Best Preserved Ancient Cities: Timeless Walled Cities
Popular destinationsPrecisely built to be the last line of protection for historic cities and their people, massive stone walls are silent sentinels from a bygone age.…
Zimbabwe occupies a high plateau in southeastern Africa, bounded on the north by the Zambezi River and on the south by the Limpopo. The Republic of Zimbabwe has no coastline. Its frontiers meet South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia at its northern reaches and Mozambique to the east. Within this landlocked territory lies a varied terrain, an intricate human history and social fabric, and a complex economic and political narrative that stretches from deep antiquity to recent upheavals.
Stretching between latitudes 15° and 23° south and longitudes 25° and 34° east, Zimbabwe’s most striking features emerge in altitude. A central plateau, rising between 1,000 and 1,600 metres, extends from the southwest toward the north. In the far east the land lifts still higher. Known as the Eastern Highlands, this mountainous region includes Mount Nyangani, which at 2,592 metres represents the nation’s apex. There, coniferous and evergreen forests cling to steep slopes, contrasted with the widely savannah-covered central plateau and the low-lying savanna of the Low Veld, which occupies roughly one fifth of the country at under 900 metres in elevation.
Water shapes Zimbabwe’s borders and character. The Zambezi River traces the northern edge, feeding into and carving out the spectacular cataract of Victoria Falls, one of the world’s largest and most powerful waterfalls. On the southern flank, the Limpopo marks the boundary with South Africa. Lake Kariba, formed by damming the Zambezi, ranks as the world’s largest artificial reservoir. Its shores attract anglers, boaters and game-viewers alike. Elsewhere, the moderate rainy season—from late October to March—nurtures riverine forests and replenishes soils, even as periodic droughts test agricultural resilience and provoked the loss of more than fifty elephants in 2019 alone.
Within its borders Zimbabwe holds seven distinct terrestrial ecoregions. On the central plateau and in the bushveld, drought-resistant mopane and acacia trees prevail. Dry woodlands of baikiaea and miombo claim much of the terrain. In the Eastern Highlands, cooler elevations host mahogany, teak, strangler fig, forest Newtonia and white stinkwood. A profusion of flowering shrubs—flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, cassia and dombeya—enrich the understory. These varied habitats once supported dense forest and abundant fauna: roughly 350 mammal species, over 500 bird species and scores of reptiles and fish.
Growing human pressures have altered this natural wealth. Deforestation, driven by urban expansion, fuel gathering and tobacco curing, has eroded soils and fragmented wildlife corridors. Poaching has decimated populations of elephant, rhino and other large mammals. Conservationists warn that continuing habitat loss imperils the nation’s parks, from Hwange in the west to Nyanga in the east, and undermines tourism—a key source of foreign exchange.
According to the 2024 census, Zimbabwe’s population stands at about 16.6 million. The Shona, speakers of several related dialects, constitute around 80 percent of inhabitants. Northern Ndebele account for a significant minority, while smaller groups—Venda, Tonga, Tsonga, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa and Lozi—together form the remainder. A tiny fraction, less than 1 percent, identifies as white, descendants of British, Afrikaner, Greek, Portuguese, French and Dutch settlers; mixed-race “coloured” communities compose about 0.1 percent, and Asian groups roughly 0.04 percent.
Concentration of people follows the contours of history and opportunity. Harare, the administrative capital in Mashonaland East, grew from colonial outpost to city of over two million residents. Bulawayo, established by Ndebele leaders then expanded under British rule, remains the second largest urban centre. Rural districts, organized into provinces, wards and villages, host the majority of citizens who engage in subsistence farming, small-scale commerce or state employment.
The constitution recognizes 16 official languages. English presides over government, education and the courts; Shona and Ndebele dominate daily life in most regions. Other Bantu tongues—Venda, Shangaan, Kalanga and Sotho among them—thrive locally. Portuguese maintains a presence in border towns and is taught in secondary schools to foster ties with Mozambique.
Faith practices reflect both colonial legacies and indigenous traditions. An estimated 84 percent of Zimbabweans adhere to Christianity, predominantly Protestant denominations and Roman Catholicism. Pentecostal and charismatic churches have expanded their membership, influencing social and political spheres. Muslim communities number under one percent, concentrated in urban enclaves. Traditional beliefs persist alongside organized religion, notably ancestral worship, whose rituals center on the mbira dzavadzimu—the “voice of the ancestors”—a lamellophone whose haunting tones animate ceremonial gatherings.
Long before European encounter, hunter-gatherers of the San peoples occupied the land. Bantu migrants arrived roughly two thousand years ago, introducing ironworking, agriculture and settled villages. From the eleventh century Great Zimbabwe rose in the southeast, its high stone walls and towers built without mortar. By the thirteenth century it had become a hub for long-distance trade in gold, ivory and cattle, linking the interior to coastal Swahili markets. After its decline, successor states—the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, the Mutapa and then the Rozvi empires—continued to shape regional politics and commerce for centuries.
In 1889–90 the British South Africa Company, under Cecil Rhodes, seized Mashonaland; three years later it added Matabeleland after a brief war. The company carved out a territory named Rhodesia. Administration shifted in 1923, when the United Kingdom made Southern Rhodesia a self—governing colony. White settlers controlled land and governance; black Africans confronted restrictions on movement, representation and landholding.
In November 1965 the colonial assembly, dominated by a white minority, declared unilateral independence under Prime Minister Ian Smith. That act of secession—unrecognized by Britain or the United Nations—ushered in international sanctions and prompted armed resistance from black nationalist movements. For fifteen years the country endured apartheid-style rule, economic isolation and guerrilla conflict waged by ZANU and ZAPU forces.
A 1979 accord led to elections in early 1980. Robert Mugabe’s ZANU–PF party won a decisive victory, and on 18 April 1980 Southern Rhodesia ceased to exist as Zimbabwe entered its sovereign era. Mugabe became prime minister; his party remained at the helm as the parliamentary system evolved into an executive presidency by 1987, when he assumed that office. Under his tenure the state security services consolidated power, suppressing dissent. Human rights organizations documented widespread abuses, drawing international censure.
Initially Zimbabwe achieved strong economic performance, with annual GDP growth averaging over 5 percent in the 1980s and around 4 percent in the 1990s. But from 1997 onward structural imbalances, mismanagement and the land-reform campaign of 2000 eroded output. Inflation rose from thirty-two percent in 1998 to more than eleven million percent by August 2008, triggering abandonment of the local currency in favour of foreign tender in 2009. Hyperinflation destroyed savings, crippled trade and prompted mass emigration that further depleted skilled labour.
Between 2000 and 2009 the economy contracted annually—by 5 percent in 2000, 8 percent in 2001, 12 percent in 2002 and 18 percent in 2003—culminating in a cumulative GDP decline of 6.1 percent per year. The burden of mismanagement, corruption and costly involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo war drained public finances. In 2008 the central bank issued a 100 trillion-dollar note, emblematic of the crisis. In early 2009 acting finance minister Patrick Chinamasa authorised the use of foreign currencies—U.S. dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, euro and pound sterling. The Zimbabwe dollar was suspended indefinitely in April.
A fragile recovery followed. From 2009 to 2012 GDP grew at 8–9 percent annually after the multi-currency regime restored price stability and investor confidence. The International Monetary Fund in November 2010 noted that Zimbabwe had completed its second year of sustained expansion. By 2014 output returned to levels seen in the late 1990s, although growth slowed from 2012 to 2016. Inflation reemerged—42 percent in 2018 and surging to 175 percent by mid-2019—spurring public unrest.
In February 2019 the Reserve Bank introduced the Real Time Gross Settlement dollar, an effort to reestablish monetary sovereignty. Meanwhile, permissive currency policy continues, with trade conducted in multiple currencies. Agriculture—primarily tobacco—remains a major foreign-exchange earner alongside minerals and gold. State regulation and high taxation weigh heavily on private firms; subsidised state enterprises nonetheless meet many domestic needs.
Since January 2002 Zimbabwe has faced credit freezes at multilateral agencies under the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). U.S. legislation mandates that the Treasury Secretary instruct international financial institutions to withhold loans for the government but exempts ordinary citizens. Zimbabwe retains membership in the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, engaging in regional trade despite its landlocked status.
Civil administration follows a centralised model. The nation divides into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status—Bulawayo and Harare. Each province, from Manicaland in the east to Matabeleland North in the northwest, has a capital city—Mutare for Manicaland, Lupane for Matabeleland North—and a governor appointed by the president. Provinces subdivide into 59 districts and approximately 1,200 wards. District administrators and Rural District Councils manage local services, while Ward Development Committees and Village Development Committees channel grassroots representation.
Two major trans-African highways cross Zimbabwe: the Cairo–Cape Town route axes north–south through the country, and the Beira–Lobito highway connects the Indian Ocean port of Beira in Mozambique to the Atlantic coast. Rail lines and road corridors link Harare, Bulawayo and provincial centres to regional markets. Air travel contracted in the early 2000s as major carriers withdrew: Qantas, Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines ended flights by 2007; British Airways suspended Harare services the same year. The national carrier, Air Zimbabwe, ceased most operations in February 2012. From 2017 onward several international airlines have resumed services.
Tourism brings foreign exchange but remains vulnerable to economic and political conditions. Visitor numbers peaked at 2.6 million in 2018. Principal attractions include Victoria Falls—shared with Zambia but accessed more readily from the Zimbabwean side in earlier decades—and national parks such as Hwange, renowned for elephant herds, and Nyanga in the Eastern Highlands. Lake Kariba draws anglers and safari-boat tours. The region also hosts medieval stone ruins built in dry-stone techniques: Great Zimbabwe near Masvingo, Khami close to Bulawayo, Dhlo-Dhlo and Naletale, each a testament to precolonial engineering. The Matobo Hills, 35 kilometres south of Bulawayo, offer rounded granite kopjes and wooded valleys. Their stone formations and cultural associations—M’Zilikazi named them “Bald Heads”—have made them a tourist magnet. Cecil Rhodes and Leander Starr Jameson lie interred at World’s View.
Culinary traditions pivot around cornmeal in the form of sadza, a thick porridge served with vegetables, beans or meat. Lighter bota porridge, infused with milk or peanut butter, constitutes a breakfast staple. Goat and cattle slaughter feature in weddings and family gatherings. Colonial legacies appear in 10 o’clock tea rituals and afternoon tea, while Afrikaner dishes—biltong and boerewors—find broad appeal. Rice with peanut butter gravy, mutakura (a medley of legumes and nuts), and dried sardines known as kapenta also enrich the diet.
National independence day on 18 April commemorates sovereignty achieved in 1980. Celebrations unfold at stadiums in Harare, where parades, speeches, dove releases and ceremonial flame lighting mark the annual observance. Since 2012 a national beauty contest, Miss Heritage Zimbabwe, has added a cultural dimension to public festivities.
Zimbabwe’s topography and ecology range from arid lowlands to mist-shrouded highland forests. Its peoples trace roots to San hunter-gatherers and successive Bantu states, leaving stone cities that endure as world heritage monuments. Colonial conquest, unilateral white-minority rule and protracted liberation struggle gave way in 1980 to independent governance. Economic highs in the 1980s faltered under hyperinflation and policy missteps, and a cautious recovery since 2009 remains vulnerable to inflationary pressures and political uncertainty. Amidst these challenges, Zimbabwe retains assets of fertile soils, mineral wealth, scenic landscapes and cultural traditions that underpin hopes for steady renewal.
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Table of Contents
Zimbabwe lies in the heart of southern Africa, a highland country flanked by majestic rivers and savannas. Straddling the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, it borders Zambia to the north, Mozambique to the east, South Africa to the south, and Botswana to the west. At roughly the size of Nevada, this landlocked nation is bisected by a high plateau (averaging 1,000–1,500 meters above sea level) and punctuated by distinctive mountains and granite hills. The climate is largely subtropical: a warm, wet summer (November–March) gives way to cool, dry winter days (April–October). The country’s geography ranges from the tropical Zambezi valley in the north (home to lush riverine forests) to the arid Kalahari sands in the west (Hwange National Park). Temperatures are moderated by altitude – Harare’s average highs rarely exceed 26°C (79°F) even in summer, and nights can be cool year-round.
Zimbabwe’s population is about 15–17 million (estimates vary), predominantly of Shona descent (roughly two-thirds of the population) with a significant Ndebele minority (around 15–20%). English is the official language, widely used in cities and government, while Shona and Ndebele (Nguni language) are the largest local tongues. Visitors will also encounter a rich cultural tapestry: traditional music (mbira and marimba), vibrant stone sculpture artistry, and community events. This is a land where modern city life in Harare and Bulawayo coexists with ancient ruins and remote bush camps. Through its long and troubled history – from ancient Bantu kingdoms, to colonial conflict, to independence in 1980 and recent economic revival – Zimbabweans have developed a reputation for warmth and resilience. Today the nation welcomes travelers seeking wild, unspoiled landscapes, formidable wildlife encounters, and authentic cultural exchanges.
Zimbabwe offers a rare blend of astonishing natural beauty and deep cultural heritage. It is home to Africa’s most famous waterfall, ancient stone cities, and some of the continent’s best big-game reserves. One of the main attractions is Victoria Falls – locally called Mosi-oa-Tunya (“The Smoke That Thunders”) – a thunderous cascade that defies belief. In the bush, world-class safaris await in parks like Hwange and Mana Pools, where herds of elephants, prides of lions, and elusive leopards roam freely. Conservation areas here often mean fewer tourists than in neighboring countries, yielding a sense of solitary wilderness. Village communities still practice ancient crafts and livelihoods, and travelers can immerse themselves in local traditions from craft markets to Sunday church gatherings.
Value for money is high by international standards. Zimbabwe uses the U.S. dollar widely, offering stable pricing and relatively low costs compared to safari hotspots. Tour operators and guides are known for skill and passion; many veteran naturalists and trackers call Zimbabwe home. The country’s modest tourism infrastructure – though less glitzy than South Africa or Kenya – means small, family-run lodges and camps where personalized service and insight abound. For those seeking new experiences beyond typical tourism routes, Zimbabwe delivers. It combines everything one hopes for in an African adventure: abundant wildlife, raw river gorges, star-studded skies, welcoming people, and an undercurrent of resilience. In short, Zimbabwe isn’t just another destination – it is an adventure hub for safaris, waterfalls, history, and culture that captivates and inspires visitors.
Zimbabwe’s small size belies its variety of highlights. Below are the places no traveler should miss:
Each area has its own story and attractions. Victoria Falls is in the far northwest corner (bordering Zambia), where thick rainforest is perpetually sprayed by the falling waters. Hwange lies in the west, across arid plains and Kalahari sands. Mana Pools is way north along the Zambezi River, reached via bush tracks or small plane. Matobo and Great Zimbabwe are in the south – Matobo near Bulawayo, and the Great Zimbabwe ruins near Masvingo. Lake Kariba forms the northern border with Zambia and is accessible via the main highway (and dam). The capital Harare sits in the northeast, and Bulawayo in the southwest. The Eastern Highlands run along the Mozambican border. Together, these form a rich itinerary from bush to falls to ancient stone.
Insider Tip: Combining destinations is straightforward. For example, tourists often fly into Victoria Falls, explore the Falls, take a safari in Hwange on the way to Bulawayo, visit Matobo on the Bulawayo side, then drive to Great Zimbabwe and finish in Harare (or vice versa). The regional “KAZA Univisa” makes crossing between Zimbabwe and Zambia easy on a single visa (ask your safari operator about this multi-country visa).
A visit to Zimbabwe is incomplete without seeing Victoria Falls – one of the world’s most spectacular waterfalls. Locally known as Mosi-oa-Tunya in the Kololo language, this colossal cataract plunges 108 meters into a narrow gorge, sending plumes of spray (“smoke”) high into the air and a constant thundering roar for miles around. The mist can even rain on you miles away in the thunderstorm cloud above the Falls. Victoria Falls extends nearly 2 kilometers across, making it the widest waterfall on Earth. It was named by the Scottish explorer David Livingstone in 1855 after Queen Victoria.
The Zimbabwean side (about 90% of the falls face Zimbabwe) offers some of the best vantage points. The town of Victoria Falls (often called “Vic Falls Town”) has grown around the entrance to the national park. Walkable footpaths connect viewpoints like the Main Falls, Eastern Cataract, and Devil’s Cataract – each frame the curtain of water in different ways. On a dry-season visit, you may see the jagged basalt crags emerge as water levels fall; in the rainy season, the entire scene is veiled in mist. Regardless of season, the experience is sublime.
Activities: Beyond taking in the view from the lookouts, there is no shortage of thrills around Victoria Falls. For adrenaline junkies, there is bungee-jumping off the old bridge (111 meters high), zip-lining across the gorge, gorge-swinging, and white-water rafting on the Zambezi’s lower rapids. (Note: rafting season runs roughly July–Dec when the river is lower.) For a close-up splash at the top, visitors used to pay to swim at Devil’s Pool – a natural rock pool at the edge of the falls – on the Zambian side in the dry season (August–January). Nearby, sunset boat cruises on the Zambezi offer a relaxing wildlife-spotting experience (hippos, elephants) along the placid river, often with drinks and dinner included. Helicopter or microlight flights provide an unforgettable aerial view of the falls and canyon (highly recommended for photography).
When to go: The falls have two distinct moods. During the wet season (February–April) the volume of water is immense – the cascade is at its most thunderous and spectacular – but heavy spray may limit close-up views. Bring rain gear or a plastic poncho as you’ll get soaked even from a distance. In the dry season (June–October), the spray subsides enough to see the rock lip and take clearer photos; this is prime time for all activities. July to September is especially popular: the weather is sunny and cool, wildlife in nearby Zambezi National Park thrives, and the river drops enough to allow adventure activities. (Extreme dry months like October–November see very low flow, which is good for rafting and Devil’s Pool but means the falls can look thin.)
Practicalities: Victoria Falls International Airport (Zimbabwe side, code VFA) has flights from Johannesburg, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and domestic routes. The town has a range of accommodations from budget hostels to luxury safari lodges on its outskirts. Entrance fees to the falls (around US$30) cover park maintenance. Guided tours and local guides can deepen your experience, explaining the geology, flora, and local legends. Don’t forget to visit the small rain-forest before dawn or at dusk to see the native palm forest and rock dassies (hyrax). Note that crossing into Zambia requires a visa (the joint KAZA Univisa helps), and the climate is similar on both sides.
Fun Fact: Witness the rainbow! On sunny days, a permanent rainbow often spans the Falls. Legend has it that the rainbow formed when an African god of the river fell in love with the mist. It is considered good luck to see the double rainbow that sometimes appears here.
Covering 14,650 square kilometers (about the size of a small U.S. state), Hwange National Park is Zimbabwe’s largest and most famous game reserve. Situated in the west near the Botswana border, Hwange protects a mosaic of woodlands, savannas, and grasslands reminiscent of the Kalahari’s mix. It is world-renowned for its remarkable elephant population – the park is home to one of the largest concentrations of elephants on the continent – and for sustaining enormous herds of buffalo, giraffe, zebra, and antelope. Big cats are plentiful as well: lions (with strong prides of possibly up to 20 members), leopards (often seen draped over tree limbs), cheetahs, and endangered African wild dogs are regular sights.
During the dry winter months (May–October), water becomes scarce on the plain. Managed “waterhole hides” (camouflaged stands) in the park – like the famous hide at Little Makalolo, managed by Camp Hwange – offer front-row seats to these gatherings. At these waterholes, one can watch elephants, rhinos, and antelope in the cool morning light as they edge in for a drink, sometimes coming within a few meters of the hide. Hwange’s western region (often called the “Buffalo Range”) is noted for its vast buffalo herds and healthy lion population. As summer rains fall (November–April), wildlife disperses and the bush turns green, but the wonder of Hwange endures year-round. Birdlife is also exceptional – over 400 species, including vultures, eagles and migratory waders.
Safari Experience: Staying in Hwange is usually by booking a safari camp or lodge in one of its zones (such as Hwange Main Camp, Sinamatella, or sites south of the park). Most accommodations offer morning and afternoon game drives in 4×4 vehicles with expert guides. Some allow walking safaris on private concessions adjacent to the park. Because of its size, self-driving is not advised without a guide, as the landscape is vast and remote (and cellular service can be spotty). From June to September, expect clear skies and excellent sightings on every drive. Night drives (often arranged through lodges) yield chances to see nocturnal animals like aardvark, serval cats, genets, and hyena families.
Wildlife Spotlight: Hwange is one of the best places to see sable antelope, known for their long, curved horns and lustrous dark coats. It also holds healthy numbers of roan antelope. The park’s open plains and reliable water make wildlife viewing almost guaranteed, a photographer’s dream.
Visiting Hwange also contributes to conservation. The park operates a Student Elephants Project, where orphaned baby elephants are hand-raised and released. Many tour operators visit its Rehabilitation Centre (upgraded in recent years), which care for injured or abandoned animals, letting guests interact with young elephants and learning about anti-poaching efforts.
Practical info: The park’s main access gates are on the southeast. Tourists typically arrive via road from Victoria Falls (about 2.5 hours away) or Bulawayo (3.5–4 hours). The park charges entrance and camping fees (often included if booking a safari package). No fuel is available inside the park, so ensure your vehicle is filled before entry. In summer, afternoon thunderstorms can flood roads; many lodges are prepared with raised platforms or alternative routes. Hwange has become a priority area for conservation, and visitor revenue directly supports ranger patrols and community programs in nearby villages.
On Zimbabwe’s northern frontier, below the Lower Zambezi’s famous gorges, lies Mana Pools National Park – a wild, riverine wonderland. Part of a UNESCO World Heritage conservation zone, Mana Pools is unique for its dramatic combination of floodplains and forest, its sparse tourism traffic, and the freedom to explore by foot or canoe in many areas. The park is named after four large natural pools in the Zambezi River’s floodplain; during the dry season, these verdant pools act as oases attracting an abundance of game.
Mana Pools is best known for walking and canoeing safaris, which are relatively rare in Africa. Licensed guides lead bushwalks here, allowing visitors to observe plains game on foot (with the animals accustomed to human presence and just as curious). Canoe trips down the slow Zambezi are equally rewarding – silently paddling beside hippos, Nile crocodiles, and herds of elephants and buffalos watering at river bends. Imagine drifting past a group of elephants along the riverbank at sunset, unhurried and awed by your presence. These experiences are typically offered by the few camps in Mana Pools; the park itself has minimal built infrastructure, preserving its remote feel.
Wildlife in Mana is plentiful and varied: The park has a huge elephant population (estimates in the low tens of thousands across the region), along with lion, leopard, waterbuck, kudu, wild dog, and buffalo. Birding is superb: fisher eagles, pel’s fishing owls, and carmine bee-eaters thrive along the river. The area is one of Africa’s strongholds for the endangered African wild dog, so lucky visitors may spot their slender, mottled forms, especially in the dry season when they hunt in packs. One minor exception is that giraffe are relatively scarce here.
When to visit: Mana Pools is best in the cool, dry season (June–October). By then the Zambezi’s floodwaters have receded, exposing floodplains and concentrating animals near permanent water – prime time for game viewing on foot or by canoe. Rainy season (December–March) sees the river in spate and the plains soaked; many camps close at that time. The quiet shoulder months (May and November) offer a balance: some greenery remains, but the wildlife spectacle is still strong.
Lodging: Accommodation is mostly tented camps and lodges along the river’s edge. There are no self-drive campsites inside the park (only a few designated campsites on private land nearby), so most visitors arrange guided packages that include transport from Harare or Victoria Falls (often on a charter flight) and full-board stays. Luxury options (like Mana Expedition Camp) and mid-range tented camps are both available. Each camp has its own schedule of guided drives, walks, canoe trips, and even night safaris. Daily camp populations are small, making Mana feel intimate and exclusive.
Did You Know? The word Mana means “four” in the local Shona language, referring to those four great pools carved into the riverbed. The name reminds visitors that water is life here – and Mana Pools is, in effect, a cradle of life for wildlife on the Zambezi floodplain.
Southwest of Bulawayo lies the otherworldly landscape of Matobo Hills (also called Matopos). This UNESCO-listed area is a maze of granite outcrops and balancing boulders piled skyward in a sea of rounded knobs. To locals these dome-like rock piles are known as dwalas or kopjes. The dramatic geology here has drawn humans for millennia. The Matobo area holds one of the world’s highest concentrations of ancient rock paintings: San (Bushman) artists painted many of the granite shelters with red figures of eland, giraffe, and hunters, scenes that date back thousands of years. Today you can visit preserved sites under the shade of boulders and marvel at this prehistoric art (some lodges and guides offer rock-art walking tours).
Matobo Hills is also famed as a rhino sanctuary. It contains the highest density of both black and white rhinos in any protected area. These animals thrive here thanks to strict anti-poaching measures; many camps offer guided rhino tracking by vehicle. The wide grasslands between the kopjes support lions, leopards (Matobo has a legendary leopard population), and small herds of sable and zebra. Ornithologists will delight in the raptors that use the hills: Verreaux’s eagles (black eagles) nest on the cliffs, earning the nickname “Matobo eagles.” You might also glimpse elephants and buffalo, which range into Matobo from the neighboring lowveld during the dry season in search of water.
Matobo is steeped in modern history as well. Cecil Rhodes (the British colonial pioneer) famously made his home here; he is buried at “World’s View,” a plateau offering stunning panoramas of the rocky landscape (at sunrise, this viewpoint is particularly spectacular). Rhodes’ grave and memorial lie under the shade of an ancient baobab, near the spot known as the “Guardian” – a colossal balancing rock shaped vaguely like a human silhouette. These sites are treated with solemnity by visitors, and many Zimbabweans revere the name Mwari – the indigenous “God of the Hills” – practicing rituals in the caves. As a visitor, it’s good to be respectful of these traditions: keep noise low and ask permission before photographing any active shrines.
Visiting: The Matobo Hills are reached via Bulawayo (just 35 km south of the city). Local lodges often organize game drives and walks among the hills and bushveld. Day trips can include a hike to the balancing rocks, game driving in the dry valley, and stops at Cecil Rhodes’ grave and the nearby National Memorial (which houses artifacts of early settler history). In town, the Matobo Sculpture Centre and National Art Gallery branch sometimes exhibit local stone sculpture (Matobo granite is a favored medium).
Surprise: Indigenous customs in Matobo involve clapping as a sign of respect rather than just saying “thank you.” If a local guide or community member claps twice when you accept a gift or invitation, they are showing gratitude.
Far from Harare’s gleaming city, in the rolling hills of southeastern Zimbabwe, lies one of Africa’s most profound historical treasures: the Great Zimbabwe Ruins. This sprawling stone city was built between the 11th and 15th centuries by ancestors of the Shona people, long before Europeans arrived. For centuries it remained a mystery; today archaeologists recognize Great Zimbabwe as the capital of a powerful inland trading state. It was a hub connecting gold fields to Indian Ocean trade routes.
The monument covers roughly 720 hectares, with the main sites divided into three parts: the Hill Ruins (a walled granite acropolis where ruling chiefs lived), the Great Enclosure (an oval stone wall enclosing a village with a conical tower – its purpose still debated), and the Valley Ruins (smaller enclosures and houses). The craftsmanship is astonishing: massive walls of carefully fitted granite blocks, built without mortar, still stand up to 11 meters high. Look for the iconic Zimbabwe Bird sculptures (soapstone carvings of a bird motif) which gave the country its name.
A visit to Great Zimbabwe feels both majestic and tranquil. Tourists wander among ancient walls, empty beer pots, and conical towers under a wide sky. On-site interpreters relate local legends (one holds that Queen of Sheba’s capital was here, though that’s myth). The nearby Great Zimbabwe Museum provides archaeological context, with displays of artifacts recovered from the site. Owning a local guide is highly recommended; they can explain the significance of each complex, describe how timber structures once filled these stone frames, and clarify that this was truly a city of some 10,000 people.
Quick Fact: Great Zimbabwe’s construction technology was remarkable. It’s the largest ancient monument in sub-Saharan Africa built without mortar. The perfectly fitting stonework has puzzled many early Europeans – now it is a point of pride that the Shona people accomplished this feat centuries ago.
Practical: The ruins are located about 30 km southeast of the city of Masvingo. Most visitors combine this with a stay in Masvingo or a drive from Bulawayo (about 4 hours). The entrance fee (around US$15) grants access to all ruins and the museum. The climate at the site is semi-arid; bring sun protection and water.
Stretching 280 km along the Zambia border, Lake Kariba is a shimmering blue-green inland sea and one of Africa’s largest artificial lakes (formed by damming the Zambezi). Nicknamed the “Riviera of Zimbabwe,” Kariba is prized for its serene scenery, abundant fishing, and water-based relaxation. The lake’s shore alternates between rocky cliffs and sandy beaches, dotted with bushland that hosts wildlife such as elephant, giraffe and hippo. Pink-billed and Fish Eagles swirl overhead. The backdrop of lilac mountains at sunset makes evenings here unforgettable.
The most popular way to enjoy Kariba is aboard a houseboat or cruise boat. Charter companies (family-friendly and luxury versions) offer 2–5 night cruises across the upper lake, usually departing from Kariba town or Mlibizi. These vessels are like floating lodges, with cabins, decks, and dining areas. You’ll anchor in bays where hippos grumble offshore, enjoy sundowners on deck, and wake to safari game drives onshore (with guides shuttling you to the shoreline). For anglers, Kariba is a dream: the lake teems with tigerfish (a fierce, acrobatic game fish), bream (known locally as “Goldeneye”), and catfish. Fishing gear can be rented on the boats.
If you prefer to stay on land, Lake Kariba has several safari lodges and camps along the shore. Some, like in Matusadona National Park (on the northern lakeshore), combine game drives with lake outings. There are also smaller townships (Kariba Town and Binga) where guests can book local hotels or self-catering chalets. Matusadona on the Zimbabwe side even has boat routes into the national park (motorboats or canoes) so you can see wildlife from the water.
For planning, note that ferry or road connections link Kariba to Zambia (such as the Kariba Ferry crossing to Siavonga), facilitating trips into South Luangwa or Lusaka. If arriving by road from Harare or Vic Falls, the drive down the A1 highway to the southern end of the lake is scenic and direct (about 260 km from Harare). Fishing enthusiasts should time their visit: the best bass and bream bites are usually in May–June (post-spawning), while tiger fishing peaks in the cooler dry months (Jul–Oct). Even if you don’t fish, a quiet sunset cruise to watch countless elephants wade across the shallow waters is one of Kariba’s great delights.
Planning Tip: Book houseboats or safari cruises in advance, as there are limited boats and cabins. Many travelers set aside 3–4 days for a Kariba experience, which can be a relaxing capstone after active safaris or a more laid-back stand-alone trip.
Rising above the central plateau at around 1,500 meters, Harare is Zimbabwe’s bustling capital city – a blend of leafy residential suburbs and busy commercial streets. Here, modern life mixes with African rhythms. Though it lacks the colonial glamour of some capitals, Harare has its charms: open parks, a pleasant climate, and a friendly atmosphere. The city has a youthful vibe, with cafes, galleries, and markets brimming with local crafts. It is also the main gateway into the country (Harare Airport) and a logical place to regroup before or after safaris.
City Highlights: Start at the heart of downtown (Klein or Samora Machel Avenue) to glimpse Victorian-era architecture (e.g. City Hall and old parliament building) and street markets. Many visitors head to the National Gallery of Zimbabwe, which houses rich collections of Shona sculpture and paintings. If you appreciate art, don’t miss the sculpture gardens at Chapungu, just outside town, which display stunning stone statues in a woodland setting. Nearby is the Mukuvisi Woodlands, a small nature reserve (resembling a mini-game park) where you can spot giraffe, zebras, and birdlife on a leisurely drive or walk. It’s a green oasis within the city for a morning outing.
The cosmopolitan suburbs offer dining and nightlife options. Borrowdale and Mount Pleasant have restaurants serving Zimbabwean, Indian, and continental cuisines. For local flavor, head to Mbare Market (the city’s oldest bazaar) or the newer Sam Levy’s Village for crafts and textiles. At Mbare, bargaining is part of the experience if you’re after handwoven baskets, beadwork or wooden carvings. If visiting in late August, try to time a trip to the Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA), an annual week of music, dance, and theatre (international and local acts), which draws crowds and energizes the city.
Practicalities: Harare offers a range of accommodations, from backpacker hostels to upscale hotels with pools. City traffic can be congested, so budget extra time for transfers. Taxis (often pre-booked cars) and metered cabs are available; ride-hailing apps (e.g. Hwindi) work in the city. Renting a car in Harare is an option if you plan to drive to other sites. Note that cell coverage (via Econet or NetOne) and internet are good in the city. ATMs are plentiful here if you need local currency or bond notes (though prices and many services are charged in USD, as discussed later).
City Scene: Harare is known for its “mugoro” (Zimbabwean chop and rice) shops and vibrant street food – don’t be shy to try local snacks like maputi (popped maize) or a Zimbabwe-style sausage roll at a roadside stand. It’s a great city for people-watching at a café terrace, and you’ll find Harareans enjoying their lively but unhurried pace of life.
In the southwestern reaches of Zimbabwe lies Bulawayo, the country’s second city. Founded in the late 19th century by the Ndebele king Lobengula, Bulawayo still bears the legacy of its native and colonial past. The city center has elegant late-Victorian and Edwardian buildings (especially around Main and 3rd Avenue), reflecting its history as a British garrison town. It is surrounded by red sandstone kopjes and is much cooler than lowland areas. Its aura is quieter than Harare, but Bulawayo is rich in culture and history – and it serves as the perfect base for attractions to the south and west.
City Highlights: Bulawayo boasts several museums and cultural sites. The National Railway Museum (complete with old steam locomotives) is a favorite with families. The Natural History Museum offers excellent displays, including the famous dinosaur eggs fossil (the largest in the world, unearthed nearby in the 1920s). Art lovers should visit the Bulawayo Art Gallery (for contemporary Zimbabwean art) and Livingstone Hall where colorful Ndebele beadwork and textiles are on display. A walk through the city will take you past bustling markets (like Sakubva Market), where you can taste local fare and shop for crafts.
Nearby Wonders: Bulawayo is at the door of Matobo Hills and the ancient Khami Ruins. It’s easy to arrange day trips or overnight stays to these sites. The Matobo National Park (35 km south) we’ve described above is accessible via organized tours out of Bulawayo. Also, just 10 km west is Khami Ruins, a UNESCO site that was once the capital of the Rozvi Empire after Great Zimbabwe’s decline. While smaller, Khami impresses with its stone-walled terraces and ornate soapstone decorations. If time permits, a drive through the hills southeast of town reveals rock formations similar to Matobo – an area known as Rhodesmatopos Game Reserve (home to the graves of Cecil Rhodes and his companion Leander Starr Jameson).
Living in Bulawayo: Today Bulawayo is considered the cultural capital of Zimbabwe. Its blend of Ndebele and British heritage means you will hear both Ndebele and Shona spoken, alongside English. The city has a relaxed ambience – trade at the famed “bustling” City Centre Market (with fresh produce) or sip on a cold Lion Lager (a local beer). Roads are wide and layouts straightforward, making it easy to navigate. Transportation includes share minibuses (“kombis”) and plenty of affordable taxis and combis to get around locally.
Taste the Cuisine: Bulawayo’s eateries reflect Ndebele tradition. Don’t miss the chance to try sadza (a thick maize meal staple) with skombe (spinach stew) or kapenta (small dried fish), especially at a small local restaurant. Biltong (dried meat) is ubiquitous as a snack, and for something sweet, try mapopo (baobab fruit juice) or Ndebele beer (often milder than stronger Zimbabwe brands).
Timing makes a significant difference in Zimbabwe. The country effectively has two seasons: a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. In general, the cool, dry winter (May–August) is considered the prime tourist time. Most of Zimbabwe’s rains have ended by May, wildlife gathers at remaining waterholes, and vegetation thins to reveal game. July and August are especially popular: mornings and evenings are crisp (don’t forget a jacket for early drives), days are sunny and warm, and mosquitoes are scarce. This is perfect for safari drives and also for waterfall viewing (the skies are clear enough to see Victoria Falls without obscuring spray).
However, the green season (late November–March) has its advantages too. The land transforms into a carpet of green after the rains, birdlife is abundant, and fewer tourists mean deals on lodges. If visiting during the rainy months (especially December–February), expect afternoon downpours (often intense but brief) and occasionally muddy roads. But waterfalls and rivers – from Mana Pools to Vic Falls – are full and roaring, so photographers may love the dramatic shots. Some areas like the Eastern Highlands actually flourish in this time, with misty hillsides and waterfalls flowing strongly.
The shoulder months (April/May and September/October) are a sweet spot for many travelers. April sees the end of the rains: days are cooler, landscapes still lush, and Victoria Falls approaches peak volume. Late September brings very dry conditions (the Zambezi is lower, enabling adventurous walks and rafting) yet temperatures have not peaked to mid-summer highs.
Annual events can influence timing as well. For example, HIFA (Harare International Festival of the Arts) typically runs in early August and draws international artists. The Victoria Falls Carnival (celebrated around Victoria Falls Day on March 16th) offers music and fireworks by the river. National holidays like Independence Day (April 18) and Unity Day (Dec 22) come with celebrations, but travel near those dates can mean crowded domestic bookings.
In summary: Most safaris and activities are geared for winter. If your priority is game viewing and comfort, aim for May–September. If you don’t mind some rain for the sake of rich scenery or lower prices, consider planning for October or April. And if seeing Victoria Falls in full flood is a dream, travel in February–April (while wearing a poncho!).
A safari in Zimbabwe is more than just a game drive – it’s a deep dive into wild Africa. Visitors can choose from a wide range of experiences, from luxury lodge safaris to rustic camping adventures. The country’s parks and private reserves offer all classic safari modes: open 4×4 vehicle drives, guided walks, night safaris, and even horseback or bicycle options in some places. Here are the key safari opportunities:
Visiting Zimbabwe also means supporting conservation. Many safaris include fees that fund park rangers and wildlife protection. The Campfire community program lets local villagers benefit from tourism. By choosing Zimbabwe for your safari, you directly help these efforts, and often see wildlife in more pristine conditions than in oversaturated parks elsewhere.
Beyond safaris, Zimbabwe offers high-adrenaline adventures that make it a hotspot for thrill-seekers. In and around Victoria Falls, activities abound:
Activity Tip: Book your high-adrenaline activities in advance, especially during high season. Many outfitters run combo packages (e.g. bungee + zipline + rafting half-day). Always listen carefully to safety briefings – the guides are professionals, and safety standards here are high.
Zimbabwean cuisine is hearty and rooted in local staples. The national dish is sadza: a thick cornmeal porridge akin to polenta. Sadza accompanies most meals and is typically eaten by hand (pinched off and dipped into relishes). Meats are common relishes: beef stew, chicken stew, or goat. Tripe (muriwo) made from leafy greens or pumpkins mixed with peanut butter (ground nuts) is another favorite. In rural areas you might try dovi (peanut stew) with sadza, or kapenta (tiny dried silver fish, often fried with onions).
At higher-end lodges and hotels, chefs also prepare international dishes or fuse local flavors (for example, beef tenderloin in a peri-peri sauce, or ginger-pear compote desserts). Still, even luxury properties in the bush often feature a daily soup course, a choice of main dishes, and always fresh bread or rolls. Game meat (like kudu or impala) may appear on some menus, especially in safari camps.
Common Zimbabwean foods and beverages you might encounter include:
Markets and street vendors are a great place to sample local snacks. Mbare Market in Harare, for instance, is packed with stalls selling oranges, bananas, pineapple slices, and roasted corn. You can try local sweets like traditional maheu (a fermented maize drink, often flavored with jam) or Ice & Cream drinks (colored frozen sugar water).
Dining Tips: Tap water is generally chlorinated in cities, but it’s safest to drink bottled water or boiled water in remote areas. If you eat out in towns, restaurants and hotels mostly serve safe, cooked food; in villages, stick to well-cooked meals and avoid raw salads unless you are confident in hygiene. Spicy food lovers will find Zimbabwean cuisine fairly mild – most stews are savory and seasoned with onion, garlic, and local herbs.
No visit to Zimbabwe is complete without trying the beloved local snack sadza rezviyo, which is sadza made from sorghum – dark brown and more nutritious, often eaten for breakfast in rural areas. Also popular are mapfura flowers (pumpkin blossoms) and wild fruit jams. Etiquette note: people traditionally say “pamusoroi” (Shona) before starting to eat, a polite way of excusing oneself at the table.
Foodie Fact: Zimbabwe’s colonial history brought British tea culture. Most Zimbabweans will offer you tea if you visit their home or office. Accepting a cup is a sign of courtesy. Tipping in restaurants (if service charge is not included) is generally 10–15%.
Language & People: English is an official language and widely used by educated Zimbabweans. Shona (a Bantu language) and Ndebele (a Nguni language closely related to Zulu/Ndebele) are the main African languages. Saying a few words in Shona or Ndebele is always appreciated: for example, “Mhoro” (hello in Shona) or “Sawubona” (hello in Ndebele) when meeting locals. Tatenda (Shona for “thank you”) and Ndapota (Shona for “please”) go a long way. Zimbabweans place high value on respect and hospitality, so politeness opens doors.
Time Zone & Dialing: Zimbabwe operates on Central Africa Time (CAT), which is UTC+2 (no daylight saving changes). The country’s international dialing code is +263. For example, to call a Harare number +263-4-XXXXXXX, dial your international exit code + 263-4-XXXXXXX. Cell service is extensive in cities; operators like Econet (the largest network), NetOne, and Telecel sell local SIM cards for prepaid phones. Data is reasonably fast in urban areas and main roads, though service can be spotty deep in wilderness camps (though some lodges have Wi-Fi via satellite).
Electricity: Zimbabwe uses 220-240V AC power at 50 Hz. Plugs are Type D (three large round pins in a triangle) and Type G (British 3-pin). It’s wise to carry an adapter if your devices use North American or European plugs. Surge protection is recommended since power outages or fluctuations occasionally occur, especially in remote areas. Many lodges have backup generators or solar panels, but recharging gadgets can be slow at times.
Internet & Communication: Internet cafes still exist in Harare and Bulawayo, but most travelers use Wi-Fi at hotels or local SIM data plans. Wi-Fi is common in mid-range and upscale lodges (though speed may be limited). If you need reliable internet while traveling (e.g., for work or navigation), plan ahead by purchasing a local SIM or eSIM with data. Note that social media and Google services usually work, but sometimes encrypted apps or VPNs can be blocked, so check connectivity if that’s important to you.
Airport & Entry Points: Most visitors arrive via Harare International Airport (HRE) or Victoria Falls Airport (VFA) (the latter near the town of Victoria Falls). Domestic flights also land in Bulawayo and Kariba. Overland, the main borders are Beitbridge (from South Africa), Chirundu/Musina (from Zambia), and Nyamapanda (from Mozambique) on the north side. There is no land connection from Botswana except through Zimbabwe to the southeast (through Bulawayo/Chirundu route).
Travel Tip: Taxis from Harare Airport are metered and safe; book at official stands in the arrivals hall. In cities, ride-hailing apps and metered cabs are available. Always agree on the fare or ensure the meter is running.
Most nationalities (including U.S., Canada, EU, Australian, and New Zealand passport holders) can obtain a visa on arrival in Zimbabwe. Upon landing at major airports (Harare, Victoria Falls) or certain border posts, travelers buy a visitor visa. The usual fees are around US$30 for a single-entry 30-day visa, US$45 for a double-entry 45-day visa, or US$160 for a multiple-entry 12-month visa. Exact costs can change, so carry crisp U.S. dollars (new $1 and $5 bills) as small bills are required for payment. Longer stays or work permits must be arranged in advance. Citizens of some African countries and others may be exempt or get special rates; check your status with the Zimbabwean embassy.
If you plan to visit both Zimbabwe and Zambia, consider applying for the KAZA Univisa. This single visa (USD 50) covers entry into both countries (and even Botswana for up to one entry each) for 30 days. The Univisa can be purchased on arrival at Vic Falls/Chirundu or at home consulates; ask your tour operator or embassy for details. Note that currently, there is no e-Visa system for Zimbabwe beyond the Univisa scheme – visas are done at ports of entry only.
Upon entry, passport holders generally need at least 2 blank pages and passports should be valid for 6 months beyond the date of travel. No particular vaccine is mandatory for Zimbabwe (unless arriving from a yellow fever zone, in which case yellow fever vaccination is required). However, keep routine vaccinations (tetanus, hepatitis A/B) up to date, and bring your own copy of any prescription medications. At immigration, you may be asked to show return/onward tickets and proof of funds (though this is rarely enforced for tourists). Zimbabwe is generally welcoming to visitors; just ensure your documents are in order.
Visa Notes: The visa-on-arrival policy and fees are subject to change, so always double-check with official sources before traveling. If you have trouble obtaining a visa at the border, Harare has an Immigration office that issues tourist visas (though non-citizens cannot apply in-country for tourism once already in Zimbabwe).
Zimbabwe’s economic past was turbulent, but today U.S. dollars and South African rand dominate everyday transactions. While the Zimbabwe Dollar (now called the Zimdollar or “ZiG” with coins/bond notes) is technically legal tender, in practice travelers pay with USD for nearly everything. Shops, lodges, and guides quote prices in dollars, and the official cash circulating is mostly USD (small denominations are most useful: US$1, $5, $10). Credit and debit cards are rarely accepted outside a few upscale hotels and shopping centers. Even well-known brands like Visa and MasterCard often fail in rural Zimbabwe, partly due to banking infrastructure issues. The U.S. State Department explicitly warns visitors to bring cash, as international cards might not work. ATMs in Harare and Bulawayo dispense Zimdollars (at a fluctuating rate) – not usually useful for tourists – so it’s best to withdraw USD before coming to Zimbabwe (South African border towns like Musina have ATMs that give USD).
Because cash is king, budget accordingly. Lodges and camps generally quote all-inclusive rates in USD, and restaurants expect dollars for payment. Be cautious: never flash large sums of money in public. A practical rule is to carry multiple small bills, keep them hidden, and count the change discreetly. If you do use a card, have some backup cash; currency exchanges inside Zimbabwe (black market) are not advised due to risk of counterfeit money and legal issues.
Budgeting: Zimbabwe can suit many budgets. A basic camping safari with tent rentals and simple meals might run USD30–50 per day per person. Mid-range lodge safaris (including meals, two game drives, park fees) often cost USD150–250 per person per day. Luxury lodges and guided camps can reach USD400+ per person per day. Hotels in Harare/Bulawayo range from budget inns (~$20–30) to upscale hotels ($150+). Dining out in local restaurants is inexpensive (a local meal might cost $5–10), but fine dining with imported ingredients will cost more. Fuel is moderately priced (around $1 per liter). As a ballpark, a 2-week trip including safaris, meals, and domestic travel often budgets around $3,000–5,000 per person (USD), depending on style.
Money Tips: Keep receipts and check any “bond note” received as change – these are meant to be pegged to USD but often trade at a discount. Many businesses now accept Ecocash mobile payments (Zimbabwe’s large mobile money platform) for local transactions; however, foreign visitors cannot easily get Ecocash accounts.
Budget Hint: Some travelers find it helpful to split funds (some USD for wildlife areas, a few South African rand for border towns, and small amounts of Zimdollar for incidental costs). Changing money is generally not needed if you have USD – there is no official or stable “exchange rate.”
Health: Before visiting, check the latest travel health notices. Routine vaccinations (tetanus, diphtheria, measles, flu, etc.) should be up to date. Hepatitis A and B vaccines are recommended if you haven’t already had them. There is no Yellow Fever risk in Zimbabwe, unless you arrive from a country with transmission (then you’ll need a Yellow Fever certificate).
Malaria: This is a major concern in Zimbabwe’s low-lying areas. The malaria season is roughly October through June (peak in the hot wet months), especially in the Zambezi valley and lower altitude parks (Mana Pools, Gonarezhou, and also parts of Hwange). Malaria prophylaxis is recommended for all travelers going to these areas. Talk to your doctor about options like doxycycline, atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), or mefloquine. Use mosquito repellent (DEET) and sleep under nets when provided. Urban Harare and Bulawayo are effectively malaria-free, so prophylaxis isn’t needed for those staying in cities only.
Water & Food Safety: In cities, tap water is chlorinated but best used boiled or bottled. In wilderness camps, use bottled water provided or boil water before drinking. To avoid diarrhea, eat well-cooked meals and avoid raw produce washed in local water. Eat fresh fruits peeled by yourself; avoid street ice (unless it’s from packaged bags). Always wash hands or use sanitizer before meals.
Wildlife Risks: Enjoy close wildlife encounters only under guide supervision. Never feed or approach wild animals, and never walk alone outside camps after dark. In parks, keep vehicle windows closed when predator activity is noted. Hippos, elephants and buffalo are dangerous if startled or provoked – always stay at safe distances.
Crime & Security: Zimbabwe is relatively stable, but petty theft can occur in urban areas and tourist spots. Best practices: Don’t flaunt jewelry or large sums of cash, avoid walking alone at night in cities, and use hotel safes. According to travel advisories, kidnappings of foreigners are extremely rare, but carjackings and armed robberies have occurred on deserted roads after dark. When driving, keep doors locked, windows closed and lights on. If staying in a lodge or tent, use provided locks. Always carry emergency contacts (local police: 995, 993) and know the address of the nearest hospital or clinic.
Politically, Zimbabwe is not off-limits, but public protests can occur. Avoid any demonstrations or political gatherings. The U.S. State Department suggests “exercise normal precautions” – i.e., don’t take unnecessary risks, stay on paved roads at night, and be aware of your surroundings. Rural areas are generally very safe, with crime tending to be opportunistic. Inform someone of your travel plans, especially when trekking or self-driving off the beaten path.
Medical Facilities: Harare has a few good private hospitals and clinics. Outside the capital, quality drops off; emergency care may require evacuation. Travel insurance with medical evacuation coverage is strongly advised. Carry a basic first-aid kit (bandages, antiseptic, motion sickness pills, anti-diarrheals, personal meds).
Health Tip: Drink plenty of fluids in the dry, dusty climate (carry a reusable water bottle). Bring oral rehydration salts in case of stomach upset. For sudden altitude changes (e.g. flying into Harare), allow a day to acclimatize before strenuous activity.
Moving through Zimbabwe can be an adventure in itself. Here are the main ways to get around:
Transport Insight: Driving times can be much longer than map estimates due to uneven roads and police checkpoints. Plan your journey with buffer time. On game drives or park road trips, keep fuel and cash handy – roadside mechanics exist, but parts may not.
Zimbabwe caters to travelers of every budget. Lodging options include:
Lodging Tip: Check guest reviews for guidance – power and water cuts can happen at any level of accommodation, so lodges often mention backup generators or solar. In high season (July–August), book well in advance, especially for Victoria Falls and Hwange lodges, as these fill up quickly.
Packing right can make your trip more comfortable. Here’s a checklist of recommended items for Zimbabwe:
Packing Tip: Light layering is key. Even in winter, daytimes warm up significantly once the sun is up, but nights (especially on open safari vehicles) can chill. Pack a thin fleece or jacket even in midsummer for early morning drives.
Zimbabweans are generally warm and hospitable. Observing local customs shows respect and enriches your travel. Key cultural tips include:
Etiquette Note: Zimbabwean meals often bring everyone together. It is considered polite to wait until everyone is served and given a blessing before eating. Also, carrying a small gift (like a bar of soap or candies) when visiting a rural family is a gracious gesture that will be deeply appreciated.
Responsible travel in Zimbabwe means contributing positively to local people and conservation. Here are ways to make your visit beneficial to communities:
Community Tip: A simple way to “give back” is bringing small supplies to villages: things like solar lanterns, soccer balls, or English-Spanish children’s books are often more useful than cash. Always check with your guide first – they can arrange distribution through vetted programs.
Families: Zimbabwe can be a rewarding family destination, especially for older children who love wildlife. Safari camps often welcome kids (though some high-end lodges have age restrictions, typically allowing children 12+ on drives). Many family-friendly lodges will arrange activities like junior ranger programs or guided nature walks geared to youngsters. Family travel tips:
Solo Travelers: Zimbabwe is generally considered safe for solo travelers, including solo women. Zimbabweans are hospitable and tours are rarely targeted by crime. Tips for solos:
In summary, both families and solo travelers can enjoy Zimbabwe fully, provided basic precautions are taken. The key is to plan well, respect local norms, and stay aware of your surroundings.
Zimbabwe’s treasures – wild places, cultures, and wildlife – are precious and can be fragile. As a visitor, you can tread lightly to ensure these survive for future generations. Here are principles of responsible travel in Zimbabwe:
Ethical Travel Box: Prefer tours that hire local guides and staff from communities nearby. Ask your lodge what conservation or community projects they support – many proudly showcase their efforts (whether building schools, medical clinics, or funding beehive projects). Your travel dollars have more impact when put through such enterprises.
Do I need a visa to travel to Zimbabwe? Most travelers (including U.S., U.K., EU, Australian, Canadian passport holders, etc.) can get a visa on arrival at the airport or main border crossing. Pay the fee (US$30 for 30-day single entry, US$45 for 45-day double entry, etc.). You may also apply for the KAZA Univisa ($50) which covers Zimbabwe and Zambia if you plan to visit both.
What currency is used in Zimbabwe? The official currency is the Zimbabwean dollar (Zimdollar/ZiG), but in practice Zimbabwe is a cash society using mostly U.S. dollars and some South African rand. Credit cards are rarely accepted. We strongly recommend you bring enough USD (new and crisp, small denominations) for your entire trip. ATMs in cities dispense local currency, which is hard to use outside Zimbabwe.
Is Zimbabwe safe for tourists? Generally yes, but use common sense. Petty crime (pickpocketing, bag snatching) can happen, especially in busy markets. Violent crime against tourists is uncommon. Avoid deserted roads after dark. Always secure valuables and travel in groups at night. Follow guides’ advice in rural areas. Consult your government’s travel advisories; as of 2025, Zimbabwe is advised as “exercise normal precautions” (Level 1).
What language is spoken in Zimbabwe? English is the main official language and is spoken in cities and by younger Zimbabweans. The majority of the population speaks Shona (in the northeast and center) or Ndebele (in the southwest). You’ll also hear other indigenous languages and Afrikaans. In rural areas, learning a few Shona or Ndebele greetings is very much appreciated.
What are the best places to visit in Zimbabwe? The top attractions include Victoria Falls, Hwange NP, Mana Pools NP, the Matobo Hills, Great Zimbabwe Ruins, and Lake Kariba. Don’t overlook the cities: Harare and Bulawayo have markets, museums and lively culture. If you have extra time, consider the Eastern Highlands (Nyanga/Chimanimani) for hiking and cool climate. Each area offers unique scenery and activities, as detailed above.
When is the best time to visit Zimbabwe? The dry season (May–September) is generally best for wildlife viewing and outdoor activities. July–August is cool and clear. However, visiting just after the rainy season (April) means lush landscapes and full waterfalls. If you want to see Victoria Falls in full flow, go around Feb–April (expect mist). Rafting and Devil’s Pool on the Zambezi are available in the dry (July–Dec). Shoulder months (April and October) can balance crowd and weather.
What health precautions should I take? Have routine vaccinations up to date. Take malaria prophylaxis if visiting low-altitude areas (like Mana Pools, Hwange, Zambezi Valley) especially in summer. Use insect repellent daily. Drink bottled water. Avoid undercooked food and fruit washed in tap water. Bring sunscreen, a hat, and cover up against the sun. Travel insurance with medical evacuation is highly recommended since remote medical care is limited.
How do I get around Zimbabwe? By air or road. Flights connect Harare–Bulawayo–Vic Falls–Kariba, but check schedules (local airlines are fewer). Renting a 4×4 is ideal if you drive yourself (must drive on the left). Public buses and kombis serve main routes but can be crowded. Within cities, use taxis or rideshare apps. For safaris, most tourists join guided 4×4 tours (4WD vehicles are needed in parks). Keep in mind distances – Zimbabwe is bigger than it looks, so long drives can take several hours.
What should I pack for Zimbabwe? See the packing list above. Essentials: sun protection (hat, sunscreen, sunglasses), light breathable clothing for daytime, warm layers for early mornings, a good camera/binoculars, and insect repellent. A rain jacket is needed in summer rains. Closed-toe sturdy shoes for walking and boots for wildlife terrains. Also bring a universal power adapter, any required medicines, and USD cash.
What is the weather like in Zimbabwe? It’s generally moderate due to elevation. High season (dry winter) features warm days (~25°C/77°F in cities) and cool nights (often 10–15°C, sometimes near freezing inland). The rainy season (October–April) has higher humidity and daytime highs of 30°C (86°F) or more, with frequent afternoon downpours. The north (Zambezi valley) is hottest, the highlands cooler. Always check regional forecasts for planning.
Which airlines fly into Zimbabwe? There are no direct flights from the U.S. or Europe, but connections are easy via Africa or the Middle East. Ethiopian (via Addis Ababa) and Qatar Airways (via Lusaka, then road transfer) serve Harare/Vic Falls. Kenyan Airways flies Nairobi–Harare. South African Airways (via Johannesburg) goes to Harare and Vic Falls. Local carriers like Fastjet and Air Zimbabwe connect to Lusaka, Dar es Salaam, and Johannesburg.
Can I use credit cards in Zimbabwe? Generally not, except in a few top hotels or boutiques. The U.S. State Department explicitly warns that credit cards are almost unusable in Zimbabwe. ATMs (in major cities) dispense Zimdollars. Your safest bet is to carry enough cash (USD) to cover expenses. Traveler’s checks are not widely accepted. Always inform your bank of travel plans, and know your credit card PIN.
How much does a trip to Zimbabwe cost? Costs range by style: Budget travelers (hostels, public transport, DIY camping) might spend ~$50–70/day. Mid-range (3-star lodges, some guided tours) ~$150–250/day. Luxury safaris and accommodations are $300+ per day. Airfare to Harare/Vic Falls from Europe can be significant; plan accordingly. On a typical 10-day safari-focused itinerary including park fees and guides, expect ~$2,000–3,000 per person (without flights).
What are the top safari destinations? Hwange NP and Mana Pools NP top the list for big game. Matusadona NP (on Lake Kariba’s north bank) is great for lion and buffalo. Gonarezhou NP (south-east, often combined with South Luangwa in Zambia) is known for its wilderness. Matobo NP offers rhinos and leopards. In short: Hwange (elephants), Mana (walking safaris), Matobo (rhino), Gonarezhou (remoteness), and Victoria Falls’ Zambezi National Park (Elephants along river) are the highlights.
What cultural traditions should I be aware of? Respect is paramount. Address elders with courtesy, remove your hat indoors, and dress modestly in rural areas. It’s polite to greet everyone (“good morning/afternoon”) with a handshake when entering small shops or homes. If invited to a local home, taking a small gift (like soap or tea) is thoughtful. Eat with your right hand if locals do. Always clarify before taking photos of people.
Is it ethical to visit Zimbabwe? Absolutely – tourism is a key source of revenue for Zimbabwe, and can benefit both the economy and conservation if done responsibly. By supporting local guides, lodges, and community projects (as noted above), travelers help fund anti-poaching and development. Just avoid exploitative activities (elephant riding, etc.) and engage with local culture respectfully. Travel itself is neither exploitative nor patronizing as long as you are mindful.
What are the top adventure activities? In addition to safaris: Victoria Falls region offers world-famous adrenaline sports – the 111m bungee jump, white-water rafting, gorge swings, zip-lines, and microlight flights. In Mana Pools, canoeing on the Zambezi is a top adventure. Elsewhere: hiking in the Chimanimani or Eastern Highlands, horseback riding in Matobo, and houseboat cruises/fishing on Lake Kariba. Even something like kayaking or sandboarding (on Kariba’s sands) can be arranged.
What is the food like in Zimbabwe? Simple, hearty, and largely meat-based. The staple is sadza (corn porridge) served with stews (beef, goat, chicken) or green vegetable relishes. Grilled meats and stews are common at restaurants. Fruits like mango and citrus are ubiquitous in season. Beer (Lion Lager, Zambezi, etc.) and Maheu (fermented maize drink) are popular. Vegetarian options are available, but inform staff as “green” dishes can sometimes include small fish or meat. Western/Indian dishes appear on tourist menus, but local flavors like peanut butter stew (dovi) or mopane worms (rare delicacy of caterpillars) await the adventurous.
Are there any travel restrictions or safety advisories? No special travel bans exist (assuming normal conditions). However, always check for the latest advisories (e.g. disease outbreaks, civil unrest). As of now, the U.S. and UK rate Zimbabwe as relatively low-risk if you use common caution. COVID-19: Zimbabwe requires no testing or quarantine for vaccinated travelers as of 2025, but rules can change.
How do I access the internet/WiFi in Zimbabwe? Major hotels and lodges usually offer Wi-Fi (often limited or paid). In towns, Internet cafes exist (especially Harare). For broader coverage, buy a Zimbabwean SIM (Econet or NetOne) which provides LTE data. Even if you have a global roaming plan, local SIM is far cheaper. Keep in mind network speed can slow down in crowds or during storms.
What is the tipping etiquette? In restaurants, tip about 10% if service isn’t included. For hotel porters and staff, $1–2 per bag or night is fine. On safari: It’s customary to tip your guide/driver about $15–25 per day (pooled with a tracker, if present). Lodge staff (housekeepers, servers, etc.) usually share a tip “pool” – about $10 per guest per day added is good practice. If unsure, ask the lodge manager for the recommended tip scheme. Tips are expected in USD cash.
What is the time zone in Zimbabwe? Zimbabwe is on Central Africa Time (CAT), which is UTC+2. It does not observe daylight saving time.
What is the international dialing code? It is +263. When dialing Zimbabwe from abroad, drop any leading 0 from area codes. For example, to call Harare’s number (04) XXXX-XXXX from the U.S., dial +263 4 XXXXXXXX.
Can solo travelers visit Zimbabwe safely? Yes. Zimbabwe welcomes solo backpackers and solo female travelers in particular. Join group tours or safaris to meet others and reduce loneliness. Exercise usual travel caution: use reputable transport, avoid sketchy areas at night, and secure your belongings. Engage with friendly locals or expat communities (major cities have active travel forums) for advice and companionship.
What are the best family-friendly activities? Wildlife safari drives (Hwange and Victoria Falls NP are good for kids), interactive zoo-like centers (like Wild Is Life in Harare, which rehabilitates big cats and cheetahs), the railway museum (Bulawayo), and gentle boat rides. In Harare, the Mukuvisi Woodlands has a small animal orphanage. Swimming in lodge pools, flying foxes (zip lines) at adrenaline parks, and cultural experiences (like visiting a Shangaan village near Vic Falls) can entertain children. Most lodges can accommodate families with child-safe options.
How do I book tours and safaris? Options: through travel agencies (online or in-home country) who specialize in Zimbabwe/Zimbabwe tours; directly with local Zimbabwean tour operators (many have websites); or through your hotel or lodge once in country (though this is less common for safaris). For major parks, booking in advance is wise in high season. Package tours are available combining Zimbabwe with Botswana/Zambia. Whichever way, ensure the operator is licensed (ask for registration) and read reviews. Sites like TripAdvisor and SafariAdvisor can help vet operators.
What are the must-see historical sites? Great Zimbabwe is the crown jewel. Also visit Khami Ruins near Bulawayo (UNESCO, large stone settlement from the 15th–17th centuries). In Harare, the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences has exhibits on ancient civilizations (including Great Zimbabwe artifacts). The Railway Museum and Natural History Museum in Bulawayo showcase colonial-era technology and local natural history. Cecil Rhodes’ grave and the Memorial Chapel in Matobo are historically significant (note: Rhodes is a controversial figure). For military history, there are memorials and museums of the Liberation War (1970s) scattered in Harare and Bulawayo.
How do I support local communities? (See above “Supporting Local Communities” section.) To recap: buy local crafts, choose community-run lodges or cooperatives, hire village guides for tours, donate carefully to local schools or clinics if you wish, and participate in cultural exchanges that directly benefit residents. Volunteering through accredited programs (e.g. teaching English or wildlife conservation) is another way, but research carefully to avoid scams.
What wildlife can I expect to see? Zimbabwe has all of Africa’s “Big Five”: elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo, and white/black rhino (latter especially in Matobo). Other charismatic megafauna include hippos, crocodiles, giraffes, zebras, antelopes (kudu, impala, sable, roan), cheetahs, hyenas, warthogs, and 12,000+ elephants in Mana/Hwange combined. Birdlife is equally spectacular – eagles, vultures, flamingos (in alkaline lakes like Hwange’s Lake Ngezi), and waterfowl. In total, anticipate seeing dozens of species on even a short safari. Every park has its highlights: e.g. Mana Pools = wild dogs and elephants; Hwange = big herds of sable and elephants; Matobo = rhinos and leopard.
What are the best luxury and budget accommodation options? Luxury examples: Somalisa Camp (Hwange), Azura at Kariba, Ilala Lodge (Vic Falls), Ngoma Safari Lodge (Mana), Victoria Falls Hotel (historic “The Grand”). Mid-range: Lake Kariba’s Bayete Guest Lodge, Linkwasha Camp (Hwange), River Crossing Lodge (Matobo). Budget: Riverside Camp (Mana), Vic Falls Backpackers, several guesthouses in Harare (where expect $30–50/night). For budget safari camping, the national parks (Matobo, Mana, Hwange) have official campgrounds (bring tent or sometimes rent one).
How do I combine Zimbabwe with neighboring countries? The easiest combo is with Zambia: since Victoria Falls straddles both, many travelers do “Zim/Zambia Falls” tours (use the KAZA visa to cross easily). Northern Zimbabwe connects to South Africa via the Limpopo region (Bulawayo or Beitbridge border), and to Mozambique by road from Mutare (beach extensions in Mozambique can follow a Zimbabwe trip). Botswana is accessible via Hwange – one can drive (or bird safari) into Chobe National Park. Namibia is farther (through Botswana’s Caprivi or via Livingstone/Zambia). Tours often pair Zimbabwe with safaris in Zambia’s South Luangwa or Lower Zambezi, or with cultural visits in Mozambique. The regional combination offers a “Southern African circuit”: e.g. Cape Town–Victoria Falls–Okavango–Chobe is a classic. Always check visa requirements: most allow multi-country entry via regional visas (KAZA, etc).
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