, hindering attempts at a cohesive administration.
Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist group. In contrast to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip does not get direct governmental services from Israel. Rather, it functions within an alternative framework of political and administrative circumstances, frequently characterized by conflict and humanitarian crises. The international world does not acknowledge the Gaza Strip as belonging to any nation, and it continues to be a hotly disputed region within the larger Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Jerusalem, the capital and greatest city of Israel, possesses immense importance for the three Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This historic city, with a history exceeding five millennia, has a mosaic of important places, including the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Old City, a UNESCO World legacy Site, has a network of small lanes and ancient structures that embody the city’s rich and diverse legacy.
Tel Aviv, commonly known as the “White City” because of its Bauhaus design, serves as the economic and cultural epicenter of Israel. This dynamic city is recognized for its contemporary skyline, sandy shores, and lively marketplaces. The Old Jaffa quarter provides insight into the city’s antiquity through its historic buildings. Tel Aviv is distinguished for its energetic nightlife, lively LGBT community, and status as the largest nightclub center in the Middle East.
Akko, also known as Acre, is an ancient town characterized by a rich historical background and a scenic seaside old town. It houses the most revered Baha’i landmark, the Baha’i Gardens and Shrine. The town’s ancient harbor and well restored medieval buildings render it an intriguing visit for history aficionados.
Be’er Sheva, sometimes regarded as the de facto capital of the Negev area, is a city that amalgamates modernism with tradition. It functions as a primary center for southern Israel, renowned for its lively marketplaces, educational establishments, and cultural events.
Eilat, referred to as the ‘Goa of the Middle East,’ serves as Israel’s access point to the Red Sea. This vacation city is renowned for its breathtaking coral reefs, diverse marine fauna, and perpetual sunny climate. Eilat provides an abundance of water activities, opulent resorts, and a vibrant nightlife, rendering it a favored destination for both local and foreign travelers.
Haifa, the biggest city in northern Israel, is distinguished for its picturesque landscapes and vital harbor. Located on the inclines of Mount Carmel, Haifa provides stunning vistas of the Mediterranean Sea. The city has the Baha’i World Center, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its exquisite gardens. Haifa’s eclectic architecture, encompassing Ottoman and Mediterranean styles, enhances its allure.
Nazareth, recognized as the birthplace of Jesus, is the most populous Arab city in Israel. This city serves as a prominent pilgrimage destination for Christians, with attractions like the Basilica of the Annunciation. The lively marketplaces and cultural events of Nazareth showcase its profound Arab roots.
Safed, situated on a mountain, is a city rich in mysticism and artistry. It serves as the nucleus of Kabbalah, the Jewish mystical tradition, and houses the ARI Ashkenazi Synagogue along with several artists’ studios. The city’s tiny, serpentine lanes and stone edifices cultivate a distinctive and captivating ambiance.
Tiberias, situated on the western bank of the Sea of Galilee, is a contemporary vacation town with historical origins. It is renowned for its geothermal springs, historical landmarks, and spiritual importance. Tiberias provides a combination of leisure and discovery, with its seafront promenades and archaeological artifacts.
Masada, situated atop a plateau overlooking the Dead Sea, is one of Israel’s most emblematic national parks. This historic castle is famous for its tumultuous past, especially the Zealots’ last resistance against Roman troops in 73-74 CE. The site, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, provides tourists with an insight into history through its meticulously maintained remains, which encompass palaces, storerooms, and a synagogue. The expansive vistas of the Dead Sea and the adjacent desert enhance the site’s appeal, rendering it an essential attraction.
Ein Avdat is a remarkable canyon situated in the Negev Desert, renowned for its spectacular views and hiking paths. The canyon exhibits precipitous cliffs, natural springs, and verdant flora, establishing a stark contrast with the barren desert environment. Hikers may traverse the routes that meander through the canyon, culminating in picturesque vistas and waterfalls. Ein Avdat is a favored destination for nature aficionados and anyone desiring a tranquil retreat into the natural environment.
Caesarea National Park encompasses the historic city of Caesarea, a location abundant in Roman and Crusader heritage. The park has well-preserved remnants of a Roman theater, aqueduct, and hippodrome, together with Crusader defenses. Visitors may examine the archeological remnants, meander along the historic port, and appreciate the picturesque coastal vistas. The park furthermore features many cultural events and performances, revitalizing the historical heritage of Caesarea.
The Beth Shean basin, situated in the northern Jordan River basin, possesses considerable historical and archeological importance. The valley has the historic city of Beth Shean, where tourists may examine the remarkable remnants of a Roman amphitheater, Byzantine churches, and archaic thoroughfares. The valley’s lush terrain and strategic position have rendered it a significant place throughout history, providing a diverse cultural legacy.
Belvoir Fortress, or Kohav HaYarden, is a Crusader stronghold located on a hill that overlooks the Jordan Valley. The fortification, constructed in the 12th century, is among the most well-preserved Crusader fortresses in Israel. Visitors may examine the fortress’s formidable walls, towers, and interior courtyards, while appreciating expansive vistas of the adjacent terrain. The location offers an intriguing insight into medieval military construction and the history of the Crusader era.
Nimrod Fortress, situated in the northern Golan Heights, is a medieval stronghold elevated 800 meters above sea level. The stronghold, constructed by the Ayyubids and subsequently enlarged by the Mamluks, provides a dominant vantage point over the surrounding landscape. Visitors may investigate the vast remains, with towers, water cisterns, and concealed corridors. The fortress’s advantageous position and remarkable construction render it an enticing site for history enthusiasts and thrill-seekers.
Rosh Haniqra is a distinctive natural and historical monument situated on Israel’s Mediterranean coastline, adjacent to the Lebanese border. The location is renowned for its magnificent sea caves, created by the erosion of waves on the soft chalk cliffs. Visitors may utilize a cable car to descend to the caves and investigate the exquisite grottoes, characterized by their blue waters and striking rock formations. Rosh Haniqra possesses historical importance, with vestiges of a British railway tunnel from the Mandate era.
Masada is a historic stronghold situated on a plateau that overlooks the Dead Sea. It is celebrated for its historical importance, notably the siege by Roman forces in 73-74 CE, culminating in the mass suicide of the Jewish insurgents who sought sanctuary there. Currently, Masada represents Jewish valor and is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Visitors may ascend to the peak by the Snake Path or a cable car, where they may examine the meticulously preserved ruins and relish the stunning vistas of the adjacent desert.
Located in the northern city of Haifa, the Bahá’í Gardens and World Center serves as the spiritual and administrative nucleus of the Bahá’í Faith. The complex comprises the Shrine of the Báb and the adjacent terraced gardens that descend the slopes of Mount Carmel. This UNESCO World Heritage Site serves as both a pilgrimage destination for Bahá’ís and a prominent tourist attraction, renowned for its exquisite landscaping and tranquil ambiance.
The Hermon Ski Resort, situated on Mount Hermon in the Golan Heights, is the sole ski resort in Israel. Functioning exclusively in the winter season, it provides a variety of winter sports activities, such as skiing, snowboarding, and sledding. The resort is a favored locale for both residents and visitors seeking to experience the snowy slopes and the picturesque landscape of the area.
The Old City of Jerusalem is a medieval fortified enclave within contemporary Jerusalem, partitioned into four quarters: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Armenian. This region serves as a primary attraction for pilgrims and visitors globally, motivated by its profound religious past and many sacred places. Notable sights are the Dome of the Rock, the Western Wall, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Old City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, signifying its substantial cultural and historical importance.
Acre, among the oldest continuously inhabited towns globally, with a profound history and a well kept old town. The Old City of Acre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its historic harbor, Crusader defenses, and Ottoman architecture. Visitors may traverse the small alleys, old edifices, and the lively marketplace, all while appreciating the seaside allure of this ancient city.
The Sea of Galilee, or Lake Kinneret, is Israel’s biggest freshwater lake and holds substantial religious importance. It is intimately linked to the life and work of Jesus of Nazareth. The area has a combination of historical landmarks, scenic landscapes, and leisure pursuits. Visitors may examine old synagogues, churches, and archeological sites, or perhaps relish the tranquil scenery and aquatic sports on the lake.
The Dead Sea, situated at Earth’s lowest elevation, is renowned for its hypersaline water that enables effortless buoyancy. The mineral-laden mud and waters are thought to provide therapeutic benefits, drawing people in pursuit of health and wellness therapies. The vicinity features distinctive geological formations and breathtaking desert landscapes, rendering it an intriguing location for nature enthusiasts and explorers.
The Jezreel Valley is an expansive, rich inland valley that stretches from east of Haifa to the Jordan Valley. It is primarily rural, characterized by extensive agricultural fields and scenic vistas. The valley features ancient landmarks and quaint communities, providing insight into Israel’s traditional rural life. This region is significant for archaeology, with various ancient ruins and historical sites.
The Judaean Desert is a parched area distinguished by its rough topography, inclines, and gorges. Notwithstanding its severe conditions, the desert harbors several concealed historical monuments, such as old monasteries and fortifications. The desert’s striking beauty and profound seclusion render it an enticing locale for individuals pursuing adventure and discovery.
In Israel, the workweek extends from Sunday to Thursday, whereas Friday is predominantly a non-working day for most Israelis. Consequently, Friday is an exceptionally bustling day in Jewish towns, characterized by congested streets and marketplaces. Retail establishments, marketplaces, and kosher dining venues generally close between 14:00 and 16:00 on Fridays, while public transit (except East Jerusalem and Nazareth) often halts at 16:00, restarting on Saturday evening at approximately 18:00 in winter or 21:00 in summer. This occurs because of Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath, which starts on Friday afternoon at sunset and concludes on Saturday at sunset. Numerous establishments are closed till Sunday morning. This trend is also relevant to significant Jewish and national holidays, necessitating tourists to organize their schedules accordingly. During the cessation of public transit, sherut (shared minibus taxis) frequently continue to function on Shabbat and are available for intercity travel.
Public holidays in Israel exert varying influences on daily life, with differing degrees of activity cessation contingent upon the specific festival or holiday. Public transit often ceases operations on most holidays. These festivals adhere to the Jewish calendar, resulting in varying Gregorian dates each year, while typically occurring within the same six-week interval. In Jewish custom, a new day starts at sunset, hence holidays initiate on the eve of the designated date. Below are many significant holidays:
Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, occurs between September 5 and October 5 and lasts for two days. This week signifies contemplation and supplication, heralding the commencement of the Jewish High Holy Days.
Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the most sacred day in the Jewish calendar, occurring between September 14 and October 14. On this day, all operations cease: commerce, banking, retail, entertainment, dining, and both public and private transportation. Children frequently occupy the streets on bicycles, rollerblades, and skateboards, since emergency vehicles have restricted maneuverability. Driving in Jewish neighborhoods on Yom Kippur is discouraged because of the significant presence of youngsters playing in the streets.
Sukkot, also known as the Feast of Tabernacles or Booths, occurs between September 19 and October 19 and lasts for seven days. Only the initial day is a national holiday, resulting in the closure of businesses and public transit; nevertheless, some disruptions persist on the subsequent days.
Shemini Atzeret, essentially the eighth day of Sukkot, occurs between September 26 and October 26. It is characterized by street festivals and dancing in the majority of cities and towns on the prior evening.
Yitzhak Rabin’s Remembrance Day, or Yom Hazikaron le Yitzhak Rabin, occurs between October 25 and November 9. Today commemorates the late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, who was killed in 1995. A commemoration rally occurs on the Saturday preceding 4 November in Rabin Square, Tel Aviv, and other venues.
Yom Ha-Atzmaut, observed between 15 April and 15 May, commemorates Israel’s Independence Day. The day follows Yom HaZikaron, with the shift from sorrow to joy signified by extensive street festivals, city-wide festivities, and fireworks exhibitions. The occasion is frequently commemorated with excursions and outdoor dining.
Lag Ba’Omer, the 33rd day of the Omer, is commemorated by bonfires on the eve. This signifies the conclusion of a mourning period and is linked to the Bar Kokhba insurrection against the Roman Empire.
Yom Yerushalayim, or Jerusalem Day, includes parades and festivities in Jerusalem, commemorating the city’s reunification during the Six-Day War in 1967.
Shavuot, occurring between 15 May and 14 June, marks the revelation of the Torah at Mount Sinai. The occasion is commemorated by the recitation of the Book of Ruth and the ingestion of dairy products.
Tisha B’Av, the ninth of Av, is a day of fasting that memorializes the destruction of both the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. It is a day of lamentation and contemplation.
All foreign nationals entering Israel are required to possess a visa or an electronic travel authorization (ETA-IL). The ETA-IL is accessible to inhabitants of specific nations and permits tourism stays of up to 90 days. Travelers may verify their eligibility and submit an application for an ETA on the official website. The charge is ₪25, although it is waived during the pilot phase. Prior to January 2025, possessing an ETA is discretionary.
Citizens of the following countries/territories are eligible for an ETA:
Israel is served by three main international airports, each essential for linking the country to the global community.
Ben Gurion International Airport serves as Israel’s principal international gateway, situated on the periphery of Lod, around 20 kilometers southeast of Tel Aviv and approximately 45 kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. This airport holds strategic significance since it is one of the limited accessible entrance points into the nation. It functions as the primary hub for El Al, Israel’s national carrier. Owing to its importance, Ben Gurion Airport is outfitted with comprehensive security protocols, and travelers may anticipate rigorous interrogation during check-in and supplementary screening at the boarding gate.
Ramon Airport, located on Highway 90, 20 kilometers north of Eilat, commenced operations in 2019. It accommodates all aircraft to Eilat and also as a diversion airport for Ben Gurion. This airport has supplanted the previous Ovda and Eilat city airports, both of which are now defunct. In the winter season, Ramon Airport is serviced by many low-cost carriers, rendering it a possibly more economical and convenient choice based on your travel itinerary. The airport is situated on the primary north-south bus route along Highway 90, facilitating convenient access to Eilat.
Haifa Airport, although less significant than Ben Gurion or Ramon, largely caters to Israeli holidaymakers. In 2023, it ran trips to Larnaca and Paphos in Cyprus, however these services were scheduled to end in September. The airport has ceased operations for flights to Eilat. Travelers must verify current flight schedules and availability while organizing their journeys.
Accessing Israel by water poses difficulties for solo visitors due to the absence of regular ferry services. Nevertheless, substantial cruise vessels often dock at the ports of Haifa and Ashdod, but they are often not suitable for direct passage.
Salamis Cruises periodically conducts brief voyages from Limassol, Cyprus, to Haifa, and occasionally to Beirut. In contrast, the Haifa-based Mano Cruises provides brief voyages around the Mediterranean. These cruises may operate as point-to-point journeys; nevertheless, visitors will likely be required to pay the whole cruise cost, limit their luggage to light items due to disembarkation via tiny tenders, and independently coordinate their return transport, as these ships may not run regularly.
Entry into Israel is permitted at many ports, including Haifa, Herzliya, Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon, for those going by private yacht or other small vessels. Prior notification is needed before entering Israeli waters to facilitate immigration and customs processing. Eilat is a 24-hour commercial port of entry; nonetheless, it does not explicitly include marina arrival facilities.
Land routes exist from Egypt and Jordan to Israel, with border checkpoints with security protocols akin to those at airports. Nonetheless, there are no terrestrial pathways from Syria or Lebanon, as these nations do not formally acknowledge Israel.
Israel possesses a contemporary and advanced travel infrastructure, however its public transit systems may not be as comprehensive as those found in Europe or East Asia. Notwithstanding this, the nation is often secure and straightforward to traverse, but travel may occasionally be sluggish owing to traffic congestion or sporadic bus services. Israelis are recognized for their amicability and readiness to assist lost visitors; thus, do not hesitate to request directions or guidance.
Travelers should recognize Shabbat (שבָּת), the Jewish Sabbath, which impacts public transit. Public transport services are entirely suspended from Friday at 16:00 to Saturday at 18:00 (November to March) or 21:00 (April to October), with the exception of Nazareth, Haifa, East Jerusalem, and Eilat. This encompasses services to Tel Aviv airport. In Tel Aviv, the municipality provides transportation every 20 minutes during Shabbat. Details on these shuttles may be accessed at bus stops and via the Google Maps and Moovit applications. Taxi services are restricted, and a weekend premium is imposed.
Military personnel frequently utilize public transportation to get to and from their bases, resulting in buses and trains sometimes being crowded with troops, some of whom may be armed. This is a commonplace event and does not signify any unusual circumstance. There is a notably elevated presence of troops on intercity travel throughout Thursday afternoons and Sunday mornings.
The official national call center for public transportation information, accessible in English, may be contacted at *8787 or 072-2588787. Only the standard call charge applies. Mobile applications for public transport planning, such as Google Maps and Moovit, are highly effective for navigating the system.
Buses are the predominant mode of public transit in Israel, characterized by safety and reliability. They represent the most economical means of transportation. Egged (אגד) is the largest bus business, managing 30% of the nation’s public transportation routes.
A sherut (Hebrew for “service”) or servees (Arabic) is a shared cab that generally accommodates around 10 passengers. A sherut driver may adhere to a fixed itinerary akin to a bus or convey a group of individuals from one point to another based on demand, contingent upon the conditions. Sheruts can be summoned from any location, however they are often located outside large bus terminals. They are often faster than buses and can halt at any location along the route, rather than just at designated stops. Prices fluctuate based on the duration of the journey and are non-negotiable. Drivers may delay the commencement of their voyage until their vehicle reaches maximum capacity. Most sherut routes do not function on Shabbat and holidays, with few exceptions based on geography and demand.
Sheruts are extremely advantageous for going from a major bus terminal to an adjacent town or suburb, particularly when a precise destination is identified.
In Israel, trains are often faster and more pleasant than buses, with the exception of areas such as the Galilee, the Dead Sea, and the Negev Desert. The train network in Israel links the majority of significant cities with Ben Gurion Airport, the primary gateway for international travelers. Significant locations reachable by train are Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Be’er Sheva, Acre, and Beit Shean. In contrast to European train stations, Israeli train stations are typically not situated within walking distance of urban attractions, necessitating supplementary transportation.
These stations provide easy access to many parts of these cities.
In Israel, a conventional cab is occasionally termed a “special” to distinguish it from a shared taxi (sherut). Consider the following essential points:
Ridehailing services are available in Israel:
Hitchhiking is more accepted in rural areas, particularly in sparsely populated regions like the Golan Heights or between smaller towns in the West Bank.
Israel possesses a contemporary highway system that links all principal locations around the nation. Nonetheless, vehicular travel in Israel poses several problems. Traffic congestion is ubiquitous at all times, drivers exhibit hostile behavior, road signage is often perplexing, and parking is both limited and costly. This article is a comprehensive examination of Israel’s road infrastructure, providing essential information for anybody contemplating vehicular travel in the area.
A distinctive feature of driving in Israel is the road signs system. In contrast to other nations that utilize compass directions on road signs, Israeli signage predominantly references city names. For example, you will observe signage indicating Road 1 Jerusalem and Road 1 Tel Aviv, instead of Road 1 West and Road 1 East. This indicates that during navigation, one must proceed towards the largest city in the direction of the intended destination, regardless of whether it is the last stop. When going from Haifa to Be’er Sheva, follow the signs indicating Tel Aviv. Upon nearing Tel Aviv, you will begin to observe indications toward Be’er Sheva. When requesting instructions, it is prudent to inquire about the name of an exit and the preceding exit for clarity.
The highways in Israel are designated by numbers based on their direction and importance. Typically, east-west roads are designated odd numbers, whereas north-south routes are awarded even numbers. The numbering system signifies the significance and extent of the roadways. Numerical values generally rise from south to north and from east to west. The most important national highways are designated with one or two digits, whilst the less major municipal roads are assigned four-digit numbers. Nonetheless, exceptions to these norms exist.
Roads designated with single-digit designations hold national importance and frequently serve as primary motorways (freeways). These thoroughfares are essential for long-distance transit and are generally well-maintained. The motorway segments of these routes are depicted in blue on maps, whilst non-motorway segments are represented in red.
Two-digit highways possess regional importance. They are often red, signifying their significance in linking different regions within the nation. In certain instances, these routes may incorporate motorway segments, which are depicted in blue.
Three-digit roads are often shorter and of lesser significance, usually extending less than 20 kilometers. The roads are predominantly green, with the exception of a few highways, which are blue. They mostly accommodate local traffic and link smaller towns and villages.
Four-digit roads are the lowest in the hierarchy. They often extend only a few kilometers and may terminate in cul-de-sacs. These roads are designated by brown signs and are mostly utilized for localized traffic, granting access to secluded regions or particular sites.
In Israel, vehicular traffic adheres to the right side of the road, and the traffic signs and laws closely mirror those of Western Europe. Highway signage typically displays information in Hebrew, Arabic, and English, however it may occasionally be limited to Hebrew and English alone. Multilingual signs may be too verbose, hence they often have merely the destination name and a pictogram representing the destination type.
In Israel, traffic signals frequently have arrows on top that regulate movement in the specified direction. A green light ensures that all opposing traffic encounters a red light. Illuminations devoid of arrows govern all orientations. Making a right or left turn at a red traffic signal is explicitly prohibited. The green phase follows a mixture of red and yellow phases, whereas a flashing green light signifies the imminent appearance of the yellow light, often observed on highways with speed restrictions of no less than 60 km/h.
White road markers delineate vehicles moving in the same and opposing directions. Yellow lines delineate the outer boundaries of the roadway, whereas orange or red lines indicate construction zones or alterations in traffic signage. Traffic circles (roundabouts) are prevalent, and drivers are required to yield to vehicles already within the circle. In contrast to the USA, Canada, and South Africa, Israel does not implement all-way stop signs. All stop signs mandate that vehicles yield to all opposing traffic following a complete stop.
Headlights are required to be illuminated during daylight hours on intercity roadways from November to March, while motorcyclists must maintain headlight usage throughout the year. Seat belts are obligatory at all times in every seat. The use of a mobile phone without a hands-free system is prohibited. When exiting your car on the highway shoulder, it is imperative to don a fluorescent vest, which should be stored in the passenger compartment rather than the trunk. Car rental firms must provide a vest, often located in the glove compartment.
Parking regulations in Israel are indicated by curb markings:
Highway 6, referred to as Kvish Shesh, is an electronic toll road distinguished by the absence of toll booths. Vehicles utilizing it are recognized by license plates and/or electronic tags, with invoices dispatched to the registered owner of the vehicle. The cost is contingent upon the quantity of road segments utilized. In the primary stretch, between Iron interchange and Sorek interchange, the minimum fee applies to three segments, regardless of whether fewer segments are traversed, while the maximum fee applies to five segments, irrespective of whether more segments are traversed. The northern portion, extending from the Iron interchange to the Ein Tut interchange, incurs a distinct special fee, as it is excluded from the primary section. The southern segment, extending from the Sorek interchange to the Ma’ahaz interchange, incurs no tolls. Multiple subscription options exist, and it is prudent to inquire with your rental business about payment, as they frequently impose a premium.
The northern sections of Highway 6 comprise the Yokneam tunnels (toll), Road 70 (free), and the Somech tunnels (toll). The aggregate toll for all northern stretches is 10 ILS for vehicles.
The Carmel Tunnels in Haifa comprise four tunnels, two in each direction, with the Neve Sha’anan junction situated between them. The toll is calculated based on the number of segments utilized, with each vehicle registering at both entry and exit toll booths. The price for vehicles is 9.91 ILS for a single segment and 19.82 ILS for two segments.
The Fast Lane to Tel Aviv is a 13 km segment of Route 1, commencing near Ben Gurion Airport and concluding at the Kibbutz Galuyot exit. Vehicles utilizing the complete route must be pre-registered. The toll fluctuates according to the volume of cars utilizing the lane to ensure efficient traffic flow, with a maximum charge of 105 ILS. Vehicles accommodating a minimum of four occupants, inclusive of the driver, may utilize the lane without charge by halting at the toll booth. An alternative is to utilize the lane’s parking lot and board a complimentary shuttle bus to Tel Aviv or Ramat Gan.
All drivers in Israel are required to possess a driver’s license or identification. International driving permits and licenses from foreign nations are recognized. Motor vehicle operators must be a minimum of 17 years of age, and insurance is compulsory. Operating a motorbike or moped is authorized from the age of 16, contingent upon possessing a requisite driver’s license for two-wheeled vehicles. All vehicles in Israel are required to undergo a yearly safety inspection, with a sticker denoting the subsequent inspection date affixed to the front windshield. All vehicles must possess a yellow reflector vest at all times, and law enforcement may halt you at any moment to verify compliance.
The sole operational domestic aviation route in Israel connects Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport with Eilat Ramon Airport. The flight duration varies from 30 and 45 minutes, with 4 to 8 daily flights in winter and about hourly flights during peak vacation periods in July and August. The operators on this route are Arkia and Israir. Notwithstanding its popularity, the Haifa-Eilat route has remained dormant over the last decade.
Private operators may organize charter flights to many airfields nationwide, including Rosh Pina, Kiryat Shmona, Meggido, Fik, Rishon LeTzion, Be’er Sheva, and Herzliya. Bar Yehuda Airfield, situated 378 meters below mean sea level, provides a distinctive experience for aviation aficionados as the lowest airfield globally.
Although many regions, notably Tel Aviv, possess a bikeshare system and an emerging cycling culture, Israel is predominantly not conducive to riding. Distances are brief, and certain roads see little traffic; yet, there is a lack of information regarding the tourism advantages of cycling. Cyclists may encounter four-lane roads without shoulders on certain routes in the intense desert heat. Nonetheless, transporting bicycles on Israel Railways is complimentary during non-peak hours.
Israel is a premier destination for hiking and trekking, including several intriguing paths. Given the sometimes isolated characteristics of certain paths, including those in the Ramon Crater or the Negev, it is essential to be well equipped and possess a dependable map. GPS provides an additional degree of security, whether in urban and rural areas. For dependable offline maps, GPS navigation, extensive trails, and mapping information, refer to OpenStreetMap, utilized by many mobile applications such as OsmAnd and Mapy.cz. GPX or KML files for individual trails on OpenStreetMap may also be downloaded via Waymarked Trails.
Israel, commonly regarded as the heart of the Holy Land, possesses profound importance for billions of individuals across several religions. The nation’s terrain is interspersed with some of the globe’s most famous religious edifices. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, is the most sacred city in Judaism and one of the most revered in Christianity and Islam. In the enclosed Old City of Jerusalem, tourists may discover renowned holy landmarks such the gold-plated Dome of the Rock, the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the al-Aqsa Mosque.
Located near Jerusalem and officially within the Palestinian Territories, Bethlehem is venerated in Christianity as the birthplace of Jesus. The Galilee region is abundant in religious legacy, with prominent Christian sites like Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee, as well as notable Jewish sites such the kabbalistic city of Tzfat and the pilgrimage destination of Meron. The Bahá’í religion is exemplified by the magnificent Bahá’í Gardens in Haifa, with the golden-domed Shrine of the Báb, as well as the Shrine of Baha’u’llah at Akko, situated along the Mediterranean shore. The Lower Galilee is home to the principal pilgrimage destination of the Druze faith, Nabi Shu’ayb.
In addition to its religious importance, Israel contains a multitude of historic sites that encompass millennia of documented history. The City of David in Jerusalem houses relics from the era of King David’s conquest and establishment of the city as his capital about 1000 BCE, as well as from preceding times. Visitors to Jerusalem, Megiddo, and Hatzor may see historic subterranean water supply networks, intricately excavated through rock during the Israelite era.
The Roman period significantly influenced Israel, leaving behind some of the most remarkable ruins from this era. Masada, an impressive mountainside fortification adjacent to the Dead Sea, functioned as a bastion for Jewish insurgents against Rome and has subsequently emerged as an emblem of Jewish valor. Roman towns such as Caesarea and Beit Shean feature well-preserved commercial thoroughfares and amphitheaters, providing insight into the magnificence of ancient Roman civilization.
The Crusaders significantly influenced Israel, constructing castles in locations such as Akko, a scenic fortified coastal city, and Belvoir. The Nimrod fortification in the Golan Heights, built by its Muslim adversaries, is equally remarkable. Other significant remnants from the Muslim era encompass the renowned walls of Jerusalem and the subterranean cistern of Ramla, which may be navigated by boat.
In contrast to Israel’s historical landmarks, Tel Aviv has a dynamic and contemporary ambiance. Referred to as “the city that never stops,” Tel Aviv is renowned for its vibrant nightlife and young dynamism. Nonetheless, Israel’s many cultures reach beyond Tel Aviv. In the Negev, travelers may encounter the friendliness of Bedouin Arab nomads, while the north provides insight into Druze village life. The Meah Shearim neighborhood in Jerusalem offers a distinctive experience, where Haredi (“Ultra-Orthodox”) Jews reside in a manner reminiscent of a European shtetl.
Local markets provide an exceptional opportunity to engage with Israeli culture. Machaneh Yehudah in Jerusalem and Carmel Market in Tel Aviv are dynamic centers that embody the lively essence of the Israeli populace.
Notwithstanding its little size, Israel features a diverse array of stunning and occasionally distinctive natural landscapes. The nation’s natural beauty ranges from the verdant vistas of Galilee to the barren stretches of the Negev Desert, reflecting its rich cultural past. The Dead Sea, the lowest elevation on the planet, provides a distinctive experience with its mineral-laden waters and medicinal mud. The Ein Gedi Nature Reserve, including waterfalls and diverse fauna, offers a tranquil retreat into nature.
The Western Wall, or Wailing Wall, is a major sacred place in Judaism. Situated in the Old City of Jerusalem, it is the sole surviving wall of the Second Temple, which was obliterated by the Romans in 70 CE. The Wall serves as a site for prayer and pilgrimage, attracting Jews globally who mourn the Temple’s destruction and seek to pray for the future. The Western Wall Plaza frequently teems with worshippers, particularly on Jewish festivals, engendering a profound and evocative ambiance.
The Temple Mount, referred to in Hebrew as Har HaBayit and in Arabic as Haram al-Sharif, holds profound religious importance for Jews, Muslims, and Christians. For Jews, it is the site of the First and Second Temples, the most sacred locations in Judaism. The Temple Mount is esteemed in Islam as the site where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven on the Night Journey. This location houses the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, rendering it the third most sacred place in Islam. The Temple Mount is a center of religious and political strife, although it has significant spiritual significance.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is among the most revered locations in Christianity. Situated in the Christian Quarter of the Old City, it is said to be the location of Jesus’ crucifixion, burial, and resurrection. The church serves as a significant pilgrimage site for Christians globally. Within, guests may observe the Stone of Anointing, where the corpse of Jesus is said to have been readied for interment, as well as the Aedicule, which contains the tomb of Jesus. The church’s profound history and spiritual importance render it an essential destination for those visiting Jerusalem.
The Dome of the Rock is a prominent emblem of Jerusalem and one of the most distinguished landmarks globally. This magnificent Islamic temple, including a gold-plated dome, is situated on the Temple Mount. Completed in 691 CE, it is among the oldest surviving examples of Islamic architecture. The Dome of the Rock houses the Foundation Stone, which is of considerable importance in both Judaism and Islam. For Muslims, it is the location from whence the Prophet Muhammad ascended to paradise. For Jews, it is widely regarded as the location where Abraham was poised to sacrifice his son Isaac. The architectural splendor and historical significance of the Dome of the Rock render it an essential feature of every visit to Jerusalem.
Yad Vashem, situated on the western slope of Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, serves as Israel’s official monument to Holocaust victims. Founded in 1953, Yad Vashem is committed to commemorating the six million Jews who lost their lives during the Holocaust. The facility comprises the Holocaust History Museum, the Children’s Memorial, and the Hall of Remembrance. Yad Vashem functions as a research and educational institution, guaranteeing that the lessons of the Holocaust remain indelible. The memorial’s evocative displays and grave ambiance serve as a significant reminder of historical tragedies and the necessity of remembering and education.
Tel Aviv is famous for its breathtaking beachfront that extends along the Mediterranean Sea. The city’s beaches serve as a significant attraction, enticing both residents and visitors with their golden dunes and crystalline seas. Gordon Beach, Frishman Beach, and Banana Beach are prominent destinations, providing superior amenities including sun loungers, umbrellas, and seaside eateries. The Tayelet is a picturesque promenade that extends along the coastline, offering an ideal route for leisurely walks, cycling, and appreciating the stunning sea vistas. The beaches in Tel Aviv serve as dynamic centers of activity, with beach volleyball, surfing, and an array of water sports.
Tel Aviv’s nightlife is renowned, solidifying its status as “the city that never stops.” As dusk descends, the city vibrantly awakens with an abundance of pubs, clubs, and entertainment establishments. The nightlife landscape is varied, accommodating all interests and desires. Tel Aviv features stylish rooftop bars with expansive city views and subterranean clubs showcasing contemporary electronic music, catering to diverse preferences. The city’s nightlife is not limited to weekends; it flourishes every night, establishing it as a continuous party destination. Locations such as Rothschild Boulevard and the Carmel Market metamorphose into vibrant nightlife hubs, replete with music, dancing, and a spirited throng.
Rothschild Boulevard is a prominent thoroughfare in Tel Aviv, recognized for its historical importance and contemporary liveliness. The avenue has exquisite Bauhaus architecture, contributing to Tel Aviv’s moniker “The White City” and its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Rothschild Boulevard is a vibrant avenue, characterized by a central pedestrian pathway adorned with trees, ideal for a leisurely promenade. The neighborhood is a hub for cafés, restaurants, and bars, rendering it a favored locale for activities throughout both day and night. The boulevard’s vibrant ambiance and architectural elegance render it an essential destination in Tel Aviv.
The Tel Aviv Museum of Art is a cultural treasure, featuring a remarkable collection of modern and contemporary art. Founded in 1932, the museum showcases artworks by notable painters such Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, and Jackson Pollock. The museum’s architecture is a masterpiece, characterized by its remarkable design and inventive spatial utilization. The museum has a permanent collection alongside temporary exhibitions, educational activities, and cultural events, establishing it as a vibrant hub for the arts. The Tel Aviv Museum of Art exemplifies the city’s dynamic cultural landscape and its dedication to the arts.
Independence Hall, situated on Rothschild Boulevard, is a location of considerable historical importance. This is the location where David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the founding of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. The hall has been maintained as a museum, providing tourists insight into this crucial historical event. The exhibits comprise authentic papers, pictures, and recordings from the declaration ceremony. Independence Hall offers significant insight into Israel’s establishment and its evolution as a nation. Exploring this ancient place is an evocative experience, linking tourists to the foundations of contemporary Israel.
The Dead Sea Scrolls represent one of the most important archeological finds of the 20th century. Discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the Qumran Caves adjacent to the Dead Sea, these ancient Jewish texts originate from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. They encompass the oldest extant copies of biblical passages, together with other works that illuminate the religious activities and beliefs of the era. The scrolls are predominantly composed in Hebrew, with portions in Aramaic and Greek, offering critical insights into the evolution of early Judaism and the milieu from which Christianity sprang. Currently, several scrolls are preserved at the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, where they remain subjects of study and admiration for researchers and visitors.
The Dead Sea is famous for its extraordinarily high mineral concentration, comprising magnesium, calcium, potassium, and bromine. The minerals are said to possess medicinal powers, rendering the Dead Sea a favored location for individuals pursuing natural health treatments. The elevated salinity of the water, around tenfold that of standard saltwater, generates a distinctive buoyancy that enables swimmers to float freely on the surface. This flotation sensation is both soothing and advantageous for the skin, since the minerals facilitate exfoliation and rejuvenation. The mineral-rich waters are recognized for alleviating symptoms of many skin disorders, including psoriasis and eczema, while enhancing general skin health.
A notable attraction in the Dead Sea is the therapeutic mud baths. The black mud along the coastlines is mineral-rich and has been utilized for ages for its therapeutic benefits. Applying mud on the skin facilitates detoxification and extraction of impurities, resulting in a smooth and refreshed complexion. The mud is recognized for enhancing circulation, alleviating muscular discomfort, and diminishing inflammation. Visitors frequently apply mud to their bodies before cleansing in the mineral-rich waters, so amalgamating the advantages of both therapies for a genuinely revitalizing experience.
Situated adjacent to the Dead Sea, Ein Gedi National Park is a verdant oasis among the parched Judean Desert. This natural reserve hosts diverse flora and animals, along with many archeological sites. The park comprises two primary trails: the David Stream and the Arugot Stream, each culminating in picturesque waterfalls and natural pools. Ein Gedi is recognized for its historical importance, having biblical allusions documented. The park provides a tranquil retreat into nature, allowing visitors to hike, swim, and investigate the region’s abundant biodiversity. The amalgamation of breathtaking scenery and historical fascination renders Ein Gedi an essential destination for both nature aficionados and history enthusiasts.
The Mitzpe Ramon Crater, or Makhtesh Ramon, is a remarkable natural phenomenon in Israel. This geological structure, situated in the center of the Negev Desert, is the biggest erosion crater globally, extending over 40 kilometers in length and 2 to 10 kilometers in breadth. The crater’s distinctive terrain, characterized by its variegated rock formations and different geological attributes, provides a stunning vista and an intriguing site for scientists and tourists. Visitors may partake in several activities including hiking, jeep excursions, and stargazing, rendering Mitzpe Ramon an essential location for nature aficionados.
Timna Park, located in the southern Negev Desert, is a location of considerable historical and environmental importance. The park encompasses around 15,000 acres and has breathtaking desert vistas, historic copper mines, and extraordinary rock formations. Among the park’s most renowned attributes are Solomon’s Pillars, towering sandstone columns that have been organically fashioned over millennia. Timna Park features ancient rock engravings and the ruins of an Egyptian temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor. The park provides many activities, including as hiking, biking, and guided tours, offering visitors an enriching and immersive experience of the desert’s history and beauty.
The Negev Desert is inhabited by the Bedouin, a historically nomadic Arab group with a profound cultural legacy. Bedouin culture is defined by its profound relationship with the desert environment, encompassing traditions and lifestyles transmitted over generations. Visitors to the Negev may immerse themselves in Bedouin hospitality by residing in a Bedouin tent, savoring traditional cuisine, and gaining insights into their rituals and lifestyle. The Bedouin market in Be’er Sheva, the biggest city in the Negev, is a lively venue where patrons may get artisanal products, textiles, and various commodities, providing insight into the Bedouin’s distinctive cultural identity.
The Sde Boker Visitor Center, situated on the eponymous kibbutz, is devoted to the life and memory of David Ben-Gurion, the inaugural Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion opted to retire at Sde Boker, motivated by his aspiration to cultivate the Negev Desert. The tourist center showcases displays on Ben-Gurion’s life, his achievements to the State of Israel, and his vision for the Negev. The center offers information on the region’s history, ecology, and development. Adjacent to the site, guests may examine Ben-Gurion’s unpretentious desert residence, maintained in its original state from his lifetime, as well as the Ben-Gurion Tomb, which provides breathtaking vistas of the Zin Valley.
The Sea of Galilee, or Lake Kinneret, is Israel’s biggest freshwater lake and holds substantial historical and religious importance. It is encircled by scenic vistas and provides a range of activities including boating, swimming, and hiking. The lake is renowned for its biblical associations, since it is believed to be the location where Jesus walked on water and performed several miracles. The tranquil allure of the Sea of Galilee renders it an ideal location for repose and contemplation.
The Mount of Beatitudes is a hill that overlooks the Sea of Galilee and is generally regarded as the site where Jesus delivered the Sermon on the Mount. The location boasts an exquisite church with breathtaking vistas of the adjacent landscape. The Church of the Beatitudes, constructed in 1938, is an octagonal edifice symbolizing the eight beatitudes articulated by Jesus. The serene grounds and expansive vistas provide it an ideal location for reflection and meditation.
Capernaum, or Kfar Nahum, is a historic fishing settlement located on the northern bank of the Sea of Galilee. It is famous for its archeological importance and biblical heritage. Capernaum National Park encompasses the remnants of a synagogue where Jesus is thought to have instructed, in addition to the residence of St. Peter. The park provides an intriguing insight into the lives and era of the early Christian community.
Safed, also known as Tzfat, is one of the four sacred towns in Judaism, renowned for its profound history and mystical ambiance.The Old City of Safed is renowned for its small, serpentine lanes, historic synagogues, and lively artist district. Visitors may investigate the historical landmarks, appreciate the local art galleries, and encounter the distinctive spiritual atmosphere that Safed provides. The city serves as a hub for Kabbalah, the mystical aspect of Judaism, drawing experts and spiritual aspirants around.
Akko, also known as Acre, is a historic port city situated on the Mediterranean coast, recognized for its meticulously kept ancient city and abundant cultural assets.The Old City of Akko is a UNESCO World Heritage site, characterized by medieval defenses, mosques, churches, and a vibrant market. Visitors may traverse the subterranean Crusader city, stroll around the archaic fortifications, and relish the lively ambiance of this historic locale. Akko’s rich history and architecture render it an intriguing locale for both history aficionados and vacationers.
The Masada Fortress, situated on a steep plateau above the Dead Sea, serves as a potent emblem of Jewish defiance. Constructed by King Herod the Great in the 1st century BCE, Masada served as the final bastion for Jewish insurgents during the First Jewish-Roman War. The heartbreaking narrative of the siege of Masada, in which the insurgents opted for mass death rather than surrender to the Romans, has emerged as a powerful emblem of courage and resistance. Currently, visitors may examine the meticulously maintained ruins, encompassing palaces, storerooms, and a synagogue, while appreciating the stunning vistas of the adjacent desert terrain.
The Western Wall Tunnels provide an intriguing exploration beneath the Old City of Jerusalem. These tunnels expose the complete extent of the Western Wall, a significant portion of which is concealed beneath the surface. The tour guides guests through ancient corridors, uncovering archaeological artifacts and offering insights into the history and building of the Temple Mount. Notable features comprise the Warren’s Gate, a historic entryway to the Temple Mount, and the Great Stone, one of the largest construction stones in the Western Wall. The tunnels provide a distinctive viewpoint on Jerusalem’s extensive past and are essential for history aficionados.
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is a premier cultural institution in the nation, including a vast collection of art and antiquities. The museum features the Shrine of the Book, which contains the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Model of Jerusalem from the Second Temple Period. The museum’s art collection encompasses works from antiquity to the present day, including pieces by acclaimed painters like Marc Chagall and Pablo Picasso. The Israel Museum provides diverse educational activities and temporary exhibitions, rendering it a vibrant and captivating destination for visitors of all ages.
The Yad Mordechai Museum, situated on the eponymous kibbutz, commemorates Mordechai Anielewicz, the commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the kibbutz members who participated in Israel’s War of Independence. The museum showcases exhibits on the Holocaust, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and kibbutz history. Visitors may examine rebuilt bunkers, observe historical relics, and get knowledge about the valor and fortitude of those who battled for liberty. The museum stands as a significant testament to the challenges and victories of the Jewish people.
Beit Guvrin National Park, situated in the Judean Lowlands, is recognized for its vast array of ancient caverns. These caverns, hewn from soft limestone, served several functions, including burial, storage, and refuge. The park has the Bell Caves, the Sidonian Burial Caves, and the Roman Amphitheater. Visitors may investigate the subterranean city, see the elaborate sculptures, and get knowledge about the region’s history and culture. Beit Guvrin National Park provides a distinctive and exhilarating experience for enthusiasts of archeology and history.
Caesarea Maritima, situated on the Mediterranean coastline, is an ancient Roman city constructed by Herod the Great. Caesarea Maritima National Park showcases remarkable antiquities, comprising a Roman theater, a hippodrome, and an aqueduct. The park has the remnants of a Crusader fortification and a Byzantine church. Visitors may examine the meticulously maintained remains, appreciate the stunning coastline vistas, and get knowledge about the city’s extensive history via educational exhibits and guided tours. Caesarea Maritima exemplifies the magnificence of ancient Roman architecture and engineering.
The Einot Tsukim Nature Reserve, situated on the northern edge of the Dead Sea, is a concealed treasure recognized for its distinctive natural splendor. The reserve has freshwater springs, abundant flora, and diverse fauna. Visitors may traverse the reserve’s pathways, bathe in the natural lakes, and appreciate the tranquil surroundings. Einot Tsukim is a significant archeological site, with remnants of ancient dwellings and agricultural terraces. The reserve provides a tranquil sanctuary and an opportunity to explore the natural marvels of the Dead Sea area.
The Ein Gev Nature Reserve, located on the eastern bank of the Sea of Galilee, is an ideal destination for ornithologists. The reserve hosts a variety of avian species, including migratory birds that traverse the region. Visitors may traverse the reserve’s pathways, witness avian species in their natural environment, and appreciate the picturesque vistas of the Sea of Galilee. The Ein Gev Nature Reserve includes archeological remains, including as old synagogues and towns, which enhance the historical significance of the region’s natural beauty.
The Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve, situated in the Lower Galilee, provides a scenic trekking experience characterized by its stunning waterfalls and verdant surroundings. The reserve’s primary walk along the Tavor Stream, guiding hikers past a succession of waterfalls and natural pools. The route accommodates walkers of all skill levels and offers breathtaking vistas of the adjacent hills and valleys. The Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve is an ideal locale for nature aficionados and outdoor enthusiasts seeking to experience the natural splendor of the Galilee area.
The Carmel Forest, situated in northern Israel, is a Mediterranean paradise renowned for its varied flora and animals. The forest encompasses the Carmel Mountain range and provides an array of hiking paths, picnic spots, and picturesque overlooks. Visitors may investigate the forest’s abundant biodiversity, with oak and pine trees, wildflowers, and fauna including deer and foxes. The Carmel Forest contains several historical and archeological monuments, enhancing the cultural significance of the region’s natural beauty. The woodland offers a serene retreat and an opportunity to engage with nature.
Israel is recognized for its elevated cost of living, with prices akin to those in the upper tiers of Western and Northern Europe. This is a crucial factor for visitors and expatriates, as daily expenditures like food, lodging, and transportation may accumulate rapidly.
The official currency of Israel is the New Israeli Shekel (שקל חדש or ש”ח), generally known as the Shekel. It is shortened as ILS or NIS and represented by the sign ₪. One shekel is split into 100 agorot. The plural of “shekel” in Hebrew is “shkalim.”
The circulating coins comprise 10 agorot, ₪0.50 (copper), ₪1, ₪2, ₪5 (nickel), and ₪10 (bi-metallic with a copper core and nickel rim). The circulating banknotes are ₪20, ₪50, ₪100, and ₪200.
Contactless mobile and card payments are extensively accepted throughout Israel, with systems like Google Pay, Apple Pay, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, and Discover being prevalent. PIN code verification is mandatory for card payments over 300 shekels. Although most places accept these payment methods, smaller ones may not; therefore, it is prudent to inquire in advance. Self-service fuel dispensers need the utilization of a physical card.
A limited number of taxi drivers accept cellphone or card payments. For those who opt not to compensate drivers directly, ride-hailing applications such as Uber and Gett are available in Israel.
When utilizing cash, it is advisable to refrain from employing huge denominations for minor transactions to avert annoyance. Foreign currencies are mostly not accepted, and when they are, the conversion rate is frequently disadvantageous. ATMs are prevalent, however some may impose use fees, which are often indicated.
A Value Added Tax (VAT) of 17% is included into the majority of pricing. Travelers may receive VAT refunds upon exiting the country, albeit this procedure may entail protracted lines at the airport. VAT reimbursements apply solely to individual receipts above ₪400 and are contingent upon other stipulations. Eilat, a resort city, is VAT-exempt for both locals and tourists, however it often exhibits higher prices. Comprehensive VAT refund instructions are available on the Israeli government services portal and the Israel Post website.
Tipping beyond the culinary sector is uncommon in Israel. The customary gratuity for waitstaff is 15%, contingent upon quality service. In establishments where customers are seated at the bar, a 15% gratuity is standard practice. In contrast, gratuities are not anticipated in fast food establishments, food kiosks, or bars where patrons place orders and get their beverages independently.
In Israel, tipping taxi drivers is not customary, however certain drivers may seek gratuities from visitors. In a manner akin to customs in the United States, improper soliciting of tips has grown increasingly common, with tip jars and tipping screens emerging at several venues. It is always permissible to refuse tipping when requested, particularly at tipping interfaces.
Tipping taxi drivers is not a standard practice in Israel, although some drivers may attempt to solicit tips from tourists. Similar to practices in the United States, inappropriate tip solicitation has become more prevalent, with tip jars and tipping screens appearing in various establishments. It is always acceptable to decline tipping when solicited, especially at tipping screens.
In Israel, the workday extends from Sunday to Thursday, while Friday and Saturday are allocated as the weekend. This timetable deviates slightly from the conventional Western workweek, mirroring the cultural and religious customs of the nation. Nevertheless, schools continue to operate on Friday mornings.
In largely Jewish communities, the Sabbath (Shabbat) markedly affects business hours. The majority of stores remain closed from Friday dusk till Saturday sundown. On Fridays, stores often remain open until around 14:30–15:00, with certain establishments shutting as early as 12:00. Numerous establishments, especially those located in malls, resume operations on Saturday evenings at around 19:00 during winter and 20:30 in summer. Notwithstanding these restrictions, many establishments, particularly in Tel Aviv, tourist zones, or peripheral districts, along with 24-hour convenience stores commonly located at gasoline stations, continue to operate on Saturdays.
Conversely, establishments in Arab towns typically function seven days a week, ensuring more reliable access to products and services consistently throughout the week.
Retail establishments situated in shopping malls and prominent commercial thoroughfares often operate from 09:30 to 21:00 each day. Nonetheless, banks, post offices, and many smaller retail establishments may operate with irregular hours; therefore, it is prudent to verify their schedules beforehand. Markets, characterized by their early opening and closing hours, adhere to this trend as well.
Bargaining is a prevalent activity in Israel, however it differs according on the context and kind of business.
A prudent guideline is to negotiate when interacting with sales representatives, facing inflated pricing, or when prices are absent. Conversely, established or corporate-style stores, particularly those with visible pricing, often do not engage in negotiation.
Bargaining is prevalent and nuanced in bazaars and rural marketplaces. In contrast to the aggressive haggling observed in many nations, Israeli negotiation is characterized by greater restraint. It is essential to acknowledge when a reasonable price is presented and to refrain from negotiating just for amusement, as this is disapproved of. In tourist-dense regions such as the Old City of Jerusalem, rates are sometimes negotiable down as low as 25% of the original asking price. Shopping independently is recommended, as certain guides may earn commissions for directing users to specific suppliers.
When organizing a large group visit to a club or pub, it may be feasible to negotiate a prior discount. However, upon arrival at the place, negotiation is improbable to produce substantial outcomes.
Negotiating rates with taxi drivers is feasible but mostly unbeneficial. It is advisable to advise the driver to utilize the meter (“moneh”), as mandated by law, to guarantee an equitable fare.
The culinary landscape of Israel is a dynamic mosaic that embodies its varied populace and rich cultural legacy. The gastronomic landscape of the Middle East is enhanced by a multitude of immigrants who have introduced their culinary traditions from many parts of the world, in addition to the region’s characteristic specialties.
The cuisine of Israel is as diverse as its population. Immigrants from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and other regions have contributed a diverse range of tastes and culinary techniques. This diversity guarantees that the culinary quality in Israel is often exceptional. In Israel, you may discover both conventional Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and hummus, as well as more unique options.
Kosher cuisine is extensively accessible across Israel, mirroring the nation’s Jewish roots. Restaurants lacking certified kosher certification frequently comply with some Kashrut rules. This indicates that patrons may anticipate a degree of dietary adherence even in more informal dining venues.
Tipping is a prevalent custom in Israeli restaurants, especially at establishments with table service. It is standard practice to provide a gratuity of 10% to 15% for satisfactory service, but 20% is seen as quite generous. Failing to tip is generally disapproved of and is usually reserved for indicating particularly inadequate service. It is essential to recognize that the inclusion of a service fee in the bill is now illegal in Israel; thus, diners should refrain from paying any such charges if they are shown on the bill.
Certain restaurants may impose a “security fee” of roughly ₪1–2 per patron on the bill. This cost is optional, and patrons may request its elimination. The majority of restaurants in Israel accept credit cards; however, personal checks are rarely accepted. To incorporate the tip into your credit card payment, it is prudent to notify the waiter prior to payment, since restaurants are obligated to facilitate this request.
Israelis often see falafel and hummus as national foods, despite their origins outside of Israel and their consumption across the Levant area. A portion of falafel consists of little fried spheres made from mashed chickpeas and/or fava beans, typically presented within pita bread (or the larger lafa bread) accompanied by hummus, French fries, vegetable salad, and tahini. A greater variety of salads is typically offered, and you may fill your pita to its maximum capacity. This is typically the most economical lunch option (₪10–15), and it is vegetarian (and frequently vegan). One may also request a half dish (“hatzi mana”). Select a falafel establishment with a high client turnover, as falafel balls are most delectable when freshly prepared.
Hummus is a widely favored dip composed of garbanzo granules with different ingredients, including olive oil, raw garlic, lemon juice, and tahini, typically consumed on pita bread. Establishments specializing in hummus, known as “hummusiot,” offer the meal adorned with various toppings, including chopped lamb, fried chicken breast, cooked masabacha grains, shakshuka, ground beef, pine nuts, fried onions, and mushrooms.
Another favored choice is shawarma, consisting of sliced turkey or lamb, served within a pita or lafa accompanied with hummus, chips, and salad toppings. Numerous other ingredients might complement your pita: for instance, Me’orav Yerushalemi, a Jerusalemite mélange including various sorts of offal, or even schnitzel, a batter-fried chicken breast influenced by the Viennese original.
Another increasingly popular street meal is sabikh, originating from Iraq; it consists of pita bread filled with a hard-boiled egg, batter-dipped deep-fried eggplant, hummus, tahini, potatoes, and salad.
Owing to the prohibition of pork in Judaism and Islam, pork is seldom found in Israel, and the importation of live pigs and pork products is prohibited. Nonetheless, exceptions are granted to the Christian minority to raise pigs and manufacture pork products locally. As a result, pork is available at establishments serving the Christian community, albeit at a significant markup.
Israeli cuisine is significantly shaped by the ancient Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut. The term kosher refers to everything permitted by Jewish dietary regulations. Kashrut mandates the absolute separation of meat and dairy products, as well as their respective dishes and utensils; certain fish are deemed kosher, but the majority of seafood is not; meat must be subjected to a ceremonial slaughter process; and all food must be cooked under regulated and supervised circumstances. Kosher restaurants and motels exhibit a legitimate, dated certificate from local religious authorities; kosher establishments cease operations during Shabbat. Due to the prohibitions on meat and dairy, kosher eateries categorize themselves as either בשרי (b’sari, “meat”) or חלבי (chalavi, “dairy”). Dairy establishments will furthermore provide fish (since Jewish law does not classify fish as meat) and egg products. In a kosher restaurant, cheeseburgers or pizzas with meat toppings are composed of soy or other replacements for either the meat or the cheese.
Israel’s secular character allows for the presence of both kosher and non-kosher meals and establishments. Restaurants in Arab regions seldom adhere to kosher regulations, even when serving a diverse customer; nonetheless, they frequently comply with halal requirements, which are the Muslim counterpart.
With the exception of a few boutique hotels, all accommodations in Israel adhere to kosher regulations. Breakfast in Israel predominantly consists of dairy, while meat options such as bacon and sausages are rarely available in hotels and cafes. Conversely, for lunch and supper, milk for coffee and butter for bread will not be available, while soy milk and spread are prevalent alternatives. Many large shops only provide kosher items; nonetheless, an increasing number of non-kosher supermarkets and convenience stores have emerged, partly due to the influx of secular Jews from the former USSR. Restaurant offerings differ by location: in Tel Aviv, a significant percentage of establishments are non-kosher, but in West Jerusalem, virtually all are kosher. Establishments that operate on Shabbat are ineligible for kosher certification. Some restaurants offer kosher cuisine without certification; however, not all establishments who assert this adhere rigorously to other kosher regulations.
A notable appeal for observant Jewish and other travelers is the presence of kosher McDonald’s establishments. Most branches are not kosher; thus, inquire prior to placing an order. Burger Ranch, an Israeli hamburger franchise, adheres to kosher dietary laws. Pizza Hut locations in Israel adhere to kosher standards and so do not provide pizzas with meat toppings, but Domino’s establishments are not kosher and provide a toppings variety akin to their Western counterparts.
A significant challenge in sourcing kosher food is the prevalence of fraudulent individuals who profit from selling counterfeit kashrut certifications. Consequently, anyone seeking kosher food need get a certificate from the local rabbinate or an accredited kashrut organization. Certificates from unrecognized entities should not be trusted.
The term for kosher is articulated as kasher (כָּשֵר) in Modern Hebrew, although the Hebrew term for “fitness” is Kosher; in Israel, gyms are referred to as kheder kosher, meaning fitness room. The terms have a same etymology — kosher food refers to food that is deemed “fit” for consumption by observant Jews.
Israel offers a diverse array of distinctive snacks that are cherished by both residents and tourists.
Krembo is a popular Israeli confection consisting of a round cookie adorned with cream, often vanilla-flavored, though a mocha variant exists, and encased in a chocolate coating. Krembos are encased in aluminum foil and are quite fragile, rendering them uncommon in summer due to their propensity to melt at elevated temperatures.
Bamba is a renowned peanut butter-flavored snack and a prominent snack food manufactured and distributed in Israel. Notably, Israelis have low incidences of peanut allergies, which is ascribed to the prevalent intake of Bamba from an early age.
Bissli is a well-known snack composed of wheat, available in several tastes including onion, falafel, and BBQ.
Jewish immigrants to Israel from many regions introduced diverse culinary traditions. The majority of these are now offered in a select few specialist restaurants. The list includes Ashkenazi (Eastern European Jewish), Bulgarian, Turkish, North African, Iraqi, Iranian, Indian, and Ethiopian cuisines. Exceptional native Arab food is available in regions with significant Arab populations, namely in the northern part of the nation and around Jerusalem.
A dish recognized throughout most of the Jewish Diaspora is Chamin or Cholent. Referred to as Cholent in Europe and Chamin in the Middle East and North Africa, it is a type of stew that has been cooked slowly for an extended duration over low heat. This meal is typically associated with Shabbat, stemming from the restriction against igniting fire and cooking on that day. The specific ingredients differ, but it typically includes meat (commonly beef or chicken), legumes (chickpeas or beans), and/or rice, eggs, and vegetables such as potatoes, onions, and carrots. Chamin is available in certain restaurants on Saturday and may be purchased at delicatessens on Friday.
The majority of Israelis prefer instant coffee and frequently request it in restaurants and stores. The quality of this coffee is frequently exceptional. Nonetheless, Israelis value a café culture. Although beverages like “botz” (mud) coffee, referred to as “cafe turki” or Turkish coffee (an economical, extra-finely ground coffee often infused with cardamom, prepared on a stove and served unfiltered), remain popular, Israel’s coffee culture has evolved significantly, with a marked enhancement in quality over the past few decades. Premium espresso has supplanted quick coffee as the foundation of the majority of coffee beverages. Numerous prominent local coffee businesses and independent coffee establishments exist. A considerable number of Israelis prefer to leisurely enjoy their café latté, the predominant coffee at cafés, while conversing with friends. A small supper consisting of sandwiches and salads is also available. Aroma is the largest coffee chain in Israel, known for its quality coffee. Sandwiches are available in three sizes and three types of bread. Arcaffé is little pricier, although their coffee is superior. Additional businesses including Elite Coffee, Cafe Cafe, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, and Cafe Hillel, some of which stores are Kosher dairy. Israelis disdain US-style coffee, leading to Starbucks’ significant failure in Israel due to the perception of its coffee as inferior by the local populace.
Vegetarians and vegans should find it very straightforward to dine in Israel. Owing to the kosher prohibition on the combination of meat and dairy, several “dairy” establishments only provide vegetarian fare, rendering them favored among vegetarians. Note that these frequently offer seafood. Vegan eateries can also be found in some regions of the nation. Amirim is a vegetarian and vegan community located in the Upper Galilee, including many eateries.
The legal drinking age in Israel is established at 18 years. The nation implements stringent legislation against drinking and driving, with vigorous punishment of violators. Furthermore, the selling of alcohol outside bars and restaurants, along with public consumption, is forbidden from 23:00 to 05:00. These rules aim to maintain public order and safety.
Tel Aviv and Eilat provide the most dynamic nightlife scenes in Israel. Tel Aviv, sometimes dubbed “the city that never sleeps,” is celebrated as Israel’s nightlife center. It features a wide variety of pubs and clubs, appealing to both residents and visitors. It is important to acknowledge that alcohol consumption in Tel Aviv may be considerably more costly than in much of Europe. The elevated costs are also referenced as a rationale for the substantial population of young Israeli expats in Berlin.
Goldstar is the preeminent Israeli beer, recognized for its Munich-style dark lager. It is offered in bottles and cans of 0.5 and 0.3 liters, known in Hebrew as חצי (KHE-tsi) and שליש (shlish), signifying “half” and “third,” respectively. These phrases are derived from the metric system, as Israel employs SI units. Goldstar is also available on tap, referred to in Hebrew as מהחבית (meh ha-kha-VIT), signifying “from the barrel.” Numerous residents relish combining Goldstar with Bissli, a favored Israeli delicacy.
Maccabee is a pilsner that is more delicate and refined than Goldstar. It is offered in bottles, cans, and on draft. Notwithstanding its present popularity, Maccabee has a tumultuous history characterized by a reputation for inferior taste. Nonetheless, the formula has been modified, and the beer is regaining popularity among Israeli customers. Nonetheless, because to its historical notoriety, numerous pubs continue to refrain from serving it. The local variation of Maccabee has a distinct flavor compared to the exported form.
Nesher is a distinguished Israeli beer, predominantly offered in bottles. It is mostly malt-based and possesses a unique flavor profile that attracts a particular demographic of beer aficionados.
Taybeh beer, manufactured by the Taybeh Beer Brewery, is recognized as the inaugural microbrewery in the Middle East. This beer, renowned for its freshness and exquisite flavor, is situated in Taybeh hamlet, a little cab journey from Ramallah. Taybeh beer has popularity among Palestinians, Israelis, and visitors. It is predominantly located in Israeli Arab neighborhoods, Jerusalem, and Palestinian cities. The Taybeh Brewery provides complimentary tours of its facilities and sells beers for ₪5 on-site. Taybeh village annually conducts an Oktoberfest-style beer festival during the first week of October, attracting an increasing number of international tourists.
In recent years, several microbreweries have proliferated in Israel, providing a diverse array of boutique beers. Brands such Sins-Brewery, Bazelet, Golda, Laughing Buddha, Asif, and Dancing Camel have achieved prominence and are available in certain liquor establishments and some retail chains. These microbreweries enhance the rich and vibrant beer culture in Israel by offering distinctive flavors and brewing techniques that appeal to a range of palates.
Alongside local beers, a diverse selection of foreign brands is accessible across Israel. Certain brands are locally produced, guaranteeing their freshness and quality. Heineken, Carlsberg, and Tuborg are among the most favored multinational beers in Israel. These products are readily available and appreciated by both residents and tourists.
Arak, a transparent, anise-flavored liqueur, is one of the most prevalent spirits in Israel, resembling Pastis or Colombian Aguardiente. Arak is traditionally presented in a 0.3-liter glass, combined with an equal volume of water and ice. This combination yields a distinctive milk-like opacity. Certain aficionados favor combining Arak with grapefruit juice, enhancing its flavor profile with a pleasant nuance. Arak is generally stored in the freezer to preserve its refreshing, chilled flavor. Notable brands include Aluf Ha-Arak and Elit Ha-Arak, both manufactured by the same distillery. Aluf Ha-Arak is recognized for its elevated alcohol concentration, whilst Elit Ha-Arak is distinguished by a more pronounced anise flavor. Notwithstanding their disparities in volume and price, both brands are esteemed in Israel.
The winemaking heritage in Israel originates from antiquity, with mentions of wine included in the Torah. This enduring legacy has transformed, and currently, Israel features several expansive vineyards and an increasing array of boutique wineries, many of which provide premium wines. A significant portion of Israeli wine is kosher, a classification that has traditionally been associated with a poor reputation. In the 21st century, this attitude has markedly changed as the quality of kosher wines has gained broader recognition among connoisseurs and the general populace. The Golan Heights is a prominent wine-producing region under Israeli jurisdiction, recognized for its exceptional wines.
In Israel, the majority of standard Western soft drinks are easily accessible, featuring local versions that nearly mimic the flavor of their global equivalents. The Coca-Cola Company, RC Cola, and PepsiCo are significant competitors in the Israeli soft drink industry, vying intensively for consumer choice. Israeli Coca-Cola is sometimes regarded as superior by cola aficionados since it utilizes sugar rather than high-fructose corn syrup, which is prevalent in other areas.
Regional brands like Tempo and Super Drink provide cost-effective options, occasionally showcasing distinctive and unconventional tastes. The phrase “cola” often denotes Coca-Cola; however, if a location offers Pepsi, they will usually inquire whether that is alright. In Israel, the term “soda” particularly refers to soda water and does not serve as a generic designation for carbonated soft beverages.
Tropit is a widely consumed, affordable fruit-flavored beverage, typically grape, contained in a robust aluminum-like pouch with an attached straw. The bag is perforated with a straw to provide a drinking aperture, rendering it a highly portable beverage, particularly preferred during summer camps. The latest iterations of Tropit include a designated location for straw insertion; yet, avoiding spillage remains challenging, akin to the experience with “Capri Sun.”
Sterilized chocolate milk, referred to locally as SHO-ko, is offered by many manufacturers and is packaged in plastic bags and tiny cartons. The bag’s tip is either bitten or severed, permitting the milk to be extracted. Similar to Tropit, chocolate milk in a bag is portable until unsealed, at which point it becomes impossible to reseal. It is generally served chilled, and heating it is inadvisable owing to its dairy composition.
Spring Nectar provides fruit-flavored beverages in cans or 1.5-liter bottles, accessible in the majority of supermarkets, convenience shops, and gas stations. The beverage is available in many flavors, such as peach, mango, and strawberry, accommodating diverse palates.
Prigat is a fruit-flavored beverage packaged in plastic bottles and is readily accessible across Israel. It is available in several tastes, including grape, orange, apple, tomato, and other exotic varieties, rendering it a favored selection among consumers.
Primor offers fruit drinks in plastic bottles, widely available across Israel. The brand provides a diverse selection of tastes, mostly citrus and apple, guaranteeing options for all preferences.
In Israel, it is essential to be cognizant of the emergency contact numbers for several agencies. The police may be contacted at 100, the ambulance service, referred to as “Magen David Adom” (meaning “Red Star of David”), at 101, and the fire department at 102. The Home Front Command, tasked with civil defense, may be reached at 104. These numbers are crucial for prompt assistance in situations.
Travel to Israel is mostly secure, particularly in the absence of active war along the Lebanese or Gaza Strip borders. Crime rates in Israel are far lower than in the majority of Western nations. It is essential to be updated about ongoing developments prior to and throughout your visit.
Heightened vigilance is advised throughout the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and regions adjacent to the Gaza Strip, including Sderot and Ashkelon, which have been subjected to rocket attacks. Report any suspicious conduct or unattended packages to the police without delay. Furthermore, do not leave your possessions unattended in public spaces, since they may be perceived as explosive devices.
Israeli police officers may be readily recognized by their light blue or dark navy uniforms and flat headgear. The Israeli Border Police, like to the Gendarmerie, don dark gray uniforms complemented with green berets or police hats. It is prevalent to observe military and occasionally citizens using weapons in public spaces. The majority of soldiers observed in public are on leave from their installations and lack jurisdiction over civilians, save in specific areas next to borders or military installations, when they may detain persons until a police officer arrives.
Israel possesses one of the lowest crime rates globally. Strolling in urban areas at night is mostly secure, with infrequent instances of robbery and alcohol-fueled violence. Single women ought to remain vigilant during late-night hours; nonetheless, the hazards are much diminished compared to many regions in Europe and America.
It is customary and legally mandated to see private armed security personnel at the doors of public venues, including malls, retail establishments, and dining establishments. These guards will generally examine your baggage and may employ a metal detector on your person. Upon accessing subterranean parking facilities, the trunk of your vehicle will undergo inspection. This is a conventional national strategy, and there is no cause for concern. When carrying a substantial rucksack, presenting your passport is frequently adequate, and the guards will likely share your relief.
The geopolitical environment of Israel is intricate, and comprehending its interactions with surrounding nations is essential for every tourist. The 2006 Israeli-Lebanese crisis exemplifies the region’s instability. Despite the existing truce, the likelihood of future hostilities persists.
Israel has developed solid diplomatic relations with Egypt and Jordan, confirmed by peace treaties signed in 1979 and 1994, respectively. These accords have promoted a comparatively tranquil cohabitation. The boundary between the Israeli-administered Golan Heights and Syria has been predominantly tranquil since 1974. Nevertheless, there have been occurrences in which Hezbollah has sought to deploy missile systems in the Syrian-administered section of the Golan Heights, and errant missiles from the Syrian civil conflict have sporadically fallen in the Israeli-controlled territories.
The circumstances in the Gaza Strip continue to be exceedingly unstable. Hostilities between Israel and Hamas recommenced in mid-2014, resulting in considerable violence. By spring 2024, a comprehensive Israeli incursion intended to eradicate Hamas has led to significant deaths, impacting 1–2% of the population. Therefore, travel to the Gaza Strip is strongly advised against. Israel imposes restrictions on access to the Strip, with the sole entrance point being through Egypt, which often maintains a closed border. Journalists may possess somewhat improved prospects for access; but, the associated hazards remain significant.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and disagreements on the status of the Temple Mount/Haram el-Sharif remain significant sources of tension. Violent confrontations may occur in and around this sacred spot, frequently including the hurling of stones at Jewish worshippers at the Western Wall below. Travelers ought to verify current circumstances before to entering this section of the Old City of Jerusalem to mitigate any hazards.
Israel has a multitude of trekking options; nonetheless, hikers should remain cognizant of certain concerns. Hiking paths in southern Israel and the Golan Heights frequently border military firing ranges. It is important to ascertain your path and circumvent these areas if uncertain. These regions are distinctly indicated on official trekking maps.
Moreover, in proximity to border regions, hikers must exercise caution about both standing and downed fences indicated by signs with a yellow background and a red triangle. These markers signify the existence of land mines, and it may need several years to entirely eradicate these zones. Travelers have to consult conflict zone safety protocols for further information.
Flash floods provide a considerable hazard in Israel, especially in riverbeds and arid regions. These floods may arise abruptly and with minimal forewarning. Avoid trekking in these places if rain is a possibility. In the event of being situated in a low-lying region during precipitation, promptly ascend to higher terrain. Riverbanks next to swift currents are especially perilous due to the potential for sudden collapses.
Upon detection of a rocket strike targeting Israel, notifications are issued across many channels to guarantee extensive coverage and swift reaction. These notifications encompass:
Several smartphone applications are available to provide real-time alerts and safety information:
It is important to note that these apps require continuous online connectivity, which may prevent devices from entering energy-saving modes, leading to faster battery drain.
The time available to take cover upon getting a rocket attack alert varies. The proximity to the launch location correlates with a reduction in available time. In border communities, one may have as little as fifteen seconds to seek shelter.
When an alarm sounds, follow these instructions to ensure your safety:
The complete list of instructions is available on the Home Front Command’s website.
The most powerful rockets can reach nearly any part of the country, but most impacts occur within specific regions:
Even outside these areas, vigilance is necessary as rockets from Gaza have previously reached Haifa, the Negev desert, and the West Bank.
Israel’s “Iron Dome” defense system intercepts incoming rockets, but only those headed towards populated areas. While effective, it is not foolproof, and even successful interceptions result in shrapnel falling to the ground.
Be aware of memorial days when commemoration sirens are sounded:
These sirens do not rise and fall. During these times, it is customary to observe the behavior of those around you and act accordingly.
In contrast to a significant portion of the Middle East, homosexuality is permitted in Israel. Notably, certain progress in LGBT rights transpired in Israel prior to similar developments in Western nations like the United States. Attitudes toward homosexuality in Israel differ by location; nonetheless, the nation is generally seen as safe for gay and lesbian individuals. Instances of violence are few, and overt dissent is predominantly limited to specific areas of Jerusalem and religious communities. Although same-sex weddings are not officiated in Israel, they are legally acknowledged if done outside.
Israel’s three principal cities—Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa—each have an annual Pride march. The Tel Aviv Love Parade notably draws enthusiastic onlookers and is a prominent event in the city’s calendar. Although Jerusalem has an annual pride parade, openly homosexual persons are rarely observed in the city. Visitors are urged to refrain from public displays of love or discussions that overtly disclose their sexual orientation in Jerusalem and other prominently religious locales. Although significant consequences are improbable, such behaviors may attract attention and identify you as a visitor.
Conversely, Tel Aviv is recognized for its progressive and LGBTQ+-friendly environment. Same-sex couples frequently display affection in public spaces. In a study performed by American Airlines and GayCities.com, Tel Aviv was designated as the premier gay tourist destination globally for 2012. This acknowledgment is warranted, as the city features several LGBTQ+-friendly institutions and is regarded as a bastion of the homosexual population in Israel. Tel Aviv’s nightlife is dynamic, including several enthusiastic taverns, bars, and dance clubs that operate till morning. The city is vibrant in all facets of entertainment and is strongly endorsed for travelers desiring exhilarating nightlife, especially those intrigued by the LGBT culture.
Emergency services in Israel are exceptionally efficient and readily available. The national ambulance service, termed “Magen David Adom” (translated as “Red Star of David”), is accessible at 101 and functions continuously, offering complimentary first aid and on-site treatment. Eran (ערן) provides essential emotional first aid services by phone, SMS, WhatsApp, and online chat, accessible 24/7 at 1201. These services uphold rigorous secrecy and anonymity and are offered in several languages, including English, Russian, Amharic, Arabic, French, and Spanish.
Israel does not have any specific medical concerns, and no vaccinations are mandated for entrance. It is advisable to have a Hepatitis A vaccination. Travelers to the West Bank and Gaza should contemplate obtaining vaccinations for typhoid and Hepatitis B due to the distinct health circumstances in these regions.
Pharmacies and hospitals in Israel are present in all major cities, offering emergency and healthcare services of a high Western quality. Pharmacists and medical professionals often possess sufficient proficiency in English. In Israeli pharmacies, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals are readily accessible, allowing you to inquire with the pharmacist for any necessary items. Travel health insurance is strongly advised, as foreigners are required to bear the costs of any treatment obtained in public hospitals or clinics, notwithstanding the national health insurance coverage for all Israelis.
Tap water in Israel is potable and safe for consumption nationwide, encompassing both urban and rural regions. Nevertheless, refrain from using water from faucets located in agricultural areas, since they may utilize recycled water intended solely for irrigation purposes. Tap water in proximity to the Dead Sea is highly saline, and hotels generally supply bottled water for their visitors.
Street cuisine in Israel is often safe and hygienic, encompassing fried items, fish, and an array of salads. It is prudent to exercise common sense and refrain from engaging with anything that seems dubious.
The elevated temperatures in Israel, particularly in summer, pose a considerable issue. It is essential to apply sunscreen consistently during your visit and to consume plenty water to maintain hydration. Exercise caution against sunburn and implement appropriate sun protection strategies.
The desert area of Southern Israel has remarkable hiking paths characterized by distinctive geological features. Nevertheless, if you lack expertise in desert trekking, refrain from embarking on such an expedition without an experienced companion, enough equipment, suitable attire, and ample water supply. Dehydration during hot days, hypothermia during chilly nights, and flash floods during rainy days are significant hazards that need meticulous planning and vigilance.
Visitors to Israel frequently see the almost obsessive need of Israelis to be informed about current events. In contrast to the biblical claim in Ecclesiastes that “there is nothing new under the sun,” Israelis maintain a strong conviction that each day introduces fresh advancements. This is seen in their practice of monitoring news programs hourly.
A hilarious tale exemplifies this cultural characteristic: a newly-appointed ambassador from a Western European nation once submitted his credentials to the president of Israel. During the discussion, the president abruptly checked his watch, expressed an apology, and activated the radio to listen to the news. Upon the ambassador’s inquiry on the urgency, the president elucidated that it was a conditioned reflex, since he experienced discomfort in the absence of hourly updates. This practice is progressively diminishing due to the emergence of cellphones, which offer continuous news updates.
Generally, Israelis are recognized for their amicability, hospitality, and inviting disposition. The nation possesses a Western-oriented perspective on life, and foreign tourists are highly valued. Residents are frequently enthusiastic to provide assistance, dispense guidance, and ensure guests feel at ease. If you cultivate friendships in Israel, your friends will make significant efforts to support you.
Israeli communication is marked by directness, a cultural principle referred to as ‘dugriut.’ This approach may occasionally be viewed as impolite or aggressive by individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize that Israelis seldom want to cause offense. They prioritize honesty and candor over superficial amiability.
Israel is an equitable society characterized by transparent communication as a standard practice. It is not unusual for subordinates to openly dissent from their superiors, and this is often acknowledged and anticipated. Boisterous and fervent discussions are socially permissible and ought not to be construed as animosity. Israelis are cautious of being viewed as a “fraier,” a phrase denoting a “sucker” or a someone who is readily exploited.
When visiting holy places in Israel, it is essential to observe proper conduct and clothing standards. Access to the majority of religious places will be denied to anybody not attired suitably, including those wearing shorts, short skirts, or tank tops. Men are required to cover their heads when attending a synagogue or the prayer area of the Western Wall. A kiosk at the location may supply a head covering if you do not possess one. Visitors to mosques must remove their shoes prior to admission. Beyond holy areas, attire is typically informal and unrestricted, with Israeli women frequently dressed to make an impression.
On Holocaust Remembrance Day and Yom HaZikaron, sirens wail for two minutes at 10:00, and the nation halts to commemorate the victims. This is a time of deep reverence and contemplation.
The Arab-Israeli conflict, the Holocaust (Shoah), and significant aspects of Jewish history evoke profound emotions for several Israelis. It is essential to address these subjects with compassion and respect. A considerable number of Israelis are descendants of Holocaust survivors, while a substantial segment of the Ashkenazi Jewish community lost relatives during the Holocaust.
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The 7 Wonders of the 21st Century feature amazing successes redefining human creativity and engineering capability. From the calm Temple of Buddha's Origin in Leshan,…
Boat travel—especially on a cruise—offers a distinctive and all-inclusive vacation. Still, there are benefits and drawbacks to take into account, much as with any kind…
While many of Europe's magnificent cities remain eclipsed by their more well-known counterparts, it is a treasure store of enchanted towns. From the artistic appeal…
From Rio's samba spectacle to Venice's masked elegance, explore 10 unique festivals that showcase human creativity, cultural diversity, and the universal spirit of celebration. Uncover…
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