莫桑比克旅游指南 | 海滩、野生动物园、岛屿

莫桑比克是位于非洲东南沿海的一个幅员辽阔、文化底蕴深厚的国家，濒临印度洋，北起坦桑尼亚边境，南至南非和斯威士兰。它值得一游的原因有三：绵长的热带海岸线，遍布着迷人的岛屿和海滩；南部非洲最令人难忘的野生动物和海洋体验；以及其历史的丰富层次，融合了非洲王国、斯瓦希里贸易、葡萄牙殖民统治以及1975年独立后形成的鲜明葡语文化认同。目前，莫桑比克对游客开放，仍然是该地区最具吸引力的低调旅游目的地之一，但它并非一个可以随意前往的国家。马普托、伊尼扬巴内、维兰库洛、巴扎鲁托群岛和戈龙戈萨等成熟的旅游区是大多数游客的首选，而官方旅行建议仍然警告游客不要前往北部部分地区，或建议游客格外谨慎，因为这些地区存在安全隐患。

莫桑比克与许多印度洋旅游目的地不同之处在于，它没有被过度包装成千篇一律的度假胜地。它比初次到访的游客想象的要大得多，也更质朴、更丰富多彩。这个国家面积约801,590平方公里，2024年人口约为3460万，这赋予了它广阔的地域和深厚的文化底蕴。葡萄牙语是官方语言，但日常生活也融合了多种非洲语言和地域特色，这使得这里的旅行体验丰富多彩，而非千篇一律。在这里，一次旅行就能让你领略到充满后殖民时代风情的首都、点缀着独桅帆船的沿海小镇、珊瑚礁、岛屿旅馆、内陆稀树草原，以及仍然遵循着渔业、农业和季节性气候规律生活的社区。

对许多旅行者来说，莫桑比克的第一印象便是海岸线，而这绝非浪得虚名。这个国家拥有超过2400公里的印度洋海岸线，其中伊尼扬巴内省、维兰库洛、巴扎鲁托群岛以及最北端的海岸线尤为迷人。这里最棒的海滩体验不仅仅在于沙滩和海水的颜色（尽管两者都令人叹为观止），更在于那种开阔的空间感。莫桑比克常常能提供一种在其他地方越来越难寻觅的海滩：绵长、开发程度低、海风轻拂，并且与真正的沿海社区紧密相连，而非完全被旅游基础设施所包围。近海的海洋生物也是一大亮点。根据季节和地点，游客可以前来潜水、浮潜、帆船、观鲸、观赏座头鲸迁徙、蝠鲼、鲸鲨，以及探索那些依然广袤无垠而非人满为患的珊瑚礁系统。

然而，莫桑比克并非仅仅是海滩度假胜地，仅仅将其定义为岛屿和碧绿的海水，就忽略了它真正的魅力所在。位于该国中部的戈龙戈萨，凭借内战后野生动物和生态系统的长期恢复，已成为非洲最受关注的自然保护案例之一。它吸引人的地方不仅在于观赏野生动物，更在于它展现了通过科学、社区工作、野化和长期保护愿景重建自然景观的难得景象。在南部，马普托国家公园在2025年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，成为跨界的伊西曼加利索湿地公园-马普托国家公园的一部分后，其地位更加显赫。这一认可意义重大，因为它标志着莫桑比克不再仅仅因其海滩而闻名，更被视为一个拥有全球重要生物多样性和保护价值的国家。

莫桑比克的历史赋予了它独特的旅行深度。在葡萄牙人到来之前，这片海岸早已融入连接东非、阿拉伯、波斯和南亚的印度洋贸易网络。后来，葡萄牙的殖民统治留下了葡语文化的印记，至今仍影响着莫桑比克的建筑、美食、音乐、行政管理以及国家的对外形象。莫桑比克岛（Ilha de Moçambique）是这段漫长历史最清晰的实体体现，也是该国最著名的联合国教科文组织世界遗产。它不仅仅是一个拥有众多精美建筑的殖民时期遗迹，更是斯瓦希里、非洲、阿拉伯和葡萄牙文化交汇、碰撞、贸易往来并留下物质痕迹的地方，这些痕迹至今仍塑造着当地的建筑环境。对于那些不满足于仅仅欣赏风景的旅行者来说，莫桑比克正是因为其蕴含着如此深厚的历史底蕴而令人流连忘返。

首都马普托值得在传统的野生动物园和海滩之旅中获得更多关注。它并非一座装饰华丽的展示型城市，但它个性鲜明，而这一点至关重要。这座城市位于莫桑比克最南端，靠近南非边境，是莫桑比克的政治、文化和商业中心。旅行者通常将其作为中转站，但这座城市值得驻足停留，体验其海鲜、音乐、街头生活、现代主义混凝土建筑、市场，以及独特的葡语非洲都市风情，使其与该地区其他英语国家的首都截然不同。这里也是感受莫桑比克作为一个充满活力的国家而非仅仅是一系列风景名胜的最佳地点。即使是短暂的停留，也能帮助人们将海岸线和公园置于更广阔的国家视野中进行理解。

更广阔的视角至关重要，因为莫桑比克是一个风景优美的国家，但也面临着诸多挑战。它极易受到飓风、洪水和气候冲击的影响，近期南部地区的洪灾凸显了当地局势瞬息万变。尽管雄心勃勃的能源和基础设施建设计划备受关注，但莫桑比克的经济依然脆弱，世界银行指出其增长乏力且持续脆弱。但这并不意味着莫桑比克不值得一游。而是意味着负责任的旅行应该务实而非浪漫。良好的规划至关重要。当地情况也同样重要。道路质量、天气、国内交通和当地后勤保障等因素，在莫桑比克比在那些更容易到达的目的地更为关键。那些将莫桑比克视为一个需要耐心和当地知识才能有所收获的地方的旅行者，通常会比那些期待轻松无忧的度假之旅的游客拥有更好的体验。

归根结底，游览莫桑比克的最佳理由在于，它依然给人一种探索发现的感觉。这并非因为它鲜为人知，而是因为它尚未被简化成单一的叙事。你可以选择海滩度假、海上之旅、自然保护之旅、文化之旅，或是悠闲的陆路探险。它适合那些重视氛围而非一味追求视觉冲击，并且愿意为了体验当地特色而牺牲便利的旅行者。就实际而言，目前南部和中部地区的旅游最为火爆，尤其是在马普托、伊尼扬巴内、维兰库洛、巴扎鲁托和戈龙戈萨周边地区；而北部路线则需要更加谨慎，并随时关注当地的安全状况。从编辑的角度来看，莫桑比克是东南非最引人入胜的国家之一，因为它将海岸线、生物多样性、历史和独特的文化完美融合，却又不显得矫揉造作。这种融合实属难得，也正是它拥有持久魅力的原因所在。

Indian Ocean — Southeastern Africa — Swahili, Lusophone and Southern African Worlds

莫桑比克

Moçambique / República de Moçambique

A complete long-form country guide to one of Africa’s most spatially dramatic and culturally layered destinations: a nation of Indian Ocean islands, coral reefs, mangrove estuaries, colonial trading towns, immense river valleys, recovering safari landscapes, and a long historical arc that links Swahili merchants, Portuguese seafarers, anti-colonial struggle, civil war, reconstruction, and a quietly powerful tourism revival. Mozambique does not reward rushed checklist travel. It rewards curiosity, patience, tolerance for distance, and an appetite for places that still feel more discovered than packaged.

马普托和南部非洲门户莫桑比克岛联合国教科文组织世界遗产马普托国家公园世界遗产扩建集市和基林巴群岛戈龙戈萨修复故事葡萄牙-斯瓦希里-印度洋遗产 2400多公里海岸线独桅帆船城镇、珊瑚礁和海洋生物海滩与丛林相结合的旅行

约3500万人口（2024 年）

801,590 平方公里国家区域

2联合国教科文组织世界遗产

2470+公里印度洋沿岸

1975独立

MZN货币：梅蒂卡尔

01 — Overview

概述与民族性格

Why Mozambique feels so different from its neighbors, and why serious travelers increasingly see it as one of the most rewarding countries on Africa’s eastern seaboard.

莫桑比克是什么

Mozambique is a large southeastern African republic stretching in a long north–south arc beside the Indian Ocean, bordered by Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini. Its scale matters. On a map it looks coastal; in reality it is a country of coastlines, estuaries, inland plateaus, escarpments, river basins, mountain edges, agricultural lowlands, mangrove systems, and culturally distinct regional worlds that can feel almost like separate countries joined by one long shoreline. Maputo in the far south functions as the capital, financial center, and principal international gateway, yet it is only one expression of the nation. Nampula Province and Ilha de Moçambique tell a different story. Sofala and Gorongosa tell another. Cabo Delgado and the Quirimbas tell yet another still.

印度洋上的一个国家

The first thing to understand about Mozambique is that it belongs as much to the Indian Ocean world as to continental southern Africa. For centuries this shore was tied to monsoon trade routes that linked East Africa with Arabia, Gujarat, the Persian Gulf, and later Portugal’s Estado da Índia. You see this in architecture, cuisine, music, surnames, religion, boat forms, and old trading towns where coral-rag walls, carved doors, mosques, churches, and faded Portuguese facades coexist within walking distance. Even inland, the coast has historically pulled people, goods, and ideas toward it. This is why Mozambique often feels softer, saltier, and more maritime in temperament than the landlocked narratives of southern Africa would suggest.

为什么它感觉被低估了

Mozambique remains curiously underrepresented in mainstream travel planning because its modern history was hard. Independence from Portugal came only in 1975. A devastating civil war ran from 1977 to 1992. Recurrent cyclones, infrastructure bottlenecks, economic strain, and recent insecurity in the far north have also shaped how outsiders view the country. Yet that same history explains why so much of Mozambique still feels unflattened by mass tourism. The Bazaruto Archipelago can look postcard-perfect, but many coastal towns remain genuinely working places rather than ornamental resorts. Ilha de Moçambique is one of the most historically profound island settlements in the western Indian Ocean, but still feels intimate. Gorongosa is one of Africa’s great ecological recovery stories, yet still gives visitors room to think.

如何妥善处理这个问题

Mozambique is not best consumed as a single superlative. It is not merely “cheap beach Maldives,” nor simply “Africa’s next safari destination,” nor only a Lusophone curiosity. The right approach is to see it as a sequence of landscapes and historical layers. Maputo offers urban energy, music, seafood, and modern identity. Inhambane and Tofo introduce the beach-and-dive coast. Vilankulo and Bazaruto deliver reef-and-island grandeur. Beira opens the central corridor. Gorongosa reframes wilderness and recovery. Nampula and Ilha de Moçambique offer one of the continent’s richest coastal historical ensembles. Pemba and the Quirimbas widen the horizon again into island-dotted northern waters. The traveler who allows for these shifts will understand why Mozambique inspires such loyalty in people who know it well.

02 — Quick Facts

概览要点

基本参考要素：地理、语言、人口、历史、气候、经济以及定义一个国家的实际坐标。

官方名称	莫桑比克共和国
首都	马普托是该国首都，也是位于最南端的主要商业中心。
区域	801,590 square kilometers, making Mozambique one of Africa’s larger coastal states
人口	预计到2024年人口将达到约3500万，人口结构年轻且增长迅速。
官方语言	葡萄牙语。许多莫桑比克人还讲班图语系的地方语言，包括马库瓦语、塞纳语、聪加语、洛姆韦语、斯瓦希里语等，具体语言因地区和社区而异。
货币	莫桑比克梅蒂卡尔 (MZN)
独立	1975年6月25日，葡萄牙殖民统治结束后
政治结构	单一制共和国，国家机构集中于马普托
行政区划	十个省份加上独立的马普托市
地点	非洲东南部，面向莫桑比克海峡和印度洋，与马达加斯加隔海相望
海岸线	超过2470公里，通常被认为是非洲印度洋沿岸最长的海岸线之一。
主要河流	赞比西河、林波波河、鲁伍马、Save、Púnguè、Buzi 和 Licungo 等
最高点	位于津巴布韦边境的西部高地蒙特宾加
气候	总体上属于热带至亚热带气候，雨季大致从十月或十一月持续到次年三月或四月，旱季则贯穿南半球的冬季。
联合国教科文组织世界遗产	Island of Mozambique; and, since 2025, the transboundary iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park property
最知名的目的地	马普托、伊尼扬巴内、托佛、维兰库洛、巴扎鲁托群岛、戈龙戈萨国家公园、莫桑比克岛、奔巴岛、基林巴群岛和马普托国家公园
空中门户	马普托国际机场；贝拉、楠普拉、奔巴、维兰库洛以及其他国内门户城市，方便区域旅行
区域旅行逻辑	南部适合体验都市文化和享受便捷的海滩之旅；中部适合进行野生动物观赏和游览湿地；北部适合探索历史名城、岛屿和偏远的海洋景观。
经济	农业、采掘业、港口和物流、渔业、能源项目以及不断发展但不均衡的旅游业
为什么要去	对于印度洋岛屿而言，海洋生物、层层叠叠的海岸历史、丰富的海鲜、浓厚的音乐文化，以及一个至今仍保留着自身独特声音的国家，都令人向往。

03 — Distinction

莫桑比克为何脱颖而出

莫桑比克与南非、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚、纳米比亚或印度洋岛屿的不同之处在于，这些国家在旅游规划中常常掩盖了莫桑比克的光芒。

真实比例的印度洋海岸线

许多国家都有海滩。莫桑比克的整个海岸线却呈现出大陆性气候的特征。南部拥有沙丘环绕的海滩、河口，以及更为柔和的亚热带风情。莫桑比克中部逐渐扩展为红树林平原、河口和历史悠久的港口，这些港口与赞比西河和索法拉海岸相连。北部则更具热带风情，岛屿星罗棋布，碧绿的海峡、珊瑚礁、独桅帆船和群岛，让人感觉更接近桑给巴尔和科摩罗，而非南非。这种地域上的多样性造就了莫桑比克独特的魅力：冲浪、潜水、观鲸、独桅帆船航行、垂钓、赤脚漫步岛屿以及人迹罕至的内陆海湾，所有这些活动都属于同一个国家，却呈现出截然不同的氛围。

One of Africa’s Most Layered Coastal Histories

Mozambique’s coast compresses multiple historical worlds into one national narrative. Long before colonial rule, Swahili and wider Indian Ocean trade networks connected this coastline to Arabia, India, and the East African littoral. The Portuguese then turned Ilha de Moçambique into a capital and strategic node of empire. Mission churches, mosques, forts, merchant houses, slave-trade memories, and Afro-Portuguese urban forms followed. Independence and socialist state-building came much later, then civil war, then reconstruction. This means the traveler is never simply in a resort landscape. Even the prettiest island anchorage often sits beside deeper stories of migration, trade, coercion, survival, and adaptation.

海滩和灌木丛，无需人工配对

Some countries market a “beach and bush” itinerary as a neat tourism slogan. In Mozambique it is both literal and increasingly convincing. Gorongosa offers one of Africa’s great restoration narratives in a landscape of floodplain, mountain, and savanna. Maputo National Park joins coastal lakes, dune forest, marine habitats, and large-animal conservation in one southern system. Offshore, Bazaruto and the Quirimbas bring reefs, dugongs, turtles, whale migration, and island topographies that feel oceanic rather than merely coastal. The country’s appeal lies in the possibility of combining wildlife and water without either feeling secondary.

一个仍然保留着鲜明非洲东海岸特色的葡语非洲

Portuguese is central to public life and gives Mozambique a visible Lusophone identity, especially in Maputo, but the country never feels like a simple Portuguese afterimage. Swahili influences remain strong in the north. South African links shape the south. Indian Ocean trading culture persists in food, dress, and architecture. Urban music ranges from marrabenta to hip-hop and contemporary fusions. The result is not a hybrid for hybrid’s sake but a lived cultural layering that makes Mozambique unlike Angola, unlike Portugal, and unlike the Swahili coast farther north.

不那么精致，更令人难忘

莫桑比克并非该地区最便捷的国家。路途遥远，国内交通时断时续，基础设施质量也时好时坏，天气状况更是影响巨大。然而，正是这些挑战，使得人们在这里留下的记忆往往更加深刻。探索目的地仍需付出努力，邂逅仍保留着自然流露的真谛，美食依然来自当地渔场，而非专为大众旅游设计的旅游供应链。那些能够忍受些许不便的旅行者，往往正是因为莫桑比克尚未完全磨平棱角，才最终选择这里。

一个新兴的保护故事

在自然保护对话中，莫桑比克的重要性日益凸显。戈龙戈萨国家公园展现了如何将长期生态恢复与教育、科学和社区发展紧密结合。马普托国家公园如今已成为联合国教科文组织跨界世界遗产的一部分，它表明海岸和海洋保护如何能够提升至全球意义。即使在旅游业仍然较为冷清的地区，自然保护区也开始重塑国际社会对莫桑比克的认知：它不仅是一个海滩度假胜地，更是一个生物多样性极其丰富的国家。

04 — Historical Context

历史深度解析

从早期的印度洋交流到殖民统治、解放斗争、内战和现代复兴：漫长的历史弧线造就了莫桑比克现在的面貌。

1500年以前

早期定居与印度洋交流Mozambique was inhabited long before written coastal chronicles entered the historical record. Bantu-speaking communities shaped the agricultural, linguistic, and social foundations of the territory over many centuries. Along the coast, settlements gradually linked into the wider western Indian Ocean commercial system. Gold, ivory, iron, cloth, beads, and later enslaved people moved through routes that connected the interior to ports. Northern coastal towns especially participated in the Swahili trading sphere, even if Mozambique’s southern zones remained more loosely tied to those networks.

1498

瓦斯科达伽马和葡萄牙海上航线当瓦斯科·达·伽马沿东非海岸航行，开辟了从欧洲到印度的海上航线时，葡萄牙人便进入了一个早已连通的海洋世界。随着时间的推移，他们建立了防御工事和商业据点，最终控制了莫桑比克岛。莫桑比克岛是印度洋航线上的重要中转站，也是连接里斯本、果阿、东非海岸乃至整个印度洋的枢纽。

16th–18th C.

殖民地防御工事和沿海要塞Portuguese influence deepened unevenly. The crown and private interests operated through island strongholds, missionary activity, military posts, and prazos—large landholding arrangements in parts of the Zambezi valley. Control inland was never absolute, and local African polities retained agency, power, and commercial leverage. Yet the Portuguese presence became enduring enough to reshape architecture, religion, trade routes, and administrative geography. Fort São Sebastião on Ilha de Moçambique remains one of the clearest material witnesses to that era.

19世纪

帝国、特许统治和强制劳动制度十九世纪的莫桑比克身处南部和东部非洲庞大的帝国主义竞争之中，商业掠夺愈演愈烈。领土的不同区域由殖民统治和特许公司共同管理。强迫劳动、沉重的赋税压力、种植园制度和强制征兵塑造了许多莫桑比克人的日常生活。奴隶贸易及相关的强制劳动制度也留下了长久而痛苦的记忆，尤其是在沿海历史中心地区。

20世纪

晚期殖民主义与城市现代性By the twentieth century cities such as Lourenço Marques—today’s Maputo—had become visibly modern colonial urban centers, tied economically to South Africa and regional transport networks. Rail, port infrastructure, and commercial districts expanded. But this urban modernity rested on exclusion, racial hierarchy, and unequal access to land, labor, and political rights. Colonial Mozambique looked outward in infrastructure and economy while inward inequality remained extreme.

1964–1974

解放斗争在莫桑比克解放阵线（FRELIMO）的领导下，争取独立的武装斗争势头强劲。该组织反抗葡萄牙统治，并将政治解放与更广泛的反殖民变革联系起来。这场冲突的爆发与非洲更广泛的非殖民化进程以及葡萄牙自身政治格局的转变密切相关。1974年里斯本的康乃馨革命动摇了旧政权，莫桑比克的殖民体系也迅速走向终结。

1975

独立莫桑比克于1975年6月25日独立。这个新生国家继承了广袤的领土、薄弱的发展指标、大量葡萄牙移民离开后留下的严重技能缺口，以及在多种语言和地区中明确国家认同的迫切需求。独立至今仍是该国引以为傲的基石和重要的政治象征。

1977–1992

内战The post-independence civil war devastated Mozambique. Infrastructure was destroyed, communities displaced, transport corridors disrupted, wildlife populations ravaged in some protected areas, and development trajectories set back by years. The war is crucial to understanding why so much of the country still shows abrupt contrasts between extraordinary natural and cultural wealth on one hand and fragile service delivery on the other. It is also why Gorongosa’s recovery carries so much emotional and ecological weight today.

1992年起

和平、重建与不平衡增长1992年的《罗马和平协议》开启了莫桑比克发展的新篇章。该国重建了道路、港口、机场、学校和医疗卫生系统，并逐步向市场经济和多党政治转型。经济增长随之而来，尤其是在某些城市和采掘业领域，但发展成果并不均衡，脆弱性依然存在。气候冲击、债务危机和区域发展不平衡等问题不断加剧，使莫桑比克的发展形势更加复杂。

2000s–2020s

旅游、保护与新的全球关注过去二十年来，莫桑比克凭借世界一流的海洋旅游、岛屿度假村、环境保护伙伴关系、近海天然气潜力以及优越的港口地理位置而备受瞩目。与此同时，严峻的挑战依然存在，包括飓风造成的破坏以及德尔加杜角地区的安全问题。因此，莫桑比克的发展历程并非简单的崛起，而是在重重压力下展现出的韧性、环境意义和区域重要性。正是这种复杂性，使得现代莫桑比克如此引人入胜。

05 — Geography

地理、区域和自然结构

The country only makes sense once you understand its geography: long coastline, great rivers, lowlands, plateaus, island chains, and a north–south sequence of different ecological worlds.

海岸

Mozambique’s coastline is one of the great structural facts of the country. It runs for well over two thousand kilometers along the Indian Ocean and includes bays, sand spits, reefs, estuaries, dune systems, mangroves, tidal flats, island chains, and broad marine channels. The coast is not visually uniform. Near Maputo it can feel more southern African and subtropical, shaped by dunes, wetlands, and surf conditions. In the center, around Sofala and the mouths of major rivers, the coast widens into low, marshy expanses. In the north, especially around the Quirimbas, it becomes more overtly tropical and insular, with coral-rag islands, transparent water, and dhow routes that seem to belong to another latitude altogether.

大河

河流是第二个关键的结构要素。赞比西河纵贯全国，其规模之大影响着定居点、交通、土壤和历史贸易。林波波河、萨韦河、布济河、蓬格河和罗武马河也塑造着区域经济和环境风险。这些河流不仅风景优美，而且对农业、洪灾风险、交通走廊和生态多样性至关重要。它们也解释了为什么莫桑比克既具有海洋性特征又具有大陆性特征：边缘面向海洋，中部河流纵横，内陆高原与陆地相连。

内部

Most visitors imagine Mozambique as flat. This is only partly true. The broad coastal lowlands dominate many southern and central images, but the land rises westward into plateaus and highland margins. In the west and northwest the topography becomes more varied, and the country touches upland systems shared with Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. These changes in elevation affect temperature, crops, vegetation, and even architectural styles. A Mozambique itinerary that includes only the beach misses how much of the country’s agricultural and human geography is tied to inland zones.

气候和季节

The broad travel rule is simple: the wet, hotter season generally runs from roughly October or November to March or April, while the drier, cooler, and often more comfortable season runs through much of the austral winter. But this generalization hides regional variation. The north stays more tropical. The south can feel pleasantly mild in winter. Cyclones and heavy rain affect central and northern coasts more dramatically than many first-time travelers expect. Marine visibility, road access, birdlife, diving quality, surf patterns, and safari conditions all shift with the seasons, so the “best time” depends heavily on what you are actually trying to do.

区域框架

理解莫桑比克最简单的方法是将其划分为三个大区域。南部以马普托、伊尼扬巴内、托福、蓬塔杜奥罗和马普托国家公园系统为中心，交通最为便利，与南非联系也最为紧密。中部以贝拉、索法拉海岸、赞比西河沿岸地区和戈龙戈萨为中心，拥有极其重要的生态价值，并呈现出更鲜明的河流平原景观。北部以楠普拉、莫桑比克岛、奔巴岛和基林巴群岛为中心，其历史和海景更具印度洋特色。

为什么地理位置对旅行者很重要

In compact countries a traveler can treat geography as background. In Mozambique geography is destiny. It determines how much time you need, whether to fly or drive, what food dominates the table, what language you are likely to hear first after Portuguese, and even whether a destination feels urban, rural, oceanic, historical, or wild. It also explains why Mozambique is rarely a “do everything in ten days” country. The distances are too real. Choosing the south, center, or north is often wiser than trying to do all three badly.

2联合国教科文组织世界遗产

3500万2024年的人口

801,590平方公里

2,470+绵延数公里的海岸线

1992和平协议年

06 — Cities, Towns & Routes

城市、历史名城和旅游走廊

在实践中最重要的城市和区域节点：不仅仅是睡觉的地方，而是莫桑比克如何组织人员流动、商业和身份认同。

首都
马普托 — The country’s southern capital is the most urbane and cosmopolitan expression of Mozambique: broad avenues, jacaranda shade, late-colonial and modernist buildings, lively seafood restaurants, bars, music venues, markets, and a strong South African regional pull. It is not merely a transit point. It is where the nation feels intellectually contemporary.

历史性
莫桑比克岛 — The Island of Mozambique is one of the most important historical settlements on the East African coast: fortifications, churches, mosques, merchant houses, ocean views, and a density of memory disproportionate to its size. It should be treated as a major destination, not a side note.

海滩门户
维兰库洛 — The practical springboard to the Bazaruto Archipelago. Vilankulo itself is a working coastal town rather than a perfect resort postcard, but that is part of its usefulness: boats, flights, kite conditions, island transfers, and a grounded feel before the offshore brilliance begins.

海岸遗产
因尼扬巴内 — One of the oldest European-influenced settlements in southern Africa, calmer and more historical than many travelers expect. The town pairs well with nearby Tofo and Barra, and rewards visitors who look beyond the beach scene to architecture, old churches, and the rhythm of an older trading town.

潜水海岸
品尝 — A beach destination with an unusually strong marine identity: diving, whale sharks, humpback season, surf, a relaxed backpacker-and-boutique mix, and a shoreline that still feels socially alive rather than hermetically resorted off.

北部枢纽
奔巴岛 — The main gateway to the Quirimbas region and one of the most strategically significant northern cities. The bay is beautiful, the setting more tropical than Maputo, and the atmosphere markedly more Indian Ocean in feel.

港口走廊
边界 — Often treated only as a transport city, but historically important as a port and central gateway. It is also an access point toward Gorongosa and the central coast. Cyclones have shaped its recent history and urban resilience.

内部链接
奇莫约 — Less visited by international leisure travelers, but important in the Manica highland corridor and useful for understanding Mozambique beyond the sea. The western landscapes begin to feel more inland southern African here.

南部野生海岸
蓬塔杜奥罗 — Near the South African border, known for diving, dolphins, surfing energy, and access into the broader coastal conservation landscapes now tied to Maputo National Park.

长途
North–South Travel — Mozambique is not a country where overland ambition always equals good judgment. Distances are long, roads vary, and flooding or storm damage can alter plans. Internal flights often save a trip. Combining two strong regions usually works better than attempting a heroic full-country sweep.

最佳电路
南环路 — Maputo + Ponta do Ouro or Maputo National Park + Inhambane/Tofo + Vilankulo/Bazaruto. This is the most practical first Mozambique itinerary and balances city, coast, and manageable transfers.

最佳专家电路
中心/北环线 — Gorongosa + Beira or Chimoio, then Nampula/Ilha de Moçambique or Pemba/Quirimbas by air. Less obvious, more rewarding for repeat visitors or travelers interested in history, conservation, and regional depth.

— — —

07 — Beaches, Islands & Marine Mozambique

海滩、岛屿、珊瑚礁和海洋世界

This is the Mozambique that most first attracts travelers—but it is richer and more varied than the usual brochure version suggests.

巴扎鲁托群岛

If one image has introduced Mozambique to luxury travel audiences, it is probably Bazaruto: pale sand, dune-backed islands, shifting water colors, dhow silhouettes, and marine life moving through clear channels. Yet Bazaruto matters for more than visual beauty. It represents the strongest version of southern Mozambique’s oceanic allure: island topographies that feel remote but still workable, a mix of barefoot simplicity and high-end hospitality, and a marine environment famous for diving, snorkeling, birdlife, fishing, and dugong associations. The archipelago works especially well for travelers who want ease without complete sanitization. The mainland gateway, Vilankulo, keeps the offshore beauty connected to a real Mozambican coastal town.

基林巴斯群岛

再往北，基林巴群岛更显原始野性，地域更为分散，也更具印度洋风情。岛屿与邻近大陆之间保持着一种疏离感，这在如今的旅行者中实属难得。珊瑚礁建筑、独桅帆船文化、珊瑚礁系统、岛屿村落和浅海，共同营造出一种比一些精致的印度洋度假胜地更原始的氛围。基林巴群岛并非只是蜜月旅行的理想之地，它也同样能满足对文化地理、渔业、沿海居民生活以及岛屿生活与大陆历史传承感兴趣的旅行者的需求。如果条件合适，这里堪称非洲最美丽的沿海地区之一。

托福、巴拉和伊尼扬巴内海岸

托福是全国最具社交活力的海滩度假胜地之一，因为它从未沦为单纯的度假天堂。潜水爱好者前来探索壮丽的海洋景观和珊瑚礁；冲浪爱好者前来享受稳定的浪况；自由行的旅行者则被这里便捷的交通和轻松的氛围所吸引。来自马普托和南非的周末游客也为这里增添了多元化的人群。附近的巴拉则提供更为私密的住宿环境和度假小屋。伊尼扬巴内镇本身也拥有许多其他海滩地区所缺乏的历史底蕴。最终，托福打造出了一个比单纯的乘飞机抵达的岛屿更具人文气息的沿海地区。

蓬塔杜欧鲁 (Ponta do Ouro) 和南部地区

Ponta do Ouro sits close enough to South Africa to feel accessible and close enough to Mozambique’s wilder marine edge to feel distinctive. Diving, surf, dolphin tourism, and sandy road adventure have long shaped its reputation. It also forms part of a broader southern conservation and marine landscape that now matters more internationally because of Maputo National Park and the transboundary UNESCO recognition attached to the iSimangaliso extension. This gives the far south a significance beyond weekend beach culture.

Why Mozambique’s Beaches Feel Different

莫桑比克海滩最令人难忘的往往不是海水的颜色，而是周围的氛围。许多海滩仍然背靠着曾经的社区、沙丘植被、木麻黄树丛或渔场，而非娱乐区。独桅帆船依然是当地视觉语言的一部分。海鲜通常都是地道的当地特产。即使是美丽的海滩，也可能略带未完成的痕迹，而这往往反而是一种魅力。莫桑比克往往先展现氛围，后展现奇观，而奇观最终总会到来。

海洋生物与季节性

莫桑比克的海洋旅游很大程度上取决于季节和地区。鲸鱼和海豚的出现、潜水能见度、海龟活动、冲浪条件和风况都会随季节变化。因此，在莫桑比克进行周密的计划至关重要。仅仅预订海滩是不够的。您需要了解自己是否想要体验蝠鲼出没的潜水、观赏座头鲸、风筝冲浪、享受适合家庭游泳的舒适环境，或者享受淡季的优惠价格。这里的海洋世界并非一成不变，而是充满生机，并会随着季节更迭而变化。

08 — Safari, Nature & Conservation

野生动物园景观、国家公园和保护区恢复

不应再仅仅从海滩来了解莫桑比克。其自然保护区正日益成为吸引游客的重要原因之一。

戈龙戈萨国家公园

戈龙戈萨不仅仅是一个国家公园，它更是非洲自然保护领域最具说服力的复兴案例之一。内战曾摧毁了这里的野生动物种群和生态系统，但公园在过去的二十年里，不仅重建了动物数量，还提升了科研能力、加强了教育、促进了社区发展，并在戈龙戈萨山及其缓冲区构建了更为广阔的保护格局。这使得戈龙戈萨之行远不止是一次普通的观光游猎，它更蕴含着丰富的精神内涵。戈龙戈萨的意义不仅在于生态，更在于展现了当自然保护被视为一项长期的社会工程，而非仅仅是一个被围栏圈起来的“明信片”时，生态复苏的景象。对于许多深思熟虑的旅行者而言，这赋予了这座公园非凡的道德和情感深度。

马普托国家公园

Maputo National Park is increasingly central to Mozambique’s conservation identity. Created through the merger of Maputo Special Reserve and the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve, it joins terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine systems in one southern landscape. Its inclusion in the UNESCO-listed iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park transboundary property in 2025 pushed it onto a global stage. This matters because it confirms what field ecologists and conservation practitioners already knew: southern Mozambique holds globally significant biodiversity in habitats that are scenic, fragile, and internationally important. For travelers, the park offers a different kind of safari logic—lakes, dunes, beaches, wetlands, elephants, marine adjacency—more amphibious in feel than the classic East African savanna model.

旗舰公园之外

Mozambique’s conservation story extends beyond the names most travelers recognize. The country includes a network of national parks, reserves, marine systems, and corridor landscapes that remain lightly visited but ecologically meaningful. Some are still better understood by conservation professionals than by mainstream tourists. This under-visibility can frustrate trip planning, but it also means there is still genuine frontier energy in Mozambican nature travel. The right operator or regional plan can reveal wetlands, forests, islands, and bird-rich landscapes that rarely appear in generic Africa itineraries.

为什么自然保护改变了国家格局

多年来，莫桑比克主要被视为南非或津巴布韦的“海滩度假胜地”。但自然保护正在改变人们的这种固有观念。仅戈龙戈萨国家公园就足以吸引真正的自然爱好者。马普托国家公园则为南部地区树立了全球公认的生态标杆。巴扎鲁托和基林巴群岛的海洋生态系统进一步强化了这一观点。莫桑比克正逐渐被人们所认识，它不仅是一个休闲度假胜地，更是一个具有国际保护意义的生物多样性国家。这种转变是莫桑比克形象塑造中最重要的变化之一。

最适合不同旅行者的自然风光

对于初学者： 与其试图游览多个保护区，不如将海岸与戈龙戈萨国家公园或马普托国家公园结合起来游览。 对于有环保意识的旅行者： 戈龙戈萨岛是首要关注对象，因为其科学和社会意义与野生动物一样引人入胜。 对于想要更深入体验海滩风情的爱好者： 巴扎鲁托或蓬塔杜奥罗与自然保护区相结合，将整个旅程重新定义。 对于观鸟者和生态学家而言： 在这里，季节、湿地、洪泛区和交通便利性比哺乳动物名录更重要。

伦理诉求

莫桑比克越来越吸引那些关心旅游业发展方向的旅行者。在最好的情况下，旅馆、公园和岛屿物业都与当地就业、自然保护管理、珊瑚礁保护、教育项目或社区参与紧密相连。虽然标准不尽相同，仍需进行审查，但与许多更知名的热带旅游目的地相比，莫桑比克提供了更多将休闲与疗愈相结合的有意义的机会。

09 — Culture, Music, Food & Identity

文化、语言、音乐、食物与日常身份认同

莫桑比克经常被拍成一个以海洋和沙滩为主的国家，但其文化实力是认真对待它的最有力理由之一。

语言与日常多语现象

葡萄牙语是官方语言，也是大多数游客在行政、媒体、城市标识和区域间交流中接触到的语言。但莫桑比克的语言并非单一。区域性的班图语仍然是家庭生活、社区认同和当地文化世界的核心。在北部，沿海地区和贸易历史造就了与南部不同的语言特色。在马普托，葡萄牙语在公共城市交流中的主导地位可能比该国其他许多地区更为显著。仔细观察语言的游客会了解到莫桑比克国家认同的一个重要方面：莫桑比克在政治上是统一的，但在文化上却有着深刻的多元性。

音乐：Marrabenta 及其他

Mozambique’s music deserves more global recognition than it receives. Marrabenta, associated especially with Maputo, is the style most often cited as nationally emblematic: urban, danceable, guitar-driven, and historically linked to colonial and postcolonial social life. But Mozambique’s soundscape is broader. There are strong choral traditions, local drumming cultures, contemporary hip-hop and pop scenes, and cross-border influences from South Africa, lusophone Africa, and global urban music. In Maputo, live music can be one of the most memorable parts of a visit. It makes the capital feel lived rather than performed.

Food: One of Southern Africa’s Best Tables

Mozambique’s food is one of its quiet superpowers. Prawns, crab, line fish, octopus, calamari, peri-peri chicken, cassava, coconuts, matapa, fresh tropical fruit, and rice-based coastal meals create a cuisine that feels lighter, more ocean-facing, and often more vivid than standard overland southern African fare. Portuguese culinary inheritance is obvious, but it is transformed by local ingredients and Indian Ocean sensibilities. A good meal in Mozambique can be reason enough to remember a place.

马普托作为文化之都

马普托之所以重要，是因为它将抽象的民族认同转化为看得见的都市文化：书店、画廊、酒吧、海鲜餐厅、建筑、政治记忆，以及比外人通常预期的更具创造力的公共生活。在这里，莫桑比克展现出现代非洲首都的风貌，而不仅仅是通往海滩的门户。任何对文化而非风景感兴趣的人都应该在这里安排充足的时间。

服饰、宗教与社会结构

莫桑比克宗教和社会多元，天主教、伊斯兰教、新教和其他信仰体系在不同地区交织融合。旅游区的着装要求通常较为宽松，但在一些社区，尤其是在北部地区，则更为保守。沿海地区的服装风格、卡普拉纳帽、市场生活和街头节奏在全国各地都各有不同。尊重他人比拘泥于形式礼仪更为重要。

马塔帕、虾、Peri-Peri

如果要说哪三样最能代表这顿饭，那非马塔帕莫属：这道深受喜爱的炖菜通常用木薯叶、椰子和花生碎烹制而成；来自沿海的巨型对虾；以及莫桑比克特有的辣椒——佩里佩里辣椒。在莫桑比克，佩里佩里辣椒并非噱头，而是日常饮食文化中不可或缺的一部分。再加上烤鱼、某些地区的巴吉亚式街头小吃和热带果汁，这顿饭便足以展现这个国家的风土人情。

架构和内存

莫桑比克的城市建筑常常令游客感到惊喜。马普托拥有大量晚期殖民时期、现代主义和市政建筑。莫桑比克岛是西印度洋地区建筑遗产最丰富的地区之一。在其他地方，古老的铁路建筑、港口、教堂、清真寺和破败的商业建筑立面，都揭示了交通和帝国曾经如何塑造了这里的空间。这里的建筑环境值得细细品味。

局外人常常忽略的

许多初次到访莫桑比克的游客只关注海滩，却忽略了莫桑比克丰富多彩的文化。这是一个拥有浓厚都市气息、深厚音乐传统、悠久历史底蕴以及足以跻身该地区最佳美食之列的国家。任何只说海水很漂亮就离开的人，都还没有真正用心去体验。

10 — Travel Practicalities

何时出行、如何出行、费用、舒适度和规划逻辑

莫桑比克比许多其他旅游目的地更重视周密的计划。这往往决定了一次旅行是令人沮丧还是精彩绝伦。

最佳游览时间

对大多数旅行者来说，大约从五月到十月的旱季最为轻松。道路状况通常较好，湿度较低，海滩和丛林的组合也更容易安排。潜水、观鲸季、观鸟、冲浪和海洋生物观赏等活动因地区和月份而异，因此专业人士需要更精确地规划行程。雨季虽然能带来郁郁葱葱的景色和较少的游客，但也伴随着暴风雨风险、交通中断和高湿度，尤其是在中部和北部地区。

如何安排第一次旅行

最明智的第一行程通常是区域性的。南部：马普托加托福或维兰库洛/巴扎鲁托，可选马普托国家公园。中心：戈龙戈萨加上中央海岸。北部：莫桑比克岛和楠普拉，或奔巴岛和基林巴群岛。试图在一次短途旅行中游览马普托、戈龙戈萨、伊利亚和基林巴斯通常会让这个国家变成机场序列，而不是一种体验。

交通运输的现实

国内航班的选择决定了您的行程是轻松惬意还是疲惫不堪。道路状况良莠不齐，从路况良好的柏油路到受天气、磨损或洪水影响的缓慢路段都有。在南部地区和某些度假小屋附近自驾游可能颇有乐趣，但这需要您对路程和路况有清醒的认识。岛屿间的交通通常需要乘船。虽然有公共交通，但休闲游客长途乘坐公共交通需要充足的时间、良好的适应能力和较低的行程焦虑。在莫桑比克完全可以独立旅行，但这并不意味着独立就意味着高效。

成本与价值

莫桑比克的物价并不像一些外来者想象的那样低廉。日常的当地餐食、市场商品和非正式交通工具的价格相对实惠。但岛屿上的交通、海上活动、旅馆住宿、私人接送以及进口商品都会迅速推高成本。在某些方面，莫桑比克的消费甚至可能高于旅游基础设施更为完善的邻国。然而，如果你的消费对象是稀有物种、广阔的空间、海上活动或独特的自然保护体验，而不是仅仅比较房价，那么性价比就会更高。换句话说：莫桑比克通常物有所值，但并非总是物美价廉。

舒适度、服务和期望

服务水平差异很大。高端岛屿酒店或狩猎酒店可能非常出色。中档城市酒店可能实用但缺乏亮点。在某些地区，停电、Wi-Fi信号不稳定以及服务节奏较慢都是不可避免的。正确的做法不是美化这些不便，而是预留足够的时间，避免小的波折影响行程。莫桑比克通常会给予那些能够区分有意义的小瑕疵和可以避免的计划失误的旅行者丰厚的回报。

健康、安全和季节性意识

健康规划至关重要：防蚊措施、在适用情况下采取正确的疟疾预防措施、保持良好的饮水习惯以及获取最新的旅行建议都必不可少。安全状况也会因地区和时间而异。近年来，莫桑比克北部地区安全形势严峻，因此在计划前往该地区旅行之前，务必先了解当地的最新情况。中部和北部地区在飓风和洪水季节也需格外注意。但这并不意味着莫桑比克不适合旅行。这只是意味着，负责任的旅行需要充分了解相关信息。

11 — Who Should Go

莫桑比克最适合哪些人？应该待多久？

一篇关于旅行者画像、理想旅行时长以及适合该国的期望类型的社论。

最适合

Mozambique is ideal for travelers who value atmosphere, marine life, layered history, and places that still feel only partly absorbed into the global tourism machine. It especially suits repeat visitors to Africa who want a different register from East Africa’s classic safari circuits or South Africa’s more polished infrastructure. Divers, conservation-minded travelers, food lovers, Indian Ocean history enthusiasts, and people who enjoy combining city life with wild coastal landscapes will often love it. Families can do well in selected beach and island properties, but countrywide logistics are easier for flexible adults than for hyper-scheduled travelers.

不太理想

Travelers who require frictionless transport, highly standardized service, or constant activity programming may struggle. Mozambique is also not the easiest destination for someone who wants to “see the whole country” quickly. Distance is too real, and the rewards come from depth rather than total coverage. It also disappoints travelers who arrive expecting only generic tropical luxury and ignore the country around them.

5–7 Days: 足以安排一次重点游览南部的旅行，例如马普托加上托福或维兰库洛/巴扎鲁托，或者马普托加上马普托国家公园和最南端的海岸。

8–12 Days: 在不操之过急的情况下，将城市、海岸和一个主要的保护区或岛屿系统结合起来，达到最佳效果。

12–16 Days: 如果合理安排航班，足以满足一次重要的区域旅行，或者南部加中部或中部加北部的组合旅行。

专科医生复诊： 非常适合以莫桑比克岛、楠普拉海岸、基林巴群岛或戈龙戈萨为主题的旅行，在这些地方，历史或生态深度比知名度假村的舒适度更重要。

最佳情绪节奏： 交替使用城市景观、海洋景观和较为舒缓的自然景观。莫桑比克在保持自然呼吸状态时最为迷人。

最佳组合逻辑： choose one coast and one inland or cultural contrast. Too much sameness wastes the country’s variety.

12 — Economy, Development & The National Future

经济、发展压力与莫桑比克的未来

Why Mozambique remains one of the region’s most consequential countries, economically and geopolitically, even when leisure travel coverage often reduces it to islands and reefs.

一个充满潜力和制约的国家

Modern Mozambique sits in a difficult but consequential position. It has major natural resources, strategically important ports, significant agricultural land, long coastlines, marine wealth, and major energy ambitions. At the same time it remains one of the lower-income countries in the world by per-capita measures, with infrastructure gaps, climate vulnerability, financing pressures, and strong regional inequalities. This combination of promise and fragility has defined much of the modern development story. Outsiders often focus on one side only—either the extractive boom narrative or the poverty narrative. In reality the country lives in the tension between them.

港口、走廊和区域重要性

莫桑比克在区域内举足轻重，因为其海岸线不仅服务于自身，也服务于南部非洲的内陆地区。港口和铁路走廊将内陆经济体与海洋连接起来。贝拉、纳卡拉和马普托的影响力超越了国界。这赋予了莫桑比克重要的物流地位，而这种地位仅从旅游角度来看很容易被忽视。莫桑比克并非边缘国家。在许多方面，它是一个走廊国家，其地理位置赋予了它影响力、责任和曝光度。

旅游只是故事的一部分，而非全部。

旅游业正在蓬勃发展，在国际媒体上的曝光度也日益提升，尤其是在精品海滨酒店、岛屿体验和自然保护区恢复方面。但旅游业只是经济版图的一部分，而且并非总是主导因素。这一点至关重要，因为莫桑比克最美好的未来并非成为一个庞大的海滩品牌，而是旅游业能够支持遗产保护、海洋保护、就业和区域发展，同时又不至于对当地生活造成沉重负担，或重蹈传统产业资源掠夺模式的覆辙。

气候与脆弱性

No honest discussion of Mozambique’s future can ignore climate exposure. Cyclones, flooding, coastal erosion, and weather-related shocks are not abstract risks. They are lived realities that affect cities, roads, ports, farms, fisheries, and tourism assets. This is one reason why the country’s conservation landscapes and coastal planning matter so much. The future here will be shaped not just by growth rates or investments, but by resilience: which towns rebuild, which ecosystems are protected, and how people are supported when the next storm arrives.

为什么旅行者应该关注这一点

Understanding Mozambique’s development story changes how one travels through it. It encourages humility, more careful hotel and operator choices, and a deeper appreciation of places that are not easy because they were never given the luxury of easy history. It also makes the country’s beauty more meaningful. The best landscapes in Mozambique are not empty. They are inhabited, contested, worked, restored, and hoped over.

未来最强版本

最有发展前景的莫桑比克，是那些自然保护、遗产保护、港口建设、城市发展和旅游业相互促进而非相互掣肘的国家。戈龙戈萨国家公园已树立了一个典范。联合国教科文组织对马普托国家公园的认可，则提供了另一种模式。莫桑比克岛仍然是一个试验田，它探索了如何在保护脆弱的历史遗产的同时，又能保持城镇的活力。未来取决于这些成功案例能否得到深思熟虑的推广。

13 — Editorial Verdict

编辑结论：莫桑比克值得优先考虑吗？

对于正在考虑将莫桑比克纳入更广阔的非洲或印度洋旅行路线的旅行者来说，这是一个明确的答案。

Yes — Especially for Travelers Who Want Depth

如果你的旅行目标并非仅仅是游览名胜古迹，而是想体验一个拥有真实氛围、壮丽海洋风光、深厚历史底蕴，且未来仍在蓬勃发展的国家，那么莫桑比克绝对值得优先考虑。对于那些厌倦了过度商业化的旅游目的地的旅行者来说，莫桑比克尤其令人心旷神怡。莫桑比克对游客仍有一些要求：灵活、好奇、尊重和时间。作为回报，它给予游客的，是日益稀有的独特体验。

并非千篇一律的目的地

The right caveat is that Mozambique is not universally ideal. Travelers wanting seamless infrastructure or a short, polished, mass-market beach holiday may be happier elsewhere. But that is not a criticism. It is part of the country’s integrity. Mozambique remains itself. That, in the current travel world, is one of its greatest strengths.

莫桑比克比大多数印度洋竞争对手做得更好的地方有哪些？它融合了海洋美景、深厚的历史底蕴和更浓郁的地域特色。许多岛屿目的地风景如画，但文化底蕴却较为单一。莫桑比克在这方面则鲜有平庸之处。

它比许多南部非洲旅游目的地做得更好的地方是什么？海鲜、沿海氛围、印度洋风情，以及海滩是国家的一部分而不是与国家分离的度假胜地的感觉。

最大的规划失误是什么？试图在一次旅行中游览太多地方。莫桑比克是一个需要细细品味的国家，而不是需要征服的国家。

最大的文化错误是什么？把它仅仅当作一条缺乏社会和历史内涵的装饰性海岸线来看待。你赋予它的背景信息越多，这个国家就越显得丰富多彩。

最深刻的第一印象是什么？通常人们会记住的是海水、海鲜和海岸的温暖。但更令人难忘的是历史的沉淀和这个国家至今仍保留着独特韵味的气息。

是什么让人们再次光顾？不仅仅是美景。这里还有一种未完成的、开阔的、令人难忘的特质：海洋、音乐、疗愈、建筑，以及一次游览永远不够的感觉。

马普托

经过旅行小帮手