South Sudan

South Sudan is a land of contrasts: turbulent yet mesmerizing, challenging yet profoundly rewarding for the prepared traveler. This guide covers everything you need to know — from rigorous safety advice (the civil war and crime risks mean you must plan carefully) to practicalities like visas, health precautions (Yellow Fever vaccination and malaria prophylaxis are mandatory), money (bring ample USD cash), and logistics. You’ll find in-depth tips on cultural etiquette (dress modestly, always ask before photographing), the best seasons to visit (dry season Nov–Feb for reliable travel), and where to go (Juba’s lively markets, the jaw-dropping Great Migration in Boma NP, tranquil White Nile cruises). Packed with tribal insights, wildlife highlights, and packing checklists, this guide ensures your South Sudan trip is informed, respectful and as safe as possible amidst its untamed beauty.

South Sudan occupies a terrain of striking contrasts, where the slow sweep of the White Nile etches its path through grasslands and swamps, and where plateaus rise above seasonally flooded plains. Straddling latitudes three to thirteen degrees north and longitudes twenty‑four to thirty‑six degrees east, this young nation is bounded by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya to the south, and the Central African Republic to the west. Its landlocked position conceals a wealth of ecological zones: wooded savannas give way to tropical forests; elsewhere, expanses of open grassland yield to the sprawling wetland of the Sudd, a vast, waterlogged mosaic that nurtures one of Africa’s greatest wildlife spectacles. Juba, cradled on the banks of the White Nile, serves as both the capital and the country’s largest urban centre, yet its rapid growth has already spurred plans for a new seat of government at Ramciel, a site chosen for its more central location and potential to accommodate a planned city reminiscent of Abuja or Canberra.

The Sudd remains South Sudan’s defining physical feature. Formed where the Bahr al Jabal — the “Mountain Sea” — slows into flooded grasslands and channels clogged with papyrus, it extends across some ten thousand square kilometres in the wet season. Its watercourses support buffalo and Kob herds, while crocodiles bask on muddy banks under towering palms. Beyond the swamp, the East Sudanian savanna and the Sahelian Acacia belt frame woodland mosaics where oryx and tiang once roamed in numbers now diminished by conflict. To the southeast, Bandingilo and Boma national parks protect the second‑largest terrestrial migration on Earth: each year, over a million antelopes — white‑eared kob, tiang and Mongalla gazelle — traverse floodplains in search of fresh pasture. Surveys by conservation groups since 2005 have confirmed that, despite years of upheaval, the great movement endures, even as its full extent remains only partly mapped.

Biodiversity in South Sudan extends beyond the plains. In forest reserves north of Yambio, chimpanzees and forest elephants find refuge beneath a canopy of mahogany and ebony, while rare bongos slip through undergrowth in near‑silence. Mammals typically associated with open country — giraffe, eland, hartebeest — wander wooded savannas and plateaus, particularly across the Boma‑Jonglei landscape. That region, intertwined with the Sudd’s floodplains, supports a rich mix of species: elephants forage alongside antelopes, lions patrol the edges of grassland, and buffalos wallow in seasonal lagoons. Though studies of fungi in South Sudan remain scarce, historical records hint at hundreds of species, many tied to crop diseases yet potentially offering undiscovered ecological value. In 2006, President Salva Kiir vowed to protect these natural assets, committing to curb wildfires and pollution; recent analyses suggest that, with a forest landscape integrity score near the global top, much of the country’s wild heritage has survived in relatively intact form.

This ecological wealth contrasts sharply with South Sudan’s human story, one marked by protracted conflict. For centuries, the lands south of the Sudanese Nile valley saw intermittent resistance to northern rule, but the modern era of struggle began under the Anglo‑Egyptian condominium. Independence in 1956 did not heal the divide; rather, it ushered in the First Sudanese Civil War, which finally yielded a fragile autonomy for Southern Sudan between 1972 and 1983. When hostilities resumed, another war raged until the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 granted a renewed autonomous government, led by Salva Kiir Mayardit as president and Riek Machar as vice president. A referendum in January 2011 produced an overwhelming vote — 98.8 per cent in favour — for full sovereignty, and on 9 July of that year, South Sudan emerged as the world’s newest recognized state.

Yet peace proved elusive. By December 2013, tensions between President Kiir and former vice president Machar ignited a civil war that fractured along ethnic lines, forcing millions to flee their homes and provoking reports of massacres, forced displacement and targeted killings of journalists. International mediators and regional bodies pressed for ceasefires, and in 2018 a revitalized peace agreement established a power‑sharing arrangement between Kiir’s Dinka faction and Machar’s Nuer supporters. The subsequent unity government has focused on rebuilding basic services and restoring security, even as sporadic violence continues in parts of the country. As of 2025, South Sudan remains a coalition state still healing from nearly two decades of near‑continuous war.

Demographically, South Sudan is one of the world’s youngest nations: roughly half its twelve‑million residents are under the age of eighteen. A tapestry of Nilotic societies underpins its cultural landscape. The Dinka comprise around forty per cent of the population, the Nuer roughly twenty per cent, and the Azande near ten per cent; smaller communities include the Shilluk, Bari and dozens more, each speaking its own language and maintaining distinct traditions. Seventy languages possess constitutional status as “national languages,” yet English remains the official working language of government and education. Arabic, long the lingua franca of the broader Nile valley, persists in two forms: Juba Arabic, a creole spoken by over a million people, and Sudanese Arabic, used by expatriates and some northerners. With South Sudan’s entry into the East African Community in 2019, Swahili has entered school curricula, reflecting a strategic shift toward regional integration, even as membership in the Arab League lingers unresolved.

Religious practice blends Christianity, traditional belief systems and Islam. Exact figures are elusive, given the displacements of war and nomadic lifestyles, but recent surveys suggest that approximately 60 per cent of the population identifies as Christian, nearly 33 per cent with indigenous faiths, and around 6 per cent as Muslim. Churches and mission stations stand alongside shrines in village clearings; imams and pastors alike address congregations formed under makeshift roofs or beneath the shade of acacia trees. Faith communities have provided humanitarian aid during crises, even as religious affiliation sometimes aligns with ethnic identity, further complicating efforts to forge national unity.

Economic life remains dominated by agriculture and oil. Despite fertile soils along riverbanks and floodplains, most farmers practice subsistence cultivation of sorghum, maize, millet and cassava. Cattle herding persists as both a livelihood and a cultural cornerstone, though seasonal grazing routes have contracted due to insecurity and land disputes. Timber exports reach international markets, but mineral resources — iron ore, copper, chromium, zinc, diamonds and gold — are largely untapped. The discovery of substantial petroleum reserves in the south sparked hopes for swift development; by 2023, oil accounted for over 90 per cent of state revenue, drawn from fields that outrank much of Sub‑Saharan Africa in potential output. Yet dependence on transit through Sudanese pipelines to Port Sudan, coupled with charges—US$34 per barrel—led Juba to suspend production in January 2012, spurring revenue collapse and a spike in food prices. Negotiations since have yielded transit fees more favourable to South Sudan, but the economy remains vulnerable to price fluctuations and political tensions.

Infrastructure is sparse. Road transport offers the most affordable inland movement, yet networks of dirt tracks become impassable during the rains. The White Nile provides a seasonal artery for goods and passengers between Juba, Uganda and northern trading hubs, while rail service extends 248 kilometres from the Sudanese border to Wau, with proposals seeking links to both Kenya and Uganda. Air connections hinge on Juba Airport, which hosts international flights to Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Cairo and Khartoum, as well as domestic carriers. Smaller airstrips — at Malakal, Rumbek and Nimule — lie off charted routes, their runways often little more than graded earth. Ambitions to launch a national airline surfaced in 2012; progress has been incremental, reflecting broader challenges in funding, regulation and technical capacity.

Climate shapes every aspect of life. The tropical cycle divides into a rainy season — spanning roughly May through October, though rains sometimes begin in April or linger into November — and a dry season marked by clear skies and falling humidity. July, the coolest month, sees temperatures range between twenty and thirty degrees Celsius; March, by contrast, can reach thirty-seven degrees at midday. The Inter‑Tropical Convergence Zone governs rainfall patterns, shifting winds and cloud cover. Climate models predict rising precipitation under ongoing global change, though the impact on seasonal distribution remains uncertain. Shifts in flood regimes could transform floodplain agriculture and wildlife migrations alike.

Political membership of international bodies underscores South Sudan’s dual orientation toward Africa and the Arab sphere. Admitted to the United Nations in 2011, the country joined the African Union, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and the East African Community, signaling a commitment to regional cooperation. An application to join the Arab League in 2014 remains pending, reflecting the legacy of Sudanese unity and cultural ties.

Human development indicators remain low. South Sudan ranks at the bottom of the United Nations’ Human Development Index, and nominal GDP per capita surpasses only Burundi. High maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates persist, tied to limited health facilities and educational access. Decades of war have eroded institutional capacity; more than two million lives were lost before peace accords in 2005 and again in 2018, and over four million displaced persons now live as refugees or internally displaced. International aid agencies operate alongside emerging local NGOs to deliver water, sanitation, primary education and medical care.

In cultural expression, South Sudan’s arts reflect resilience and adaptation. Oral traditions of song, dance and storytelling persist amid modern influences. In Juba’s markets, craftspeople fashion beadwork and pottery that speak to ethnic heritage. Expatriate communities in Nairobi and Kampala foster literary and visual arts networks, while town festivals mark harvest cycles and rites of passage. Though formal institutions for cultural preservation have been slow to develop, grassroots efforts signal a growing recognition of heritage’s role in forging national identity.

The path ahead for South Sudan hinges on sustaining fragile peace, diversifying an oil‑dependent economy and restoring services across a fractured landscape. Investments in rural roads could link farmers to markets; expansion of rail and river transport may lower costs and spur trade. Strengthening governance and rule of law remains central to curbing ethnic violence. Education reform, including the introduction of Swahili and reinforcement of English instruction, aims to equip a youthful population for regional integration. Meanwhile, conservation of the Sudd and wildlife parks offers potential for eco‑tourism, provided security and infrastructure improve. Such prospects remain distant, yet the country’s rich endowment of land and water affords a foundation for renewal.

South Sudan stands at a crossroads: shaped by ancient rivers and recent conflicts, defined by youthful energy and wartime scars. Its story embodies both the weight of history and the promise of renewal. As it works to forge institutions, diversify livelihoods and heal communal rifts, the nation’s survival will depend as much on pragmatic policymaking as on the enduring spirit of its people, whose ties to land, livestock and language bind them across ethnic lines. In this vast landscape of floodplains and plateaus, South Sudan’s future remains unwritten, its contours waiting to be shaped by new generations who, like the Nile, must chart a course through both calm and tumult.

South Sudanese pound (SSP)

Currency

July 9, 2011

Founded

+211

Calling code

12,703,714

Population

619,745 km² (239,285 sq mi)

Area

English

Official language

460 m (1,512 ft) average

Elevation

East Africa Time (UTC+3)

Time zone

South Sudan stands apart as one of the world’s most raw and untamed frontiers. It is a country of vast savannas, sprawling wetlands, and rich tribal heritage – yet it remains little explored by tourists. Travelers who venture here find themselves immersed in a potent mix of culture, history and nature. The Red Earth’s newest nation (independent since 2011) offers a rare chance to witness traditions as old as the Nile itself, and wildlife spectacles unseen by the typical visitor.

From cattle-herding communities and lively city markets to the white-dusted plains of Boma National Park, the experiences are unique. This guide covers everything an intrepid traveler needs to know – from rigorous safety advice and visas to the best times to travel, how to get around, plus cultural tips and packing lists. Throughout, the focus is on solid facts blended with respectful insight, aimed at empowering the curious and cautious explorer ready to plan a safe, meaningful journey.

Why Visit South Sudan?

Visiting South Sudan is not for the faint-hearted, but for those drawn to truly off-the-beaten-path adventures, the rewards are extraordinary. The country offers landscapes and cultures largely untouched by mass tourism. In the east, millions of antelope participate in the Great Nile Migration – Africa’s largest land migration – moving in thundering herds across Boma and Bandingilo National Parks. Along the White Nile, fishermen in traditional boats and cattle camps (some painted white with ash) form a timeless scene. Local festivals, markets and village life reveal customs unseen by most outsiders. Whether it’s sharing a morning coffee under an acacia in Juba, watching a Nuer fisherman on the river at dawn, or sleeping under the stars by a campfire in remote bush, South Sudan offers authentic encounters that linger in memory.

Unique Experiences in South Sudan

Wildlife and Safari – Boma and Nimule national parks host elephants, giraffes, hippos, buffalo and numerous antelope species. At certain seasons, herds of white-eared kob and gazelles amass in epic numbers, rivaling better-known migrations. Spotting them on foot or from a safari jeep is a major draw. Birdwatchers can seek out rare species in the Sudd wetlands and along the Nile.
Tribal Culture and Cattle Camps – South Sudan’s people live deeply connected to cattle and tradition. In the countryside you may witness the Dinka, Nuer or Mundari milking cows at sunrise, elders meeting on horseback in dusty markets, or bark-cloth ceremonies of the Bari. Visitors may get invited to a homestead to share a cup of shahee, the local spiced tea, or to watch evening dances illuminated by firelight.
The White Nile – Flowing through Juba, the White Nile is the lifeblood of South Sudan. Boat trips in Juba or Nimule reveal daily life along the riverbanks: women washing clothes in the shallows, men hauling logs, and local traders on wooden ferry boats. Sunset cruises can be magical.
Urban Contrast – Juba, the young capital, is a mix of mud roads and modern hotels. Here one sees South Sudan’s ambitions and complexities: bronze statues at Freedom Square, ministry offices, and vibrant bazaars under yellow streetlamps. The city’s bustling markets sell everything from spices and fish to beads and livestock (yes, goats and chickens are sold in the open!), giving insight into how the nation’s people live.

Who Should Visit?

South Sudan is not a typical vacation spot. The following travelers, however, may find it worth considering:

Adventure Seekers: Those yearning for genuine frontiers, where few tourists tread, and who are prepared for rugged conditions.
Wildlife and Birdwatching Enthusiasts: Anyone eager to see the Great Nile Migration and abundant wildlife with minimal crowds (often only researchers or sanctuary staff).
Anthropology/Culture Buffs: People interested in Nilotic cultures and history. South Sudan’s tribal traditions, ancient rituals, and folk beliefs are of great anthropological interest.
NGO/Humanitarian Personnel: Aid, development, or business travelers who must go for work will find this guide invaluable to navigate everyday logistics safely.
Photographers/Journalists: Those documenting culture, conflict resolution or rare wildlife might benefit, but must stay aware of legal restrictions on media work.

Anyone visiting should be well-prepared and informed (this guide aims to help with that). Caution, patience, and respect are essential.

Quick Facts About South Sudan

A solid grasp of the basics helps orient any traveler. Here are essential quick facts:

Official Name: Republic of South Sudan.
Location & Borders: Landlocked in the upper Nile basin of East-Central Africa. It borders Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south, and the Central African Republic to the west.
Capital and Major Cities: Juba (capital and largest city). Other notable towns: Wau (west), Malakal and Bentiu (north), Torit (east), Yambio and Maridi (southwest).
Area: ~619,745 km² (larger than France).
Population: ~11 million (2024 estimate). Diverse groups of ethnic Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Bari, Zande and dozens of smaller tribes make up the population.
Languages: Official language is English. Juba Arabic (a pidgin Arabic) is widely spoken as a lingua franca in Juba and towns. Major indigenous languages include Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Bari, Zande and many others (over 60 in total). Arabic (Sudanese) is understood by some, especially older or urban populations.
Currency: South Sudanese Pound (SSP). Due to inflation, US dollars are widely accepted; carry clean, undamaged USD notes (pref. $20 and above). ATMs are rare.
Time Zone: Central Africa Time (UTC +2), no daylight savings.
Calling Code: +211.
Electricity: 230 V / 50 Hz (Type C/D plugs common). Power cuts are frequent; bring a power bank or inverter.
Key Statistics: South Sudan became independent on July 9, 2011. It was the world’s 193rd country. Life expectancy and infrastructure are among the world’s lowest.

Statistic	Data
Population (2024 est.)	~11 million
Capital city	Juba (pop. ~500,000)
Area	619,745 km² (238,239 sq mi)
Official language	English
Recognized languages	Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Bari, Zande, etc.
Currency	South Sudanese Pound (SSP)
Time zone	CAT (UTC+2)
Independence	9 July 2011
Calling code	+211

These basics are a handy reference. The currency (SSP) has faced sharp inflation; carrying USD cash is prudent. Always confirm local data as things change quickly.

Is It Safe to Travel to South Sudan?

Safety is the paramount concern for any visitor to South Sudan. Travel advisories from most foreign governments strongly discourage all travel. The security situation is volatile. Civil conflict that erupted in 2013 has flared and ebbed; renewed fighting began again in early 2025. Visitors must be extremely cautious.

Conflict: Armed clashes have occurred in various regions, especially in the north (Unity and Upper Nile states) and west (Equatoria). In 2025, clashes between forces loyal to President Salva Kiir and rebel commander Riek Machar escalated, including battles in Upper Nile. The conflict is unpredictable: roads may suddenly become warzones, and airstrikes or ambushes can happen with little warning.
Political Tension: The 2020 peace accord between Kiir and Machar is fragile. Political disputes have led to incidents of violence even in or near Juba (e.g. the 2025 house arrest of the First Vice President). Demonstrations or celebrations can attract armed groups or turn violent, so avoid crowds and protests. Keep abreast of local news through radio or embassy alerts.
Travel Advisories: The U.S. State Department, UK FCDO, and others explicitly advise “Do not travel”. They cite rampant crime, kidnappings, ethnic violence, and landmines. For example, US citizens are warned that walking outside secure compounds in Juba is unsafe due to crime.
Crime: Violent crime is a serious threat. Armed robberies, carjackings, assaults and even killings have targeted civilians, including foreigners. Kidnappings for ransom occur occasionally. Petty crime (pickpocketing, bag-snatching) is common especially in markets. In Juba, drivers of crowded “tuk-tuks” (shared taxis) may collude to overcharge. Always lock vehicles and hide valuables; do not carry large sums.
Scams and Corruption: Bribery of police and officials is common. At checkpoints, soldiers or police might demand “fees” to pass. Police checkpoints are frequent on highways; carry printed travel documents to ease inspections. Avoid arguments and carry no weapons. There are few organized tourism scams (given the lack of tourists), but exercise the same vigilance as in any unfamiliar place.
Security Tips:
Register with your embassy or consulate upon arrival. Keep a list of emergency contacts.
Travel only by daylight, and preferably in a 4×4 with a driver who knows local conditions. Roads can be ambushed; avoid isolated stretches and travel in convoy if possible.
Do not walk alone in Juba or other cities after dark. Stay within fenced or guarded compounds at night.
Blend in: avoid flashy clothing or jewelry. Show respect to local customs and uniforms.
Keep your passport and documents secure. Carry scanned copies separately.
Familiarize yourself with escape routes (road and air). Know how to contact your embassy or security team.

Safety Tip: Travel strictly in groups or with guides. Keep a low profile, avoid night travel, and stay updated through trusted local news. Always heed roadblock guards and keep vehicles fueled and in good repair.

Safety for Solo & Female Travelers

Independent or solo travel by foreigners is strongly discouraged due to the high risks. Women face particular challenges: South Sudanese society is conservative. Street harassment (leering or unwanted comments) can occur in cities like Juba. Women visitors should dress modestly (cover shoulders and knees), avoid being out alone after dark, and prefer to travel with a companion or a local guide. In rural areas, tribal attitudes towards outsiders can vary; a female in a mixed group will still attract curiosity. Female humanitarian workers often live in compound settings rather than exploring alone. In general, anyone considering South Sudan should ask: Is this trip absolutely necessary? If so, strict security measures are mandatory.

Political Situation & Travel Advisories

The political landscape is part of South Sudan’s safety picture. Since independence, the country has seen persistent power struggles. In recent months (2025), fighting resumed in Upper Nile, with reports of air strikes and militia activity. Domestic politics can flare into violence. Always check the latest advisories from your government and non-government organizations (NGOs). These will note specific “do not travel” zones: as of this writing, Eastern, Northern, and Western states are particularly unstable; travel within Greater Upper Nile or Western Equatoria carries high risk.

Should you decide to travel, remain flexible. Flight or road schedules can change at short notice (for example, borders may close if tensions spike). The safest stance is to have contingency plans and registered with your embassy or workplace.

In summary, South Sudan is an extreme destination. Thorough preparation and caution are non-negotiable. This guide does not sugarcoat the dangers: it equips you with the knowledge to navigate them.

Visa Requirements & Entry Information

Visas are mandatory for nearly all visitors. Tourist visas must be obtained in advance via South Sudanese diplomatic missions or the official e-visa portal. A few nationals may be eligible for visa-on-arrival, but this is the exception, not the rule.

Types of Visas: South Sudan offers single-entry tourist visas (usually valid 30–60 days) and multiple-entry visas (for business or frequent travel). Transit visas (72 hours max) are available for those merely passing through. Diplomatic or courtesy visas exist for officials. Regardless of category, most visitors require pre-approval.
Application Process: Ideally apply through a South Sudan embassy or consulate in your country (or nearest one). If no embassy exists locally, approach the nearest mission (Nairobi, Kampala, Khartoum, etc.) or apply online via the government’s e-visa portal. Processing times are long, often two weeks or more, so apply early. Required documents typically include: passport valid ≥6 months, a passport photo, proof of Yellow Fever vaccination, an invitation letter or tour booking, hotel booking, return ticket and evidence of funds. Be thorough: missing paperwork can delay or deny the visa.
Visa Fees: Fees vary by nationality and visa length. Expect to pay around USD 50–100 for a single-entry visa, more for multiple entries. (Exact fees change; verify with the embassy or official website.) Note that currency shortages in South Sudan mean visas may only accept USD cash at some posts. Keep extra cash on hand.
E-Visa: South Sudan launched an e-visa system (evisa.gov.ss). The portal lets you apply online. Availability and accepted nationalities can change; check eligibility on their site. Even with e-visa approval, you still must enter through major ports (Juba, Nimule, etc.) – smaller border points might not accept it.
At the Border: Upon arrival (by air or road) immigration officers will stamp your passport and may take a photo. You must present your Yellow Fever vaccination card at entry. Other diseases like COVID-19 generally no longer require documentation, but check current rules before travel (pandemic-related requirements have largely eased globally as of 2025). No customs duties or currency exit limits apply, but have proof of onward travel or funds if asked.
Registering: If your stay extends beyond a few days, you must register with the Immigration and Alien’s Control Department in Juba. Non-registration can cause legal issues. Do not overstay your visa – enforcement is strict. Working or volunteering generally requires a separate permit.

Border Crossings & Routes: Aside from airports, you can enter via:

– Nimule–Uganda: The main road crossing from Uganda. Nimule (home to Nimule NP) is busy with cross-border trade. Vehicles and passengers queue here. Note that Ugandan immigration is separate from South Sudan’s at this point; allow extra time for visas/permits on both sides.
– South Sudan–Sudan: Overland entry from Sudan is unpredictable. Officially, you would use the border near Renk (Upper Nile) if authorized, but due to conflict and paperwork issues, flights from Khartoum are far more common.
– Kenya–South Sudan: Travel by road via Lokichogio (Kenya) to Nimule is possible but requires special permits and is only recommended with an experienced guide (the road can be rough and controlled by local authorities).
– Other Neighbors: Western crossings from CAR or DRC are remote, lacking tourist infrastructure, and unsafe. Avoid them.

Whenever crossing a border, carry all travel docs (passport, visa, proof of funds) ready. Some border posts demand small “fees” (payable in USD). Always comply with officials and avoid discussing politics or conflict issues while at checkpoints.

Best Time to Visit South Sudan

South Sudan has a tropical climate with two main seasons: a long rainy season and a dry season. The country is hot year-round, but conditions vary greatly by month:

Dry Season (November–February): Generally the best time for travel. Skies are clear and temperatures are more moderate (daytime highs ~28–33°C). Roads are passable, so overland travel and safaris are easiest. Wildlife concentrates around remaining waterholes. Nights can get cool, especially in December–January in the south (bring a sweater).
Short Rainy Season (March–April): Light showers begin in March, becoming heavier by April. The landscape turns green. Early rains can cause some flooding and muddy roads. It’s shoulder season: fewer tourists, but expect travel delays on rural roads.
Long Rainy Season (May–October): Heavy downpours dominate. June–August are the heaviest rains, and many dirt roads become impassable. Most national parks and remote areas are closed or inaccessible. The environment is lush, but logistics are difficult. Flooding is common in riverine areas. Only the most prepared travelers go in this season.
Early Peak (September–October): The tail end of rains; heavy storms still possible in September. By October, waters recede and Juba becomes smoggy with haze from remaining moisture. It can still be muddy in some regions, but it’s prime time for the Great Migration in the east (often peaking July–September) and emerging wildlife.

Summary of Seasons: If possible, plan for Nov–Feb: comfortable travel, open parks, and minimal disease risk (some diseases drop in cooler months). The wildebeest and antelope migration tends to cross rivers in the parks around July–August, so July–September is ideal for safari observers – but know that period still falls in the wet season so travel is harder. Independence Day (9 July) and Martyrs’ Day (30 July) are celebrated with ceremonies, though the weather is very hot and humid then. Always carry lightweight rain gear if traveling outside the dry season.

Festivals & Events: South Sudan’s public holidays are mostly political or religious. Major ones include: – Independence Day (July 9): Fetes and parades in Juba and elsewhere commemorate 2011 independence. Expect nationalistic singing, traditional dances and speeches by leaders.
– Martyrs’ Day (July 30): Honors those killed in the liberation struggle. Ceremonies at memorials (often solemn).
– Christmas & Easter: As a largely Christian country, Christmas (Dec 25) and Easter are important. Churches fill with congregants in colorful attire; Christmas markets spring up in Juba. (Some offices close.)
– Cultural Festivals: Emerging in recent years are events like the Derik Women’s Festival (celebrating South Sudanese women’s achievements in November), and smaller local fairs. Some state capitals hold trade fairs or music festivals, but these can be irregular and not well-publicized.
– Tribal Ceremonies: Many tribal rites (cow markets, coming-of-age ceremonies) happen year-round in villages, but these are local affairs rather than tourist events. If invited by a local contact, they can be fascinating to observe (always ask permission).

In planning your trip, check the calendar for any local holidays or events, as services (banks, some shops) may close. Also, always travel with the weather in mind: even the dry season can produce sudden storms.

How to Get to South Sudan

Reaching South Sudan’s door is relatively straightforward by air but challenging by land.

Main Airports & Airlines

Juba International Airport (JUB): This is the primary gateway. A small but modern terminal handles all international flights. Several airlines connect Juba to Africa’s major hubs:
Ethiopian Airlines: Daily flights linking Juba to Addis Ababa, from where most continents connect. This is often the most reliable routing for global travelers.
Kenya Airways: Daily flights to/from Nairobi, an alternative African hub.
Turkish Airlines: Regular flights via Istanbul are available; Turkey’s large network can funnel travelers.
RwandAir: (Check current schedules – RwandAir has occasionally operated Juba routes via Kigali or Entebbe.)
Saudi or Middle Eastern Carriers: Some charters from Jeddah or Dubai exist, mostly serving pilgrims or oil workers, but a few are open to general booking.

Domestic Flights: South Sudan doesn’t have a national carrier, but you may find small charter or UN flights to domestic airstrips (e.g. to Wau, Malakal, Rumbek). These are limited, expensive, and should be arranged ahead.
Other Airports: Wau (WUU), Malakal (MAK) and Rumbek (RBX) have small airports used by local flights and some aid-charter operations. For most travelers, these serve only as regional jump-off points after arriving in Juba.

Visa on Arrival: There is no routine visa-on-arrival at Juba’s airport (despite the promises of some blogs). Travelers must arrive with a visa or approval in hand. Ensure your visa details match your dates and port of entry.

Overland Routes from Neighbors

Travelling overland into South Sudan can be an adventure and should only be attempted by very experienced travelers or professionals:

From Uganda (via Nimule): This is the most common land route. Public buses (or hired 4x4s) ply between Kampala and Nimule border town (~17–20 hour journey over the poorly maintained Masindi–Koboko–Arua road in the north of Uganda, then across into South Sudan). At Nimule you pass immigration into South Sudan. Vehicles continue to Juba (about 4–5 hours further on paved road). Border immigration can be slow; expect queues. Obtain your South Sudan visa beforehand! Buses are basic, with frequent stops. Travel by private 4×4 is smoother (but still slow in rain).
From Kenya (via Kitale–Uganda): This is an indirect route. One can travel by road from Nairobi to Kitale (northwest Kenya), then cross into Uganda and proceed as above. Another route is via the disputed Ilemi Triangle (this requires travel documents and is seldom used by casual travelers due to security).
From Ethiopia: In principle there is a route from Addis Ababa via Gambella (Ethiopia) to Pibor or Nasir (South Sudan). These northern roads are rough and pass through conflict-affected tribal areas. They are generally not open to tourist traffic (mostly NGO convoys use them). Check local advisories if considering this.
From Sudan: There is no functional road crossing for ordinary travelers from Khartoum or elsewhere. Theoretically one could come via Renk (Upper Nile), but that road is insecure and formalities are complex. Most travelers prefer to avoid the Sudan route entirely, instead flying between Khartoum and Juba.
Other Routes: Crossings from the Central African Republic (Tambura border) or Democratic Republic of Congo (Yambio border) are extremely remote and dangerous. Do not attempt unless you are part of an authorized convoy or peacekeeping mission.

Entry by River or Other Means

White Nile Boat: In theory, one could reach South Sudan by river. There was a once-regular cargo/passenger barge between Jinja (Uganda) and Juba down the Nile, but service is unreliable. Some local operators offer boat transport on the White Nile, especially between Nimule and Juba, which may appeal to adventurers. These trips take longer than land (due to slow boat speeds and the Sudd wetlands) but provide a unique view of life along the river. In practice, most visitors arrange these through a tour operator.
Walking/Bicycles: With vast distances and security issues, overland trekking is impractical. There are no designated trails for independent hikers.

In all cases, plan your entry well in advance. Overland border procedures can be lengthy (particularly in remote posts). Keep copies of all your documents accessible. Upon arrival, cooperatively interact with officials and comply with requests.

Getting Around South Sudan

Internal travel is slow and requires flexibility. Infrastructure outside Juba is minimal. Here’s what to expect:

Domestic Flights

Domestic air travel exists but is limited. South Sudan does not have many commercial domestic airlines; most flights are NGO charters or occasional scheduled services:

Charter Flights: Many international organizations and NGOs charter small aircraft (Cessna, Twin Otter) to reach remote airstrips. These flights usually operate from Juba to field locations (Wau, Ayod, LiRangu, etc). They are expensive and often booked as part of an organization’s itinerary. Some seats may be available to outsiders through agencies, but don’t count on it.
Scheduled Connections: Check if South Sudan Supreme Airlines (S3) or others are currently operating. Flight schedules change with seasons and security. In 2025, domestic passenger flights are very sparse. If a time-sensitive trip beyond Juba is needed, book a charter early through a reputable local agent.
UNMISS Flights: The UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) runs flights that sometimes allow independent travelers at certain prices, but availability is very limited and subject to UN priorities.

Road Travel (Buses, Taxis & Car Hire)

Roads outside Juba vary from paved highways to rough dirt tracks:

Within Juba: Taxis (shared 5-seat cars or “tuk-tuks”) are the norm. Fares are unofficial; always negotiate beforehand. Expect to pay the equivalent of a few dollars for a short ride. Don’t expect seat belts or safety; watch your belongings. There is also a limited 3-wheeler taxi service. Metered taxis do not
Intercity Buses/Minivans: A few companies run buses between Juba and other major towns (e.g. Juba–Wau, Juba–Rumbek, Juba–Malakal) on paved roads. These are infrequent, often old, and can be crowded. The journey times are long (a bus to Wau may take 12+ hours). Travel at your own risk: these routes pass through areas with checkpoints and sometimes ambushes. Carry minimal cash, as these coaches stop for vehicle maintenance (often spares must be bought en route).
Car Hire and 4×4: If you prefer flexibility, you can rent a 4×4 vehicle (land cruiser-style). International agencies are scarce; renting through local contacts is more common. Always hire an experienced local driver who knows the road conditions. Fuel is expensive (about $1 per liter) and fuel stations are mostly in towns. Carry spare tires and tools. An armed guard (often a former soldier) is strongly recommended for outside-Juba travel.
Road Conditions: Only a few main roads are paved (Juba–Nimule, Juba–Wau, Juba–Rumbek). Many highways are unpaved and can become impassable after rain. Bridges are sometimes nonexistent or damaged. Travel distances are long; plan for breakdowns. Always inform someone of your route. In some tribal areas, evening travel can be dangerous due to cattle raiders or crime; stick to daytime journeys.

Transportation in Juba

Getting around Juba itself is relatively easy:

Taxis: As noted, small shared cars and moto-rickshaws dominate. Due to congested traffic, short trips (e.g. hotel to market) cost a few South Sudanese Pounds or a dollar.
Buses: There is no public bus system. Some NGO-run shuttle services operate between high-security compounds (unlikely to serve tourists).
Walking: Reasonable in secure zones only (hotel areas, large shops). Sidewalks are rare and street lights limited. Wear sturdy shoes and remain vigilant. Never wander beyond familiar areas after dark.

Road Safety & Tips

Always carry plenty of water and snacks; delays are normal.
Keep your vehicle doors locked, windows up at checkpoints.
Do not pick up hitchhikers (yes, locals may ask to ride – politely refuse or charge a fee).
Avoid driving at night (poor lighting, risk of ambush).
When hiring a car, confirm who pays for fuel, any permits, and clarify the itinerary to the driver.

Travel Tip: Carry extra USD fuel money. Gas is often only available in Juba, and roadside stalls may ask for a premium. Fill up whenever you see a station – rural outages are common.

In short, allow plenty of time for every journey. Distances are deceptive on a map, and delays are routine. A multi-hour trip might stretch all day if you hit a breakdown or heavy traffic. Maintain a calm mindset and remain patient.

Top Attractions & Things to Do

South Sudan’s highlights are not in theme parks or monuments, but in nature and culture. Plan experiences around these top attractions:

Juba: Capital City Highlights

Konyo Konyo Market: A bustling open-air market where you can find everything from fresh produce and spices to goats and chickens. It’s chaotic, colorful and a photographic feast. Carry your wallet in a front pocket; pickpockets operate here. Enjoy local snacks like roasted corn (if hygienic) or grilled beef on a stick.
Nile Riverbank: Stroll along the White Nile in the late afternoon. Locals gather at the landing site to watch the sunset, do laundry, or mend fishing nets. You might spot crocodiles or hippos at dusk. There are simple coffee stalls and ice-cream vendors (dipped in malt) catering to families.
Cultural Center/Monuments: Visit the Memorial Stadium area to see the grand South Sudan flag and Freedom Arch. The National Museum or visitor center (if open) offers history exhibits. Nearby, the University of Juba area has some Soviet-era architecture. The Anglican Cathedral (built of stone) is one of the few permanent stone buildings – worth a quick visit when Sunday services are on to see the local Christian community.
Nile Cruise: Although not a must, several boat tours depart Juba for an hour or two on the river. This gives an unusual view of riverside villages and floodplains. The boats are simple wooden pontoons; book via your hotel or a tour agent.
Hotels & Restaurants: Good dining options are scarce. Best meals in Juba are at international hotel restaurants (ask at Sheraton/Radisson). Local hotspots include Boma Bookshop & Café (a cozy cultural center with simple meals and crafts) and Nile Porch (Egyptian-style pizzas and shawarma). Eating out tends to be pricey, but is a chance to try things like kisra (thin sorghum flatbread) with stews.
Museum of South Sudan Ethnic Arts (SOSEA): A private collection showcasing ceremonial dress, instruments and artifacts of various tribes. It may require advance contact to arrange a visit but offers context on local cultures.

Boma National Park & Wildlife Migration

Location: Eastern South Sudan (Boma and Bandingilo parks together cover over 20,000 km²). These savannas are among Africa’s last great wildernesses.
Great Migration: From July through September, expect to see hundreds of thousands of antelopes on the move. White-eared kob, Mongalla gazelle and tiang form massive herds. Crossing sites can be witnessed if you are positioned correctly.
Other Wildlife: Elephants (small herds), buffalo, giraffe, lions, hyenas, warthogs, monkeys and myriad birds (African fish-eagle, marabou stork). Birders should look for spot-billed pelicans and saddle-billed storks along rivers.
Activities: Safari drives in 4×4 vehicles (usually mounted on high chassis) are typical. Trails are little used; you may bushwhack to game. Daytime is hot; best game spotting is early morning or late afternoon. Camp-style lodging is basic (simple huts or tents) with minimal facilities. Book through specialized tour operators (see Safari Operators below). Permits may be needed (often handled by your tour).
Best Time: July–September (migration season). Outside rains, animals may disperse; June and October can be good for resident game sightings.
Note on Access: Due to remoteness and security issues, independent visits are discouraged. Entry generally requires an armed guide and prior coordination with park authorities.

Nimule National Park

Location: Eastern Equatoria, near the Uganda border, alongside the White Nile. A smaller park (~410 km²), but with abundant wildlife and scenic beauty.
Highlights: Forests and riverine landscape (rare in savanna-dominated South Sudan). Sights include the Fola Rapids on the Nile.
Wildlife: Known for large mammals in greener zones – elephants, hippos, Nile crocodiles, buffalo, bushbucks, baboons and abundant monkey troops. Also spotted are giraffe, African civet, and occasional leopard or lion. Bird life is prolific: look for African fish eagle, herons, kingfishers and migratory waterfowl.
Activities: Boat trips on the Nile (guided canoe or motorboat) near Nimule town can bring you close to hippos and fishing eagles. Game drives are possible on marked tracks. Village visits: see local Madi or Acholi communities. Trek to Fola Falls (short hike).
Accessibility: Nimule is reachable by road from Juba (paved highway ~210 km, 4–5 hour drive). There are simple lodgings and campsites near the river in Nimule town. Accommodations range from basic guesthouses to one or two nicer lodges (book ahead).
Best Time: December–March (dry season) for reliable road conditions. Wildlife is near river in late dry season.

Dinka Cattle Camps

Overview: In rural central and eastern South Sudan, many Dinka (Jieng) people live in scattered cattle camps. Here, families keep their cows in fenced rings. Visiting these camps offers an unforgettable glimpse into pastoral life.
Experience: You might observe morning milking rituals (using gourds), cattle being herded on foot, and cows painted with ash or animal fat for protection. Women in camp are excellent butter-makers – you can try peanut or millet beer (local beers “marisa”). If fortunate, you may be invited to share a meal of asida (sorghum porridge) with the camp.
Where: These camps dot the countryside around Juba and northern Eastern Equatoria. The main route is the highway between Juba and Nimule; stops at roadside “cattle markets” often occur. Closer to Juba, camps along smaller dirt roads (ask locals for locations). Visiting should be by arrangement or guide – approach respectfully and always ask before photographing people or livestock.
Cautions: Do not wander alone or enter enclosures without permission. Tread lightly – cows are regarded almost as family, and any harm or theft of cattle is taken very seriously.

White Nile River Activities

River Safaris: In both Juba and Nimule, you can book boat excursions along the Nile. These short cruises (often 1–2 hours) let you see riverside life – fishermen, waterbirds, even village life. An evening boat trip can offer a spectacular sunset view.
Fishing: Nile perch and Nile tilapia are common. If you fish (with a licensed guide), beware of bilharzia (schistosomiasis) from water contact.
Islands and Reefs: There are small islands in the river close to Nimule; reaching them requires a guide. They can have good wildlife and are scenic picnic spots.
Juba Riverfront: The banks in Juba are lined with papyrus and open floodplains. Walking or sitting on the sandstone ridge above the river (especially near the Nimule Bridge area) is pleasant.

Cultural Villages & Tribal Encounters

Cultural Villages: Several NGO-run or community-based cultural villages near Juba and Nimule offer organized visits. These simulators of daily life (hut-building, crafts, dances) can be informative, especially if time in the country is short. They are artificial but staffed by local actors.
Tribal Encounters: If you have local contacts (or a guide), visiting an actual village can be rewarding. The Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Bari, and others each have distinct customs. For example:
Visit a Nuer homestead on the White Nile to learn about their fishing and cattle rituals.
Meet Azande or Avokaya farmers near Yei (deep south, if safe) to see banana and cassava farming, traditional “bird” songs.
In Western Equatoria (if you can get there safely), the Mundari or Lakwa people have unique body scarification patterns and cattle festivals.
Etiquette: When entering tribal lands, always be guided by a local. Obtain permission from village chiefs. Offer small gifts (salt, soap, beads) if appropriate. Don’t show disrespect or refusal if elders insist you drink brewed beer or milk – these are gestures of hospitality.

Other Notable Sites

Travelers venturing widely (e.g. NGO workers) might encounter:
– Torit: East Equatoria’s capital, known for a rocky spur called Nicul Falls and cultural diversity (Bari, Lopit tribes). It’s a dusty town with some guesthouses.
– Wau: Capital of Western Bahr el Ghazal, this colonial-era town has an old cathedral and lively markets. Nearby are small reserves with buffalo. The road from Juba is long (8+ hours) and passes cattle markets.
– Malakal: Upper Nile’s main city; a gateway to Lake No (where the Bahr el Jebel and Bahr al Arab meet). Malakal itself saw conflict but has a market on an island. The surrounding swamp (Sudd) is largely inaccessible but famous for wildlife and birds – specialized boat tours from Nimule or Uganda focus on it.
– Lei Bai: On the Juba River near Juba, a major meeting of the Bari and Pojulu chiefs for cultural fairs. These happen periodically (not annually) and combine dances, bull competitions, and markets. If timing aligns, attending offers a deep dive into Bari traditions.
– Bari Heritage Sites: North of Juba, near Bor, are the ruins of an ancient Bari palace and rock art caves (relics of Kuku Kingdom). They require a multi-day trek from Bor.

Exploring beyond the usual path in South Sudan requires good planning and permission. Outposts like Wau or Torit have some hotels and basic shops, but expect limited tourist infrastructure (electricity often off at night, no reliable ATMs). Many of the country’s “attractions” are outdoor or cultural – be ready for rustic conditions.

Safaris & Wildlife in South Sudan

South Sudan offers some of Africa’s most exhilarating wildlife opportunities, albeit hard-earned. The parks here are underdeveloped for tourism but bursting with creatures:

What Wildlife Can You See?

Mammals:
Antelopes: White-eared kob (famous in migration), Mongalla gazelle, buhar (reedbuck), waterbuck, tiang, and Nile lechwe.
Large Herbivores: Elephants (few herds in southern/central regions), giraffes (mainly in Nimule and surrounding farmlands), Cape buffalo (mostly in wooded areas). Hippopotamus and crocodile thrive in the Nile and marshes.
Carnivores: Lions inhabit savannas (particularly in the south of Boma NP), spotted hyenas and leopards (elusive but present). Jackals and bat-eared foxes scavenge widely.
Primates: Olive baboons and vervet monkeys are common near settlements. Black-and-white colobus monkeys can be found in riverine forests (e.g. Nimule).
Birdlife: Over 600 species have been recorded. Look for fish eagles, marabou storks, saddle-billed storks, papyrus gonoleks, kingfishers, bee-eaters, and dozens of waterfowl. The Sudd wetlands are famed for flamingos and pelicans. Birders treasure the Northern Carmine bee-eater (in migration) and localized species like the white-crested turaco.
Reptiles & Amphibians: Nile crocodiles and various snake species (mostly harmless). Monitor lizards and numerous frogs thrive in wet areas.

You may encounter wildlife just outside towns: nimble mongooses in gardens, or livestock accompanied by dogs. However, the richest fauna is in protected areas (though enforcement is uneven).

Safari Operators & Tours

Because South Sudan lacks widespread tourism, booked tours are essential for most visitors. Recommended approaches:

Specialized Tour Companies: A handful of adventure tour operators (based in Africa or the US/UK) offer guided expeditions. They handle permits, guides and lodging (usually tented camps or simple lodges). Trips often combine Boma/Bandingilo and Nimule, or focus on particular regions. Examples (for reference): Southern Cross Safaris, Scent of Africa, and Roots Travel (names not required here). These operators also ensure armed escorts where needed.
Local Guides: Within Juba or Nimule, local fixers can arrange day trips or multi-day trips in the parks. They may partner with ex-park rangers for knowledge. If hiring locally, insist on an experienced, licensed guide and confirm costs upfront.
Costs: Expect safaris to be expensive. Even a single-day guided drive can run $200–300 per vehicle (fuel, guide, permit included). Multi-day tours will involve camping costs (roughly $150–300 per person per day all-in). Logistics are what drives prices up (fuel, permits, security). Bargain where appropriate, but fair payment supports conservation and safety.
What’s Included: Typical tours include game drives, basic camping or lodge accommodation, meals (often bush dinners), and bottled water. Night game viewing is rarely done (no floodlights, and moonlight is unreliable).

Wildlife Note: The White-eared kob migration is one of Africa’s great wildlife spectacles – comparable to the Serengeti. Witnessing thousands of antelope moving across the plains is unforgettable. Plan your visit for July–Sept for the best chance to see crossings, and be patient; wildlife moves on its own schedule.

Best National Parks for Wildlife

Boma National Park: Known for the Great Migration, Boma is arguably the top wildlife park in South Sudan. Vast, open savanna dotted with acacia, it supports huge herds and resident species.
Bandingilo National Park: South of Boma, often combined into safari loops. It’s part of the same ecosystem, with forest patches. Accessible via airstrips (Meram in Boma) on organized tours.
Nimule National Park: Smaller but lush, with high densities of elephants, hippos and Nile crocodiles by the river. Good birding.
Southern National Parks: Hided around the borders (e.g. Kidepo Valley National Park spills in from Uganda, though South Sudan’s extension sees little use). Also small reserves near Wau and rural Bahr el Ghazal, where one might spot buffalo and antelope.
Wetlands (Sudd): Not a park but a massive swamp. Boat-based excursions (often from Nimule/Kangai) navigate channels to see papyrus fauna, crocs, and waterbirds. The Sudd is fed by the White Nile above Malakal, and parts are accessible.

Other lesser-known areas (like East Equatoria’s Kidepo extension near Kenya, or small game reserves near Juba) exist, but none match the grandeur of Boma or Nimule. Remember that wildlife viewing here requires effort: animals are wild and shy due to poaching pressure. Travel quietly and have a keen eye.

Culture, People & Tribes

South Sudan is a tapestry of peoples and traditions. Respectful understanding of culture is crucial for a positive experience.

Major Ethnic Groups & Languages

Over 60 ethnic groups call South Sudan home. The three largest are:
– Dinka (Jieng): The country’s largest group (~35% of population). Nilotic cattle-herders, tall and slender, found mainly in Bahr el Ghazal and Upper Nile. Known for vertical scarification marks on the forehead and shaven head with a small topknot in older traditions (though western-style haircuts are common now). Their language (Thok Naath) has many dialects.
– Nuer: Second largest (~15%), also Nilotic pastoralists, mostly in Greater Upper Nile. Nuer men style triangular forehead scars; their language (Thok Naath anyuäŋ) is similar to Dinka but distinct. They mainly keep cattle and also cultivate millet.
– Shilluk: Along the northern White Nile. Shilluk (Chollo) men sometimes grow a topknot of hair (Shilluk king is famous for this). They historically were river-fishermen and farmers as well as cattle herders. Their language is Luo (though not related to East African Luo).

Other notable groups:
– Bari: Centered around Juba, primarily farmers. Bari men often shave heads; women dress in brightly woven cloths (often imported). Bari languages have a Bantu element due to ancient migrations.
– Zande: In the southwest, farmers with strong traditions of leadership. Zande crafts (weavings, pottery) are prized.
– Murle: In Jonglei State; known for lip plates (women) and periodic cattle raids (a sensitive topic). Approach with caution; do not photograph Murle people without permission.
– Azande/Avokaya: Small groups in western Equatoria; speakers of Ubangian languages. Noted for elaborate straw mats and ceremonial music (Ngbe-drum culture).
– Mundari/Toposa/Lopit/Anyuak: There are many others – Mundari cattle-herders (South of Juba), Toposa (east border), Anyuak (south bordering Ethiopia), etc. Each has distinct music, dances and dress.

There is great cultural pride and attachment to tribe. Politically, tribal identity has played a role in conflict. As a visitor, avoid discussing politics or taking sides.

English is the formal language of government and business. You may hear conversational “Juba Arabic” – a pidgin based on Sudanese Arabic – spoken by a wide range of people in the capital. Among themselves, people speak their native languages. Learning a few greetings in the local language (or even just basic Arabic greetings like “Salam Aleikum”) shows respect.

Local Customs & Etiquette

Greetings: Handshakes are common (for both men and women, though women might shake lightly). Among tribes, a handshake may last longer than Westerners are used to, and eye contact is expected. Use both hands (palm up in respectful greeting, or grip right hand with left palm-up under it as a mark of respect). A verbal greeting “Salaam” (Peace) or “Mingalar/ndei” (Bari greeting) is appreciated.
Respect for Elders: Age is valued. Address older people with polite titles (Mr./Mrs./Chief, or their tribal equivalent) and give space for them to speak first. Do not walk in front of elders in a meeting; wait until they depart.
Hospitality: South Sudanese are famously hospitable. If invited to a home, accept a local dish and drink. It’s polite to try at least a small portion of any food offered. If given a cup of tea or blood milk (from a cow), accept gracefully. Use only the right hand to eat or drink (left hand is considered unclean in many local norms).
Dress: Urban areas (Juba, etc.) see business casual wear, but still modest. In rural/traditional settings, modest attire is key. Women should cover shoulders and knees (no tank tops or miniskirts). Men should wear long pants and shirts (not shorts) when meeting tribal people. Bright colors are common in clothing, but avoid red or saffron when visiting a Murle village (some myths associate those colors with bad spirits). Remove shoes when entering someone’s home or certain sacred sites.
Photographs: Always ask permission before photographing people, especially women, children or ceremonies. Some consider photography intrusive or disrespectful. Do not photograph government buildings, airports, military personnel or police – this is illegal and can get you detained. More than one traveler has been warned by authorities for taking photos of infrastructure. If in doubt, err on the side of caution.
Taboos: A few things to note: pointing soles of feet at someone or at an object of respect is rude. Making the sign of a cross with fingers or saying “Jesus Christ” can be offensive to some (as it is sometimes used casually in profanity here); use care with religious terms. Public displays of affection are frowned upon.
Religion: Christianity (especially Protestant and Catholic) is the main religion. Many places close Sunday morning for church. Muslims and animists exist too, though Muslim populations are small (mostly among returnees from refugee camps or those of mixed heritage). When visiting a church, stand quietly at the back if not attending. Don’t enter a mosque unless invited – and if invited, dress conservatively and remove shoes.

Cultural Insight: In many South Sudanese traditions, negotiating (for goods or cattle) is part of communication. Don’t be taken aback if haggling seems aggressive; it’s usually not personal. Just as you would politely bargain at a bazaar, locals do the same over livestock or business deals.

Religion & Festivals

Christian Holidays: Expect Christmas and Easter celebrations similar to other Christian countries. Churches are lively on Sunday mornings (services held in English, Arabic or local languages). There are colorful sermons and gospel music. As a non-member, you may quietly observe.
Islamic Holidays: The small Muslim community observes Eid and Ramadan; avoid eating or drinking in public during the day in such times out of respect.
Traditional Ceremonies: Each tribe has its own calendar of rites: cattle branding, harvest festivals, initiation ceremonies. These aren’t for tourists, but witnessing any is rare and special. If chance permits (often via an NGO work situation), observe without interfering. Photography should be a discreet secondary aim only after permission.

Travelers should show humility and curiosity. Communities may invite questions about life abroad – this is fine, but also be prepared to answer personal questions about your home (salaries, family) politely. Remember that storytelling is valued; sharing anecdotes can endear you. Above all, show gratitude. A small gesture – a gift of salt, a book, or sweets for children – goes a long way.

Food & Drink in South Sudan

South Sudanese cuisine is hearty and simple, reflecting agricultural and pastoral lifestyles. Dishes are made from local grains, tubers, vegetables and occasionally meat or fish. For travelers, here’s what to know:

Traditional Dishes to Try

Aseeda/Asida: A thick porridge made from sorghum or corn flour, stirred to a gelatinous consistency. Often eaten with stews or sauces. Similar to pap or ugali in other African cuisines.
Kisra: A thin, fermented sorghum pancake or flatbread. It is a staple in some parts and is used to scoop up stews. Very filling.
Mullah: A general term for stew. Could be peanut soup (mullah biladala), okra stew (mullah shahan), or a meat/vegetable mix. Goat and fish stews are common.
Ful Medames: Mashed fava beans flavored with onions, tomatoes, cumin and oil. Known locally as sahan ful. This rich, hearty dish is eaten often for breakfast with bread.
Tamia: Sudanese-style falafel made from fava beans and fenugreek; crunch on the outside, soft inside. Often served with bread and salads.
Grilled Meat: Called “leya” or barbecued nyama choma. Beef or goat skewers are available at roadside stands. Eat hot.
Fish: On the Nile, Nile perch is prized. Fried or grilled, it is served in Juba’s few better restaurants.
Staples: Sorghum, millet, cassava, and rice. Rice (imported) is available in Juba markets and often eaten with beans or meat. Cassava (manioc) is boiled or dried into gari.
Street Snacks: In Juba you might find roasted corn on the cob, sweet potatoes or peanuts roasted in peanut butter sauce. Local cafes sell coffee, chai tea and donuts.

Drinks:
– Shahee (Spiced Tea): Black tea boiled with cinnamon sticks, cloves, ginger, and sometimes dried orange peel and milk. Served sweet, it’s a daily ritual (often with bread and hardboiled eggs). Great for warming up in cool mornings.
– Hibiscus Tea: Called karkade, a sweet tangy red drink made from hibiscus flowers. Refreshing cold.
– Milk: Fresh cow’s milk is valued. Tea or coffee is often made with a splash of boiled milk.
– Soft Drinks: Coca-Cola and Pepsi are everywhere, sold in 50-100 SSP bottles ($0.30–$0.50). Fruit juices and bottled water are also widely available in stores.
– Alcohol: – Beer is locally brewed and imported; a bottle goes for about $1–2 in a small market. Soldiers and businessmen enjoy beer (avoid excess in public). – Hard alcohol is scarce and expensive. You won’t find a fine wine or spirit selection – the culture leans more to drinking local beer or wine from fruit (fermented).
– Local brews: In villages, mahia or toddy (palm wine) and marisa (millet beer) are traditional homebrews, but skip these as a traveler for safety reasons.

Where to Eat in Juba & Beyond

Restaurants: Options are limited in Juba. The top choices are hotel restaurants, which offer a mix of international and local dishes (think grilled meats, pasta, rice dishes). Prices can be high by regional standards (e.g. a main dish $10–$20).
Local Eateries: Small cafés and canteens (often run by Lebanese or Sudanese expats) serve dishes like fried rice, grilled chicken with salad, or lentil stews. These are cheaper ($3–$7 per meal), but stick to the cleaner-looking ones.
Street Food: Inspect hygiene closely. For example, buy from stands with many local customers (popularity is a good sign). Eat hot food (not sitting out long). You might try kwonah bread (a Sudanese flatbread) or a fried sambusa (empanada-style meat pie). Peel fruits yourself.
Rural/Park Areas: Outside the city, meals will often be basic hostel or camp fare: beans or rice with occasional chicken. If on a tour, your guide will usually take care of meal arrangements (often simple local stew and porridge, or plov rice if Uzbek cooks accompany UN teams).

Drinking Water & Food Safety

Water: Never drink tap water. Use bottled water for drinking and brushing teeth. Even in hotels, assume tap water is not safe. Boil water or use purification tablets if unsure. Bottled water costs about $0.30 per liter in shops.
Food: Eat well-cooked foods. Avoid raw salad, fruit you can’t peel, or undercooked meats. The risk of traveler’s diarrhea and other foodborne illness is high.
Tap Water: Out of caution, do not rely on tap water anywhere in South Sudan. Bottled water is cheap and widely sold in Juba and town shops. (Nimule and other parks sell bottled water too.) If you must use local water, boil it for at least 5 minutes or purify it.

Quick Tip: Carry oral rehydration salts (ORS) and basic anti-diarrheal medicine (like loperamide) in your first-aid kit. Eat yogurt or take a probiotic before traveling to help build gut resilience.

In summary, South Sudan’s food is simple but filling. As a guest, patience is key – you may not find a wide variety of choices, especially outside Juba. Use meals as a chance to engage: share tea with locals at a roadside stand, or accept an invitation to try household cooking. Your experience of the country will be richer for it.

Accommodation: Where to Stay

South Sudan has no shortage of basic lodging in Juba, but quality varies widely. Outside the capital, options thin out dramatically.

Best Hotels in Juba

Radisson Blu Hotel, Juba: A modern international hotel with robust security, a pool and reliable generators. Rooms are comfortable. It’s the top choice for many diplomats and aid workers, but can be very expensive (~$300/night). Facilities include restaurant/bar and gym. Often has better internet, too.
Pyramid Continental (a.k.a. Hilton): A large, newer luxury hotel with multiple restaurants, pool and security. Comparable to Radisson in price and amenities.
Imperial Hotels Group: Owns several top-tier properties like Imperial Village and Novotel (Juba). These offer 4-star comfort (power backup, restaurant) for a bit less ($200–$250/night). They also serve as event venues.
Sara Hotel: Upscale by Juba standards (pool, in-house restaurants) at moderate rates (~$100–$150). Good security and location near the airport road.
Other Notables: Georgi Hotel (some foreign trips praise it for cleanliness), Juba Hotel, and Paradise Hotel also fill mid-range niches. These have generators and running water, but expect occasional outages. Prices often $75–$120.

Guesthouses & Budget Options

Mid-Budget Guesthouses: Mercury Hotel, Grand Holiday Hotel, and others provide decent rooms ($50–$80) with air conditioning and fans. Many have in-house restaurants. Book these through contacts as their websites may be unhelpful.
Budget: Truly cheap lodging is rare. A single room under $40 is possible at some smaller guesthouses (often fan-only, basic bathroom). These may lack secure fencing or backup power. Check recent reviews online (TripAdvisor or travel forums) for cleanliness and reliability.
Camp Sites: Nimule and a few national parks have camping areas. These are rudimentary: usually a simple clearing with pit toilet. Bring your own tent and gear if you plan to camp. Security can be an issue after dark, so camp only with a guide or group.
Book Ahead: Juba hotels are often fully booked with NGO staff, especially during rainy season when road travel is limited. Book months in advance, through your embassy or a local travel agent if possible.

Booking Tips & Safety

Payment: Most hotels prefer USD cash. Some accept credit cards (Visa) at luxury levels; don’t count on it for smaller places.
Amenities: Critical ones are backup generators (for lights/AC), treated drinking water (some supply bottled or have purification), and secure perimeter (guards at gate). Check reviews or ask the front desk about these.
Location: Most hotels cluster near the Nile in Juba or along the Kololo Ridge (government area). Stay in well-lit, more developed neighborhoods. Avoid outskirts at night.
Safety: Even in hotels, observe normal precautions: lock your door, use a door stopper under the knob at night, keep valuables hidden or use the safe. Drink only bottled water in the room.
Etiquette: In some places, hotels have curfews (outside visitors not allowed after dark) or guests must sign in after hours. Follow these rules; they are for security.

Accommodation Outside Juba

Nimule: Small lodges (e.g. Nimule Gardens, Queen’s Hotel) and guesthouses sit along the main street. These have fans and sometimes a pool. Book via phone or local help.
Wau / Torit / Malakal: One or two basic hotels each (e.g. Wau Safari, City Hotel in Malakal). They may have intermittent electricity and simple rooms. Manage expectations.
Field Accommodations: If on a safari or NGO mission, you might stay in government or NGO camps: dorms, shared rooms, or fly camps in tents. Always check mosquito nets and bedding cleanliness.

Safety Note: Never negotiate a hotel rate on your first night. Confirm rates in writing. Upon checking in, note emergency exits and where the fire extinguishers are. Inquire discreetly about nearest hospital or clinic before staying in a remote lodge.

South Sudan’s lodging landscape is improving slowly. Staying in larger, reputable hotels is safer, but be prepared for power/water hiccups everywhere. A well-stocked room (extra water, snacks) and a positive, adaptable attitude will make your stay comfortable despite the quirks.

Money, Costs & Budgeting

Planning your budget requires realism: South Sudan is one of the world’s most expensive places to live, especially given its limited local economy. However, compared to travelers’ expectations, prices can be surprisingly reasonable for certain items due to local wages. Here are key points on money:

Currency: The South Sudanese Pound (SSP) is the legal tender. However, inflation has been high, and the local market is often dollarized. Bring US dollars (preferably $20–$100 notes, dated 2010 or later). Older bills or worn notes might not be accepted.
Exchange: Banks and bureau de change in Juba will convert USD to SSP at the official rate. Informal “black market” exchange also exists; rates there may be better, but riskier. Credit/debit cards are rarely accepted (even in hotels); rely on cash. ATMs exist only in Juba and occasionally Wau, but they often run out of cash. Don’t count on cards – ATM usage is unreliable.
Costs (Examples): Local markets are relatively cheap, but imported goods cost more. As a rule of thumb:
Meals: A simple local lunch ~ $3–4. Dinner for two at a mid-range restaurant ~$20 (in a nicer Juba hotel, expect more). Street food snacks run $0.50–$2.
Groceries: A loaf of bread ~$0.65, 1L milk $1.20. Rice (1kg) $1.18, chicken breast $4.39/kg. Fruits/vegetables range $1–2 per kg. Note: these prices from a crowdsourced chart but reflect general levels. Imported items (e.g. oil, canned goods) run higher.
Transport: Taxi in Juba (~5 km) ~$3–5. Bus to Nimule ~$20–30 (one-way). Hiring a 4×4 with driver ~$100–150 per day plus fuel. Gasoline ~$1.05/L.
Accommodation: See previous section: cheap guesthouse ~$40, standard hotel $100–200, luxury suite $300+. Camping in parks might be free or ~$10.
Tips: Tipping is not obligatory but is appreciated. 10% in restaurants is fair if service is good. For guides/drivers, $5–$20 per day depending on service. For porters or cleaners, a couple dollars is generous (think USD).
Budgeting: If traveling modestly but not backpack-style, budget $100–$150 per person per day as a rough average. This covers mid-range lodging, three meals (two at modest restaurants), transport (some shared taxi or bus), and minor expenses. Costs can spike if you take safaris or domestic flights.
Sample Prices: Using local data: bottled water ~ $0.30/L, beer ~ $1.50 (0.5L), cappuccino $1.86, cinema ticket $4.25. These indicate that daily essentials are low-cost, but any tourism service (flight, tour) is very pricey.
Payment Methods: Always have cash. Split money – keep some in your room safe and some on you. Use a money belt or hidden pouch. Be discreet when showing cash.

Exchange money only at reputable places (hotel, large bank). Carry copies of your passport as ID for currency exchange. If returning to Kampala or Nairobi, you can reconvert SSP there (though rates will be poor). The local currency is not useful outside South Sudan; spend it before leaving.

Health, Vaccinations & Medical Care

Health risks in South Sudan are significant, and medical facilities are extremely limited. Preparation is vital:

Required Vaccination: Yellow Fever vaccine is mandatory for entry (all travelers ≥1 year old). You must carry the official Yellow Card. Some neighboring countries (Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia) require proof if coming from South Sudan.
Recommended Vaccinations: In addition to Yellow Fever, make sure you are up to date on:
Malaria: All of South Sudan is high-risk. Take prophylaxis (atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline or mefloquine). Start before travel and continue after leaving. Use DEET repellents and sleep under a mosquito net (nets often provided in good hotels).
Typhoid, Hepatitis A/B, Polio: CDC advises polio booster due to regional risk, and typhoid is recommended.
Routine Vaccines: MMR, tetanus, etc.
Rabies: Consider rabies vaccine if you’ll be rural or near animals (dogs, bats). Rabies exposure (dog bites) is possible, and post-exposure shots are scarce in-country.
Other Health Risks:
Malaria: Expect chloroquine-resistant falciparum. Avoid mosquito bites (long sleeves at dawn/dusk).
Cholera/Diarrhea: Water-borne illness is common. Drink bottled or boiled water and avoid raw fruits/vegetables unless peeled. Carry rehydration salts.
Covid-19: There are no strict entry requirements now, but cases can rise. Carry a few tests (if re-entering another country that requires them). Wear masks indoors in hospitals or if the local situation worsens.
Others: Schistosomiasis (from standing in contaminated water), dysentery, measles (if not immunized).
Hospitals and Clinics: Medical care is very limited. Outside Juba, healthcare is almost non-existent. In Juba there are a few private and mission hospitals (e.g. Juba Teaching Hospital, Al-Sabah, Doctors Without Borders (MSF) clinics). They can treat basic emergencies, but advanced care (surgery, ICU) is not reliable.
Medical Evacuation: This is strongly recommended by all advisories. If you become seriously ill or injured, you will likely need evacuation (to Nairobi, Addis or abroad) at your expense. Make sure your travel insurance covers medevac.
Pharmacy/Medicine: Pharmacies exist in Juba with limited stock. Bring a full supply of any prescription medicines you need, plus a travel first aid kit (painkillers, antiseptics, broad-spectrum antibiotics like azithromycin, antidiarrheal, anti-malarial tablets, insect repellent).
Emergency Numbers: 999 is the country’s general emergency number (police, fire, ambulance). However, the services are minimal outside main towns. In a pinch, contact your embassy.
Staying Healthy: Wash hands regularly. Use alcohol sanitizer. Avoid roaming alone in rural areas without clear water sources. Eat fresh, hot-cooked foods. Rest well; the heat and stress of travel can weaken you.

In short, treat South Sudan as a high-health-risk destination. Plan a comprehensive health strategy before you leave home.

Internet, SIM Cards & Connectivity

South Sudan’s telecom infrastructure is rudimentary. Internet access and phone service are improving but still spotty:

Getting a SIM Card

Providers: MTN and Zain are the two main mobile operators. Coverage is best in cities. In 2024, these merged under one license, but both brands still operate.
Buying: SIM cards cost only around $1 (1000 SSP) but you must register with your passport. Expect a queue and paperwork (simulator’s kiosk at Juba Airport or downtown stores). If instructed to “register”, they will take your passport number and fingerprint scan.
Coverage: 4G is available in Juba and Nimule. Major towns usually have 2G/3G. Traveling in the bush means you’ll likely lose service entirely. MTN generally has the best coverage along main roads and near towns; Zain can be slightly cheaper but patchier.
Top-Up: Scratch cards are sold for data and airtime in shops. Credit is in SSP denominations. SMS is included with many data bundles. Rates for data: as of late 2024, ~$5 for 1–2 GB (prepaid). You can pay in USD in major shops as well.
International Roaming: Very expensive. It’s often not worthwhile; roaming is priced per megabyte. Better to use local SIM.

Internet Access & Wi-Fi

Juba: Some hotels offer Wi-Fi (though often slow and shared). Cafés and restaurants rarely have Wi-Fi. Internet cafes are rare. Most expatriates rely on tethering a phone or buying a small Wi-Fi hotspot device from MTN (which requires a laptop and registration).
Elsewhere: Nimule and few larger towns might have one hotel with Wi-Fi. Otherwise, expect no internet. UN and NGOs often use satellite links.
Speed: Even in urban areas, expect 2G speeds or slow 3G/4G. Video calls will likely fail except maybe on a top hotel connection. Email and basic web browsing are the mainstay.

Using Your Phone in South Sudan

Dialing: South Sudan’s country code is +211. To call out of Juba to another country: +211, then local number (no extra 0). For domestic calls, just dial the full number given (e.g. MTN or Zain).
Phone Networks: Aside from mobile, landlines exist in Juba but are uncommon and not functional for foreign dialing. VOIP (Skype) will work only if you have an internet connection, which is unlikely on the go.
Important Contacts:
US Embassy Juba (phone): +211 912-105-188 (regular hours), after-hours emergencies +211 912-105-107.
UK Embassy: +211 912-700-150 (ask UK government site for updated number).
Local SIM Support: In Juba, each provider has service centers (look for MTN or Zain offices near main roads).
Public Health Emergency: Dial 6666 in South Sudan if it’s about a public health emergency (this covers things like outbreak info).

Overall, don’t expect to stay well-connected. Set family or friends on voicemail about this in advance.

Packing List & Travel Essentials

South Sudan’s climate and conditions demand specific gear. Overpacking is risky due to weight limits, but underpacking can be dangerous. Here’s what to include:

Clothing & Gear

Lightweight, Breathable Fabrics: Cotton or quick-dry shirts (long-sleeved for sun and mosquitoes), trousers or long skirts, T-shirts.
Warm Layer: A lightweight fleece or windbreaker for cool desert nights (December/January).
Rain Gear: A waterproof jacket or poncho if traveling in the wet season (May–Oct). Also consider waterproof bags for electronics.
Strong Walking Shoes: Hiking boots or sturdy sneakers (for uneven terrain). Sandals or flip-flops for general wear.
Hat & Sunglasses: Essential for sun protection.
Modest Attire: As noted, women should have a scarf and cover shoulders; men should avoid shorts in villages.
Swimwear: A modest swimsuit or trunks, if you plan any hotel pool or river swim (up to you; many hotels do have pools).
Mosquito Net: Not always provided outside Juba. A treated, lightweight net can be vital for camping or poor lodging.

Medical & Health Items

Medicine: See health section: malaria pills, antibiotics, anti-diarrhea tablets, painkillers, any prescription drugs (in original containers with copies of prescriptions).
First Aid Kit: Bandages, antiseptic, tweezers (for splinters), antihistamine (for bites or allergies), rehydration salts, lotion or gel for wounds, etc.
Insect Repellent: DEET-based spray or lotion. Also consider Permethrin clothing spray for camping clothes.
Water Purifier: Tablets (iodine or chlorine) or a gravity filter like LifeStraw. Even bottle leaks or running out of bottled water can happen.
Sunblock & Lip Balm: High SPF (30+). The sun near the equator is intense.
Toiletries: Basic items; include hand sanitizer, soap. Hotels may not provide soap/TP outside top end. Pack toilet paper or tissues.

Documents & Money

Passport & Visas: Passport with visa, plus extra passport-size photos, visa forms, Yellow Fever card. Carry hard copies and digital scans of everything.
Emergency Contacts: Printed list of embassy consulates, local contacts, travel insurance.
Cash: As mentioned, plenty of USD in small increments.
Credit Cards: Not relied on, but bring one for possible emergencies in neighboring countries.
Travel Insurance Info: Print the policy and insurer contact. Insurance must cover evacuation (medi-vac).

Electronics & Miscellaneous

Unlocked Phone & Chargers: With adapter for 230V (Type C/D). Voltage stabilizer not needed, but a surge protector is wise.
Camera Equipment: Spare batteries/memory (remember, electricity is scarce), maybe a solar charger or power bank. Consider a small digital camera rather than bulky DSLR if weight is a concern.
Flashlight/Headlamp: With extra batteries – nighttime power cuts are common.
Notebook & Pen: Useful for notes, sketches or journaling.
Books/Guides: A physical map or guidebook (e.g. Bradt Travel Guide: South Sudan) and phrasebook if you like, since internet info will be unreliable.
Sunglasses & Sunscreen: Already noted, but essential. UV index is very high.
Backpack/Daypack: For excursions and safaris. Keep valuables close to body (daypack or money belt).

Important Items Not to Forget

Vaccination Card: Yes, the Yellow Fever certificate. Keep it on your person.
Rain Cover for Bag: If traveling in rains.
Travel Towel: Quick-dry type (some lodgings have none or poor ones).
Small Lock: To secure luggage or hostel locker.

Packing Box: Remember, temperatures can swing drastically and power/water are not guaranteed. Pack to handle heat, sun, rain, and insects. The more prepared you are, the smoother your trip. But keep your gear lean – you’ll carry it over rough terrain.

This list is comprehensive but adapt it to your personal needs. A good rule: Better to have it and not need it, than need it and not have it.

Responsible & Ethical Travel

Visiting South Sudan carries responsibility. Its people value respect and any support for sustainable development. Here’s how to be an ethical traveler:

Supporting Local Communities

Local Guides & Services: Hire local guides, drivers and staff whenever possible. This directly injects money into communities. It also enriches your experience with authentic insight.
Buy Local: Souvenirs such as beadwork, wood carvings or woven items help local artisans. Haggle reasonably (prices are often inflated for foreigners, but culturally modest bargaining is normal). Don’t show disdain if offered “discount” after initial refusal.
Fair Payment: Pay guides, porters and other helpers fairly. They rarely have steady wages. Ask beforehand what daily tips are customary, and err on the generous side.
Small Gifts: A modest gift of salt, sugar, school supplies or clothing to a village elder can be meaningful (if you are invited to a home). But avoid giving money directly to individuals on the street; this can create dependency or expectations.
Learn and Respect Customs: Show genuine interest in traditions. Use greetings and phrases learned from locals. Avoid lecturing or judging cultural differences.

Volunteering & NGO Work

Choose Reputable Organizations: Many NGOs (UN agencies, Red Cross, Caritas, Mercy Corps, etc.) run development and health projects. If volunteering, do so through established programs, not ad-hoc. The government and NGOs require registrations and regulations.
Commitment: Effective volunteering often requires more than a tourist visa; expect longer-term involvement. If you plan a short trip, consider donating supplies to clinics or schools (coordinate in advance).
Cultural Sensitivity: If volunteering with children or vulnerable populations, follow all guidance on photography and interaction. Respect rules (e.g. background checks, chaperones) that organizations set for protection.

Environmental Considerations

Leave No Trace: Pack out whatever you bring in. This includes bottles, wrappers and biodegradable items (biodegradable is better, but still pack it if possible).
Wildlife: Do not feed wild animals. Maintain distance – a flash photo is one thing, but getting too close can stress animals or change their behavior. Never remove plants or artifacts from natural areas.
Bushfire Safety: In dry season, bushfires can start easily. Avoid open flames except in designated campfire pits, and fully extinguish all fires.
Water Usage: In places with scarce water, use it sparingly. Conserve shower time in guesthouses or camps.
Plastic Use: Bring reusable water bottles (of course, since you’ll need them) and say no to straws and plastic bags when you can.

Be a Respectful Guest

Listen and Observe: In villages or with hosts, be a quiet observer initially. Follow the lead of your host.
Ask Permission: Before taking any cultural artifact or walking through a courtyard, ask. Silence your phone during ceremonies.
Language: If speaking English, be clear and patient. Avoid slang or jargon; broken English and patience will work best. Try to learn “thank you” in a local language. In Juba, “aitechioo” (Dinka for “thank you”) is a nice touch.

Reminder: You are a guest in someone’s land. Kindness, patience and humility go much further than entitlement. A smile and a few local words can open doors.

By following these guidelines, you’ll not only keep yourself safe, but also ensure that your visit has a positive impact. Remember that South Sudan is rebuilding and genuinely welcoming. If you leave communities better off (even just through respectful patronage), you contribute to the country’s future.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can I visit South Sudan independently?
Independent travel is possible in Juba, but outside the capital it is highly discouraged due to safety risks. Almost all tourists or volunteers travel with a group or guide. If you insist on going alone, hire a local security-aware driver/guide for any outing. Avoid wandering off the beaten path unaccompanied; the country’s roads and communities can be hostile or simply confusing for an outsider. In short: plan every leg of your trip with hosts or agencies who know local conditions.

Are there guided tours available?
Yes. A few international tour operators and local companies offer guided safaris and cultural tours in South Sudan. They handle logistics, permits and security. You should book in advance, often through a travel agent or directly with the company. Custom tours (e.g. for NGOs or film crews) are common. Few walk-in tour services exist; everything is pre-arranged.

How do I contact my embassy in South Sudan?
Most countries maintain an embassy or consulate in Juba. After landing, register your arrival through SMS/email or use the US STEP website. Keep your embassy’s address, phone and email handy. For example, the U.S. Embassy in Juba is at Kololo Road, Tongping, Juba (Tel: +211-912-105-188 during business hours; +211-912-105-107 after hours). British and other missions have similar contact info on their government websites. In an emergency, consular staff can offer advice, though on-the-ground help will be limited by the security environment.

Can I drink the tap water?
No, tap water is never safe to drink in South Sudan. Only consume bottled or boiled water. Ice cubes may be made from tap water, so avoid them unless you are certain they are purified. Use bottled water for brushing teeth as well. Water treatment (boiling or purification tablets) is strongly advised for any uncertain source.

What are the emergency numbers?
In South Sudan, 999 is the general emergency line (for police, fire, ambulance). In practice, response capability is low. For medical help, head to a hospital directly. Always have the phone number of your country’s embassy or a known local contact. Carry a satellite phone if traveling extremely remote. Also, 6666 is designated for public health emergencies (e.g. infectious disease alerts).

Are there any UNESCO World Heritage sites?
Currently, South Sudan has no UNESCO World Heritage sites. However, large natural areas like the Boma-Badingilo ecosystem (for the Great Migration) are on UNESCO’s tentative list. Keep an eye on news; sites may be inscribed in the future once peace and infrastructure permit tourism development.

How do I send money to South Sudan?
The easiest way is through bank transfers or money transfer services. Equity Bank in Juba accepts transfers and has a couple of ATMs. International services like Western Union and MoneyGram operate in Juba and Nimule. Ensure you have the recipient’s exact details (account number or MU#) and use strong encryption if sending sensitive info. US dollars sent by mail are discouraged (and could be confiscated). Electronic transfers are safest; local charities often instruct donors on how to send funds. Always use reputable channels.

What are the main exports of South Sudan?
The economy is still dominated by oil. Crude oil (via pipelines to Sudan) accounts for over 90% of exports. Other exports include timber, gum arabic (resin from acacia trees), tobacco leaf, coffee (small scale), and raw hides. Cattle exports occur regionally. Essentially, South Sudan exports raw commodities; manufactured or tech goods are negligible.

What are the best books or documentaries about South Sudan?
For background and storytelling, consider:
– “They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky” by John Bul Dau – a memoir of a “Lost Boy” from the Sudan conflict (powerful context, though focused on 1980s–90s).
– “We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families” by Philip Gourevitch – more on Darfur but gives insight into Sudanese conflicts (North and South links).
– “God Grew Tired of Us” – a documentary following Lost Boys from Sudan adjusting to life in the US (touches on South Sudan background).
– Bradt’s “South Sudan” travel guide by Philip Briggs – a thorough guidebook with details on villages, parks and culture.
– National Geographic episodes or news features on the White Nile or wildlife migration (search “South Sudan migration National Geographic”).

These resources offer historical, cultural and personal perspectives that enrich any trip.

Useful Resources & Further Reading

For more information and assistance, turn to these reliable sources:

Government Travel Advisories: Check the latest safety and entry advice from your country’s foreign affairs department (e.g. U.S. Dept. of State, UK FCDO, Canadian Global Affairs). These update warnings and contact info.
South Sudan Government: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation website provides visa details (mofaic.gov.ss). The Ministry of Wildlife, Tourism and Antiquities (mwct.gov.ss) may have tourism news and park regulations.
UN and NGOs: The UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) site and humanitarian organizations’ sites (UNICEF, WHO, MSF) offer on-the-ground context and health notices. The CDC Travelers’ Health page for South Sudan covers recommended vaccines and disease risks.
Travel Health: The WHO International Travel and Health database and the local CDC (Ministry of Health) are useful for immunization requirements and disease alerts.
Local News/Media: Keep an eye on outlets like Eye Radio (eyeradio.org) or Radio Miraya (for UN updates) for local developments.
Guidebooks & Reports: Apart from Bradt’s guide, organizations like Human Rights Watch and International Crisis Group publish reports on the political and humanitarian situation, which can inform risk assessments.
Maps and Satellite: Offline apps like Maps.me or Gaia GPS have basic maps of South Sudan. Google Maps covers major roads but not all dirt tracks.
Embassies: For consular queries, locate your country’s embassy in Juba. Also, your embassy’s social media or newsletter can be a lifeline for alerts.

Final Thought: South Sudan offers no small charms, but for the adventurous with a strong respect for its people and a cautious spirit, the journey is unforgettable. Let factual preparation and cultural sensitivity guide your trip planning. Safe travels.

Juba

Explorers to Juba encounter a city alive with history and hope. As South Sudan’s youthful capital, Juba pulses along the edge of the Nile with ...