巴拿马位于中美洲南端,地处哥斯达黎加和哥伦比亚之间,占地74177.3平方公里,是海上贸易的关键。其首都巴拿马城居住着全国435万居民中的近一半。该共和国于1903年成立,旨在维护一条跨洋运河的主权。这条运河如今连接着加勒比海和太平洋,重塑着全球贸易。如今,这条狭长的地峡拥有广阔的航道、葱郁的山脉和错综复杂的文化。
早在欧洲帆船出现在加勒比海地平线之前,我们如今称之为巴拿马的这片地区就曾是一片由众多土著社会组成的混合体——其中包括恩加贝人、恩贝拉人和库纳人——每个社会都维系着错综复杂的贸易和仪式网络。他们驾着独木舟穿梭于蜿蜒的河流,掌握着对季节循环的认知,指引着玉米和可可的耕作。随着16世纪西班牙殖民者的到来,这些网络被打乱;在征服者对黄金的渴求驱使下,殖民前哨纷纷涌现。然而,这片土地的地形——狭窄的地峡、季节性的急流——塑造着人们每一次立足的努力。在接下来的几个世纪里,巴拿马在荒芜与雄心勃勃之间摇摆不定,茂密的丛林既是避难所,也是障碍。
1821年独立后,巴拿马与大哥伦比亚短暂合并,但到1831年,巴拿马却被并入一个四分五裂的共和国。巴拿马地峡一直处于边缘地位,直到运河的前景重新激起了国际社会的兴趣。在美国的支持下,分离主义领导人于1903年策划了与哥伦比亚的决裂。这一决定性时刻为美国陆军工程兵团在1904年至1914年间完成运河铺设了道路——这是一项在山峦和红树林中开凿的土方工程和船闸的壮举,堪称20世纪初英勇的象征。1977年的条约修订启动了运河管理权的移交,并最终于1999年12月31日完全移交给巴拿马。周围的运河区于1979年回归,象征着一个时代的结束和国家治理的开始。
运河通行费一直是这个共和国的经济支柱,其收入左右着年度GDP数据。扩建工程于2016年竣工,通过增建第三组船闸,使运河通行能力翻了一番,可容纳更大宽度的船只。银行业和商业在巴拿马城闪闪发光的高楼大厦中蓬勃发展,跨国机构在此设有七十多家分支机构。旅游业已发展成为一个重要的产业,为游客提供从珊瑚环绕的小岛到云雾缭绕的高地的各种体验。到2019年,联合国将巴拿马排在人类发展指数第57位,其上升得益于服务业驱动型经济;世界经济论坛在2018年将巴拿马列为拉丁美洲竞争力第七位。
巴拿马本质上是一个充满对比的国家。崎岖的山脉和丘陵将地形一分为二,从被侵蚀的海床隆起处拔地而起,形成大陆分水岭。靠近哥斯达黎加,塔拉曼卡山脉巍峨耸立,山峰云雾缭绕;向东,塔巴萨拉山脉蜿蜒穿过森林覆盖的山坡。靠近运河,这条山脉逐渐变窄,形成贝拉瓜斯山脉,然后逐渐扩展为中央山脉。海拔3475米的巴鲁火山为这片土地增添了光彩——晴朗的早晨,从两大洋都能看到这座孤峰。在东南部,达连隘口仍然是一片几乎无法穿越的雨林,非法网络使完成泛美公路最终连接线的努力变得愈加复杂。
水,无论是湍急的高地激流,还是平静的沿海三角洲,都雕琢着巴拿马的轮廓。1907年至1913年间,加通水坝对查格雷斯河进行治理,形成了加通湖——曾经是地球上最大的人工湖。湖水为水力涡轮机提供动力,维持着运河的运营和附近的社区。在南部,切波河和三百多条流向太平洋的河流蜿蜒流过更宽阔的河谷,它们较慢的水流支撑着广阔的流域。其中,图伊拉河——可供大型船只航行——汇入圣米格尔湾,这是当地商业和渔业的重要动脉。
天然良港点缀两岸。在加勒比海一侧,博卡斯德尔托罗群岛(Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro)掩映在一串岛屿后方,为阿尔米兰特港(Port of Almirante)提供庇护。东南方向,圣布拉斯群岛(San Blas)绵延160公里,海岸线上遍布珊瑚礁,是翻车鱼和传统古纳族群的避风港。在运河的两端,克里斯托瓦尔港(Cristóbal)、科隆港(Colón)和巴尔博亚港(Balboa)位列拉丁美洲最繁忙的集装箱码头之列。巴尔博亚港占地182公顷,拥有超过2400米长的码头,码头上配备超大型超巴拿马型起重机;克里斯托瓦尔港的三个码头在2009年处理了超过220万个20英尺长的集装箱。在西部,查科阿苏尔港(Charco Azul)和奇里基格兰德港(Chiriquí Grande)可停靠超级油轮,由横跨131公里地峡的跨巴拿马输油管道连接。
巴拿马的气候依然是典型的热带气候,全年温差不大,即使在干旱的月份也相对稳定。巴拿马城清晨的最低气温在24°C左右徘徊,午后气温很少超过32°C。降雨量是季节变化的真正决定因素,降雨量在雨影区山坡的年均1300毫米以下,而加勒比海丘陵地带的年均降雨量则超过3000毫米。雨季通常从4月持续到12月,这影响着农业周期和防洪措施。海拔高度会降低气温;在冷锋来袭期间,塔拉曼卡山脉曾出现霜冻,这给原本温暖的气候带来了一丝罕见的寒意。
这片狭长的陆地上生物多样性繁盛。该国近40%的国土被丛林覆盖,这片丛林是巴拿马独有物种的栖息地,也是南北美洲动物群在此汇聚的生物十字路口。已记录的鸟类近900种,使巴拿马赢得了观鸟天堂的美誉。树懒攀附在树枝梢头;美洲虎在阴凉的灌木丛中徘徊;箭毒蛙为潮湿的落叶层增添了鲜艳的点缀。政府和私人的保护项目保护着连接达连国家公园和拉阿米斯塔德国际公园等保护区的走廊,这些保护区与哥斯达黎加共有。
值得注意的是,巴拿马跻身世界碳负排放国家之列,其二氧化碳吸收量大于排放量。这一成就很大程度上归功于茂密的森林固碳、低影响的农村生计以及强有力的保护政策。水力发电进一步减少了对化石燃料的依赖;查格雷斯河和切波河上的水坝为城乡社区提供可再生能源。
人口结构的变化反映了经济转型。2021年,人口估计为435万,主要以年轻人为主:近29%的人口未满15岁,而只有6.6%的人口超过64岁。移民模式带来了约2.5万名美国公民,他们受到税收优惠、退休计划和房地产项目的吸引。2012年颁布的第80号法律赋予外国投资者15年的收入和财产税豁免、5年的建筑材料进口免税以及5年的资本利得税减免——这些政策重塑了旅游业和房地产市场。
巴拿马的文化潮流在非洲鼓声、原住民传说和西班牙殖民时期建筑的交织下激荡。卡斯科·安蒂古奥(Casco Antiguo)的欧式建筑——在1671年海盗亨利·摩根(Henry Morgan)夷平原址后重建——与法兰西帝国时期的建筑外墙和装饰艺术风格的塔楼并立,见证着全球联系在战略十字路口的盛况。坦博里托(tamborito)舞蹈起源于西班牙,却又融入了非洲的节奏,象征着多元文化身份的融合。从爵士乐到萨尔萨舞,各种节日为热带夜晚增添了活力,而偏远地区的原住民社区则保留着祖传的习俗。
坐落于太平洋海岸的巴拿马城,既是门户,也是缩影。它由玻璃和钢铁组成的现代化天际线,耸立在巴拿马维耶霍(Panama Viejo)的遗迹之上。维耶霍是1519年建立的定居点,曾将新大陆的黄金运往欧洲。海湾对面,卡斯科·安蒂果(Casco Antiguo)的狭窄街道上遍布精品酒店、画廊和屋顶酒吧。博物馆深入探究运河的技术奇迹以及这个国家作为文化交汇点的角色。城市边界之外是近城丛林——索贝拉尼亚公园(Parque Soberanía)、查格雷斯公园(Parque Chagres)、大都会公园(Parque Metropolitano)——管道路(Pipeline Road)吸引着鸟类学家追逐唐纳雀和巨嘴鸟,史密森尼热带研究所(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute)则提供前往巴罗科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island)的导览游,那里是世界上研究最深入的雨林之一。
任何到访巴拿马的游客都无法忽视运河的魅力。在米拉弗洛雷斯船闸,看台可以俯瞰船闸室精确的注水和排水过程,而毗邻的博物馆则记录着这条地峡从骡道到海上动脉的转变。在加勒比海一侧,阿瓜克拉拉游客中心通过全景窗户展示了扩建后的船闸。对于那些寻求沉浸式体验的游客,可以乘坐专业船只进行四到八小时的部分或全部通行,专家会讲解地缘政治和工程壮举的故事。乘坐巴拿马铁路,您将获得另一种视角,这条铁路于 1855 年铺设,并于 1909 年重建。从科隆到巴尔博亚的一日游穿过丛林和农田,与运河的水路形成鲜明对比。
远离首都,双海岸的探险之旅令人向往。冲浪者在圣卡塔利娜追逐太平洋的巨浪;潜水者潜入科伊瓦岛的珊瑚礁和沉船。在大西洋一侧,博卡斯德尔托罗在红树林和海滩之间提供群岛式的冒险之旅,而圣布拉斯的古纳管理的小岛则邀请游客在吊床上休憩。在内陆,高地是凉爽的避难所:博克特的咖啡种植园位于海拔1200米处,雾气弥漫在梯田上。徒步旅行者黎明前登上巴鲁火山,希望亲眼目睹两大洋上的日出——这可谓难得的美景。
只需五天,人们就能穿越海滩、山脉、现代城市和西班牙殖民时期的遗址。如此的多样性源于巴拿马狭长的地形和其枢纽般的地理位置。从前哥伦布时期的独木舟航线到宏伟的船闸,这片土地始终连接着海洋、大陆和文化。这种互联互通至今仍是巴拿马共和国的核心。在这里,在美洲大陆的狭腰地带,历史如同运河的河水般奔腾不息——一条不间断的交流、庇护和变革的洪流。
巴拿马概况
巴拿马位于狭窄的地峡上,是连接南北美洲的纽带。其悠久的历史、多样的地形和丰富的文化都源于其战略地位。
Panama’s past consists in indigenous background, colonial conquest, and modern independence. Several indigenous people lived in the area before European arrival: the Guaymí, Kuna, and Chocó. The Spanish established the first European colony in 1510, therefore marking the start of Panama’s colonial era. Almost three centuries of functioning as a vital part of the Spanish Empire, Panama served as a major gold and silver transit point on route to Spain.
1821年,巴拿马宣布脱离西班牙独立,加入了大哥伦比亚共和国,该共和国包括今哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉和厄瓜多尔。1830年,哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉联盟解体,巴拿马一直是哥伦比亚的一部分,直到1903年在美国的帮助下获得独立。巴拿马运河于1914年竣工,是连接大西洋和太平洋的重大事件,从而改变了世界贸易。
Like its historical complexity, Panama’s topography shows great variety. The country is distinguished by its thin landform, which runs around eighty kilometers from its broadest point. Combining tropical rainforests, mountain ranges, and coastal plains, this unique terrain is An technical marvel across the center area of the nation, the Panama Canal is a vital channel for world maritime traffic.
巴拿马拥有众多国家公园和保护区,栖息着种类繁多的动植物,生物多样性令人瞩目。从达连省茂密的森林到博卡斯德尔托罗省纯净的海滩,巴拿马拥有丰富多样的自然环境。
Panama’s culture is a dynamic mix of elements from indigenous people, Spanish colonialism, African enslavement, and modern immigration from many around the world. The nation’s festivals, food, dancing, and music all reflect its cultural variety.
传统的巴拿马音乐是典型的坦博里托鼓,融合了非洲节奏和西班牙旋律,并融入了本土舞蹈风格。一年一度的巴拿马狂欢节是一场盛大的文化盛会,其游行、音乐和华丽的服饰反映了巴拿马丰富的文化遗产。
巴拿马美食融合了多个国家的元素和技法,呈现出丰富的多样性。米饭、豆类、芭蕉和海鲜是主食;通常用多种香料调味,体现出民族的多样性。
巴拿马历史
前哥伦布时期的巴拿马
在欧洲人抵达巴拿马之前,这里居住着几个以独特习俗和生活方式著称的土著部落。其中主要的族群包括瓜伊米人、库纳人和乔科人。该地区独特的环境——包括沿海海滩和茂密的雨林——使这些部落繁荣昌盛。他们的贸易、渔业和农耕共同构成了遍布中美洲和南美洲的联系网络。陶器、工具以及其他考古文物,为了解其文化和文化遗产的复杂性提供了宝贵的视角。
西班牙的征服和殖民
16世纪初,罗德里戈·德·巴斯蒂达斯和瓦斯科·努涅斯·德·巴尔博亚等西班牙冒险家抵达巴拿马,开启了他们对巴拿马的征服之旅。巴尔博亚于1513年成为第一个从美洲看到太平洋的欧洲人,由此可见巴拿马的战略价值。1510年,西班牙人在美洲建立的第一个永久性欧洲定居点,即达连古城圣玛丽亚,也被称为达连古城。巴拿马作为从秘鲁到西班牙的黄金和白银的运输路线,在接下来的几个世纪里,作为西班牙帝国的一部分,其重要性日益凸显。皇家之路(Camino Real)和克鲁塞斯之路(Camino de Cruces)的建立,使得巴拿马成为西班牙殖民主义商业网络中的重要参与者。
脱离西班牙独立(1821年)
The larger liberation campaigns taking place throughout Latin America helped to define Panama’s path toward independence. November 28, 1821 saw Panama declare its freedom from Spain. Rather than right away proving itself as an independent country, Panama chose to ally with the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included what are now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Anticipating possible Spanish reprisal, this choice was driven by the need for safety and stability. Still, the union was temporary, breaking up in 1830, and Panama stayed a part of Colombia.
美国干预与巴拿马运河(1903-1999)
Thanks to the building of the Panama Canal, early 20th century became a turning point in Panama’s history. Supported by the United States, Panama announced its independence from Colombia in 1903 The US quickly recognized the fledgling country and gained permission to build and run the Panama Canal Zone. When completed in 1914, the canal provided a direct path between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, therefore revolutionizing world trade. The United States controlled the canal and its environs during a good part of the 20th century, which led to increased tensions and the start of nationalist groups in Panama. Effective December 31, 1999, the Torrijos-Carter Treaties of 1977 set the stage for the hand-over of canal authority to Panama.
后运河巴拿马
Since Panama seized complete control of the Panama Canal, it has experienced a lot of economic development and advancement. Still the main asset of Panama is the canal. It generates a lot of money and helps the nation to become a key actor in world trade. With banks, travel, and logistics all growing more crucial, the nation’s economy has also grown more varied. Though its political landscape has seen numerous changes and difficulties, Panama has always tried to strengthen its democratic institutions and lower socioeconomic inequality.
地理巴拿马
巴拿马位于加勒比海和太平洋之间的战略要地,是连接南北美洲的狭长陆桥。其独特的地理位置极大地塑造了它的地理、气温和动物群。
巴拿马大部分领土位于北纬7°至10°、西经77°至83°之间,小部分领土位于西经83°以西。巴拿马是中美洲较小的国家之一,总面积约为74,177.3平方公里(28,640.0平方英里)。巴拿马国土面积虽小,却拥有令人惊叹的地理多样性。
The central spine of mountains and hills separating Panama from other countries defines its topography most clearly. Unlike the main mountain chains of North America, Panama’s split is a heavily eroded arch of uplifted sea bottom with volcanic intrusions forming summits. This mountain range is called the Cordillera de Talamanca near the Costa Rican border. It becomes the Serranía de Tabás as it stretches eastward and is often called the Sierra de Veraguas toward the Panama Canal. Geographers call the span between Costa Rica and the canal the Cordillera Central together.
Rising to 3,475 meters (11,401 ft), the Volcán Barú is the highest peak in Panama and a striking stratovolcano. On clear days, this top has amazing views of the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, so highlighting Panama’s small width.
最重要的地理特征之一是人工建造的巴拿马运河,它横跨巴拿马地峡,连接北部的大西洋和加勒比海,以及南部的太平洋。该运河于1914年竣工,自2000年起由巴拿马完全控制,是世界海上交通的主干道。
另一个引人注目的景观是巴拿马和哥伦比亚之间几乎无法通行的丛林,被称为达连地峡。虽然原住民和各种物种都把这片富饶的丛林视为家园,但毒品走私者和哥伦比亚叛军也是众所周知的常驻居民。达连地峡是泛美公路的唯一分界线,这条公路原本连接阿拉斯加和巴塔哥尼亚。
The most diversified in Central America, Panama’s fauna is evidence of its diverse habitats. The nation is a biodiversity hotspot with species from both North and South America. From the coral reefs bursting with marine life to the jungles humming with exotic birds and creatures, Panama’s natural beauty is both breathtaking and biologically important.
巴拿马河流
Nearly 500 rivers, each adding to the varied ecosystems and natural beauty of Panama, entwine the country’s tough topography. Although most of these rivers are inaccessible, they are absolutely vital in forming the coastal deltas and valleys of the area.
查格雷斯河位于巴拿马中部,是该国最重要的河流之一。与许多同期河流不同,查格雷斯河河道宽阔,为水力发电提供了必要的能源。加通水坝拦截了河流的中段,形成了加通湖,这是一个对巴拿马运河至关重要的人工湖。加通湖建于1907年至1913年间,曾是世界上最大的人工湖,而加通水坝则是世界上最大的土坝。这条西北流的河流最终流入加勒比海。此外,坎皮亚湖和马登湖也为旧运河区提供水力发电,这两个湖都发源于查格雷斯河。
另一条值得关注的河流是切波河(Río Chepo),它与查格雷斯河(Río Chagres)类似,是水力发电的源泉。在流入太平洋的三百多条河流中,切波河就是其中之一。这些流向太平洋的河流流域更为广阔,通常比加勒比海一侧的河流流速更慢、流长更长。图伊拉河(Río Tuira)是巴拿马最长的河流之一。它是巴拿马唯一一条可供大型船舶航行的河流,最终流入圣米格尔湾(Golfo de San Miguel)。
这些河流以其不同的特性和贡献,彰显了巴拿马的地理和生物多样性。从水力发电到维护不同的生态系统,巴拿马的河流不仅定义了这个国家的自然景观,也定义了它的经济面貌。
巴拿马港口和海事基础设施
There are various natural harbors scattered throughout Panama’s Caribbean coast, offering strategic nautical benefit. Among these, the main port facility in the late 1980s was Cristóbal, at the Caribbean end of the Panama Canal. Near the Costa Rican border, the Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro provides a large natural roadstead that protects Almirante, the banana port. Furthermore spanning more than 160 kilometers of the sheltered Caribbean coast, the San Blas Islands, a series of more than 350 islands close to Colombia,
拉丁美洲海上贸易的关键是巴拿马运河两端的码头——克里斯托瓦尔港、科隆港和巴尔博亚港。就集装箱吞吐量(TEU)而言,这两个港口在拉丁美洲分别位居第二和第三。巴尔博亚港占地182公顷,拥有两个总长度超过2400米、水深15米的多用途码头以及四个集装箱泊位。巴尔博亚港配备18台超巴拿马型和巴拿马型岸桥以及44台龙门起重机,并拥有2100平方米的仓库空间。
克里斯托瓦尔港是仅次于巴西桑托斯港的港口,年吞吐量达 2,210,720 TEU,其中包括巴拿马克里斯托瓦尔港、曼萨尼约国际码头和科隆集装箱码头。
Near the western border with Costa Rica, Panama also boasts outstanding deep-water ports able to fit big Very Large Crude Oil Carriers (VLCCs) at Charco Azul in Chiriquí (Pacific) and Chiriquí Grande in Bocas del Toro (Atlantic). Operating since 1979, the 131-kilometer Trans-Panama pipeline links Charco Azul and Chiriquí Grande, therefore improving Panama’s key marine infrastructure across the isthmus.
巴拿马的气候
巴拿马属热带气候,季节变化不大,气温普遍较高,相对湿度也较高。日温差较小;在首都巴拿马城,典型的旱季清晨气温为 24°C (75.2°F),午后最高气温可达 30°C (86.0°F)。长时间内气温从未超过 32°C (89.6°F)。一般而言,巴拿马地峡太平洋一侧的气温略低于加勒比海一侧;不过,入夜后通常会有微风吹拂,带来凉爽。山脉海拔较高,气温也较低;巴拿马西部的塔拉曼卡山脉很少出现霜冻。
Rainfall, not temperature, shapes Panama’s climatic zones more broadly. From less than 1,300 millimeters (51.2 inches) to more than 3,000 millimeters (118.1 inches), annual rainfall differs greatly over the nation. Though its length could vary from seven to nine months, the rainy season usually runs from April to December and accounts for most of the rainfall. Partly because of the impact of sporadic tropical cyclones, the Caribbean side of the continental divide gets far more rain than the Pacific side. For example, Panama City’s yearly average rainfall is little more than half that of Colón.
Remarkably, Panama is among only three nations worldwide that are carbon-negative—that is, that absorb more carbon dioxide than they release. Bhutan and Surinade are the other two nations. This position emphasizes Panama’s dedication to environmental sustainability as well as its abundance of natural resources meant to help carbon sequestration.
巴拿马的动植物
With trees covering the terrain and grasslands scattered among brush, agricultural patches, Panama’s tropical climate is a refuge for a great variety of plant life. Though almost 40% of Panama still covered in forests, deforestation seriously threatens these rain-drenched ecosystems. Tree cover has dropped over half since the 1940s, mostly from other human activities including subsistence farming. Common from the northern rainforests to the southwestern plains, this kind of farming mostly produces tubers, beans, and corn.
加勒比海和太平洋海岸线绵延,红树林沼泽遍布;香蕉种植园占据着哥斯达黎加附近富饶的三角洲。许多地区拥有多层雨林,从国家一侧的湿地延伸至另一侧的低坡,从而形成了丰富多样的环境。巴拿马2019年的森林景观完整性指数平均得分为6.37/10,在全球172个国家中排名第78位,这反映了其致力于保护自然遗产的决心。
With about 525 species of birds, Soberanía National Park is a shining example of Panama’s biodiversity for birdwatching. Along with reptiles like the green iguana and amphibians like the cane toad, the park houses a range of mammals including coyotes and capybaras.
Announcing intentions to build a huge and advanced biorefinery for aviation fuel in May 2022, Panama made a major step toward sustainability. Working with energy businesses, this project seeks to boost the availability of low-carbon aviation fuel, therefore underlining Panama’s dedication to environmental protection and creativity.
Destinations In Panama
巴拿马地区
巴拿马中部
Comprising Panama City, Colón, and Coclé Provinces, Central Panama is the center of the nation The energetic city of Panama City combines old neighborhoods with contemporary towers. Key port city Colón, at the Panama Canal’s Caribbean terminal, has great historical relevance. With picturesque towns and landscapes, Coclé Province presents a mix of natural beauty and cultural legacy.
加勒比西部
Comprising Bocas del Toro Province, Ngöbe-Buglé Province, and the northern portion of Veraguas Province, the Caribbean West region Stunning archipelago, immaculate beaches, and vivid aquatic life define Bocas del Toro. Rich rainforests and indigenous people call Ngöbe-Buglé Province home. Veraguas Province’s northern portion boasts varied ecosystems and scenic coastlines.
太平洋西部
Mostly in Chiriquí Province, the Pacific West area is a gold mine of attractions including Herrera and Los Santos Provinces as well as the southern portion of Veraguas Province. Highlands, coffee farms, and the soaring Volcán Barú define Chiriquí. Traditional crafts and cultural celebrations abound in both Los Santos Provinces. Veraguas’ southern section presents abundant wildlife and stunning beaches.
巴拿马东部
Darién Province, portions of Panama Province, Kuna Yala, and the San Blas Islands together define Eastern Panama’s rich forests and marshes. Darién is a wild and far-off area with indigenous people living among many animals. Comprising more than 350 islands, Kuna Yala, sometimes known as the San Blas Islands, is an autonomous indigenous area with breathtaking natural beauty and a distinctive cultural legacy.
巴拿马的城市
巴拿马城
首都巴拿马城由三个独立的区域组成——新城、历史城区(Casco Viejo)和殖民城,充满活力。游客可以参观殖民时期的建筑、当代景点和历史地标。前往米拉弗洛雷斯船闸一日游,可以欣赏船只在巴拿马运河穿梭的壮丽景色。
巴尔博亚
巴尔博亚是具有历史意义和巴拿马运河壮丽景色的关键港口,位于巴拿马运河的太平洋入口处。
口交
巴拿马的咖啡种植之都位于奇里基高地的博克特。对于热爱户外生活和咖啡的人来说,这里温和的气候、如画的风景以及咖啡之旅都极具吸引力。
博卡奇卡
博卡奇卡坐落在奇里基湾,可通往许多岛屿,并可进行潜水、浮潜和钓鱼等水下探险活动。
冒号
科隆位于巴拿马运河的加勒比海一端,是一座历史名城,拥有丰富的文化遗产和主要的港口设施。
大卫
大卫是奇里基省的首府,是一座充满活力的城市,以公园、市场和靠近自然美景而闻名。
甘博阿
甘博亚位于巴拿马运河区内,为人们了解运河的运作和翠绿的热带环境提供了一个特殊的窗口。
波托贝洛
波托贝洛以其历史悠久的西班牙堡垒、热闹的节日以及作为前往哥伦比亚和潜水中心的船只出发点而闻名。
其他目的地
科卡国家海洋公园
科伊瓦国家海洋公园通常被称为“中美洲的加拉帕戈斯群岛”,以其奇特的水生生物和完美的水下条件而闻名,非常适合浮潜和水肺潜水。
拉阿米斯塔德国际公园
拉阿米斯塔德国际公园是巴拿马第二大公园,延伸至哥斯达黎加境内,面积超过850平方公里。公园内拥有多种生态系统和动物,并提供跨境保护。
奇里基湾国家海洋公园
这个海洋公园位于奇里基湾,拥有许多岛屿和小岛,非常适合钓鱼、观鲸和生态旅游。
山谷
埃尔瓦耶 (El Valle) 坐落在世界第二大火山口,是一个融合了自然美景和文化气息的小镇。
珍珠群岛
珍珠群岛是一座完美的群岛,拥有白色的沙滩、闪闪发光的清澈海浪和丰富的海洋生物。
圣布拉斯群岛
圣布拉斯群岛是库纳亚拉群岛的一部分,将令人惊叹的岛屿美景与土著库纳人融为一体,提供独特的文化体验。
塔博加
塔博加岛(又称花之岛)是从巴拿马城出发的热门一日游目的地,拥有远足小径和美丽的海滩。
巴鲁火山国家公园
Comprising 14,325 hectares, Volcán Barú National Park has Panama’s highest peak and presents difficult climbs and amazing views from the top.
巴拿马经济
Over the past few years, Panama’s economy has experienced notable changes that have turned it into one of the fastest-growing and best-run in Latin America. Reflecting a strong job market, the unemployment rate in 2012 was a low 2.7%. August 2008 saw the nation declare a food surplus as well, suggesting a steady agricultural scene. Ranked 60th on the Human Development Index in 2015, Panama shows improvement in several socio-economic measures.
Panama has had an economic explosion recently; between 2006 and 2008, real GDP growth averages around 10.4%. Panama became a top economy in the region thanks to this amazing rate of expansion. According to the Latin Business Chronicle, Panama’s five-year growth rate—10%—would equal Brazil’s between 2010 to 2014.
The Panama Canal has been mostly responsible for Panama’s economic growth. Approved in a vote in 2006, the expansion project sought to create a third set of locks, therefore improving the capacity of the canal and accelerating economic development. With an expected cost of $5.25 billion, the project has been vital for the national economy since it creates significant toll income and employment possibilities. A turning point came when the United States gave Panama ownership of the canal in 1999, enabling Panama to fully exploit this strategic advantage.
Mostly depending on a well-developed service sector, including trade, tourism, and business, Panama’s economy is Eliminating taxes on American goods, the Panama-United States commercial Promotion Agreement strengthens commercial prospects and ties even more. Though considered to be a high-income nation, Panama has clear discrepancies, especially with relation to educational inequalities. Poverty rates dropped from 15.4% to an estimated 14.1% between 2015 and 2017, suggesting development but also underlining continuous difficulties.
Strategic geographic location of the nation has made it a center for banking and international trade. With combined assets almost three times its GDP, Panama has built the biggest Regional Financial Center in Central America. With financial intermediation accounting for 9.3% of GDP, the banking industry, employing over 24,000 people, makes a major economic contribution. Good commercial and economic environment, consistent growth, and strong financial performance define the stability of the sector. Panama’s banks supervising system guarantees strong control since it mainly follows the Basel Core Principles for Effective banks Supervision.
But Panama’s standing as a tax haven has attracted attention from all around. The publication of the Panama Papers in 2016 underlined the necessity of more openness. Panama has made great strides in following anti-money laundering guidelines since then, which resulted in its removal off the FATF gray list in February 2016 and the tax haven blacklist created by the European Union in 2018. Notwithstanding these developments, the IMF keeps underlining the need of more enhancements in financial openness and fiscal framework.
Apart from its economy, Panama is expanding its natural resources since international investors are looking for gold and copper mines. These initiatives, housed in protected regions, have generated environmental questions. Nonetheless, propelled by its strategic location, strong service industry, and continuous infrastructural improvements, Panama’s economic situation stays bright.
巴拿马的交通
For its citizens as well as the millions of tourists that pass through Panama annually, its established transportation system is absolutely essential. The main hub for Copa Airlines, Panama’s flag carrier, Tocumen International Airport—the biggest airport in Central America—is in the center of this network. Connecting Panama to many locations in the Americas and beyond, this airport acts as a vital gateway for foreign travel. Apart from Tocumen, Panama boasts more than twenty minor airports to provide domestic travel and access to isolated areas.
Though night driving can be difficult and occasionally limited in informal areas, Panama’s road system is generally safe and well-kept. Traffic flows on the right side of the road; drivers and passengers alike must wear seat belts. Major roadway the Pan-American Highway passes from the Costa Rican border in the north to the Darién Gap in the south, where it stops short of Colombia. Reflecting Panama’s strategic value as a transit nation, this roadway is an essential artery for trade and travel.
Particularly in Panama City, public transit is strong in metropolitan settings. Operating around 150 bus routes, the MiBus system offers comprehensive coverage over the city. Complementing this is the Panama Metro, which offers a quick and effective substitute for vehicle travel with two rapid transit lines right now. Panama was famed for its “diablo rojos,” or “red devils,” before the government-run bus system—privately run buses frequently former school buses from the United States, brilliantly painted by their owners. Even while they are now largely seen in rural regions, these vibrant buses remain a cultural emblem of Panama’s transportation past.
巴拿马旅游
Government programs providing tax and price rebates to foreign visitors and retirees have fostered steady expansion in Panama’s tourism during the past five years. These financial advantages have made Panama a desirable place to retire, which has driven real estate development and expanded the list of tourism attractions.
尤其引人注目的是欧洲游客的涌入。2008年前九个月,欧洲游客数量增长了23.1%。巴拿马旅游局(ATP)报告称,今年1月至9月,到访巴拿马的欧洲游客数量比去年同期增加了13,373人。其中,西班牙游客数量最多;其次是意大利、法国和英国游客。作为欧盟人口最多的国家,德国的游客数量也相当可观。因此,欧洲已成为巴拿马旅游目的地推广的重要市场。
2012年,旅游业为巴拿马带来了9.5%的GDP贡献,为巴拿马做出了重大的经济贡献。当年巴拿马接待了220万游客,证明了旅游业对国家GDP的价值。
Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama are among Panama’s most noteworthy sights. Portobelo-San Lorenzo These ancient sites provide a window into the colonial past of Panama and its strategic relevance in world trade.
Panama passed Law No. 80 in 2012, substituting the new Law for the previous Law 8 of 1994, therefore increasing tourism. Law No. 80 offers foreign investment in tourism significant incentives including a 100% income tax and real estate tax exemption for 15 years, duty-free imports for building materials and equipment for five years, and a capital gains tax exemption for five years. These steps seek to draw more money and improve Panama’s appeal as a top travel destination.
巴拿马人口和人口统计
Panama’s population as of 2021 was 4,351,267.According to the 2010 age distribution, 6.6% of the population was 65 years or older, 64.5% between 15 and 65, and 29% under 15.With more than 75% of its inhabitants residing in urban areas, Panama is the most urbanized nation in Central America; more than half of the population lives in the Panama City–Colón metropolitan corridor.
Panama’s ethnic mix in 2010 was 65% Mestizo (mixed white and Native American), 12.3% Native American, 9.2% Black or African origin, 6.8% Mulatto, and 6.7% White.There are seven ethnic groups among the Amerindian population: Bri Bri, Emberá, Buglé, Wounaan, Ngäbe, Kuna (Guna), and Teribe, or Tjerdi.
种族和文化多样性
Mostly living in the Panama-Colón metropolitan region, Darién Province, La Palma, and Bocas del Toro, Afro-Panamanians, descendants of African slaves and Caribbean workers brought during the building of the Panama Canal, reside Mostly brought to labor on the canal, Panama also boasts sizable Chinese and Indian populations. Further adding to Panama’s complex cultural tapestry are lesser numbers of Europeans, Arabs, and Jews.
巴拿马的语言
About 93% of the population speaks Spanish as their first language, so it is the official and most often used language. Unique qualities of Panamanian Spanish are shaped by the rich cultural legacy of the nation.About 14% of Panamanians are bilingual, hence English is also rather common, especially in commercial and international settings.Over 400,000 individuals speak indigenous languages such Ngäbere, Kuna, and Emberá, therefore safeguarding Panama’s linguistic variety.Additional languages spoken are Arabic, French, and several dialects of China.
巴拿马的宗教
巴拿马最普遍的宗教是基督教。2015 年政府人口普查显示,25%(约 1,009,740 人)为福音派新教徒,而 63.2% 的人口(约 2,649,150 人)为罗马天主教徒。
Including roughly 10% of the Guaymí population, the Baháʼí Faith community constitutes about 2% of the population overall.With 1.4% of the population accounted for by Jehovah’s Witnesses followed by the Adventist Church and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, each with 0.6%,Included among smaller religious groups are Buddhists, Jews, Episcopalians, Muslims, and Hindus.Additionally followed are indigenous faiths such Mamatata (among the Ngäbe) and Ibeorgun (among the Kuna).There are also very few Rastafarians.
巴拿马的教育
自16世纪耶稣会士首次提供教育以来,巴拿马的教育发生了翻天覆地的变化。巴拿马脱离哥伦比亚后,公立教育于1903年发展成为国家机构。早期教育受家长式教育观念的影响,认为孩子应该根据其预期的社会地位接受教育。在美国的影响下,这种策略迅速发生了转变。
预计到2010年,巴拿马的识字率将达到94.1%,其中男性识字率达到94.7%,女性识字率达到93.5%。6至15岁的儿童必须上学。近年来,各级学校的入学率大幅上升。巴拿马参加了PISA测试,但由于债务和成绩不佳,导致其参与时间推迟到2018年。
巴拿马文化
Panama’s culture is a colorful mosaic created from Native American, African, and European inspirations. The music, artwork, and customs the Spanish colonists brought mixed with the vivid cultures of African slaves and indigenous peoples to produce original hybrid forms. One such such is the traditional dance known as the tamborito, which blends African rhythms and ideas with Spanish music.
A fundamental means of expression for Panama’s varied cultural legacy is dance. Many celebrations feature folklore whereby rituals and traditional dances are passed down through generations. Reflecting Panama’s diverse musical scene, live events of reggae en español, reggaeton, haitiano (compas), jazz, blues, salsa, reggae, and rock music abound in towns all over the nation. Celebrating the cultural variety of the nation, regional celebrations outside of Panama City also feature local musicians and dancers.
From its traditional crafts—woodcarvings, ceremonial masks, and pottery—Panamanian mixed culture is clear. These objects accentuate Panama’s rich cultural legacy together with its unique architecture, food, and celebrations. Traditionally, baskets were made for use, but today many communities depend on the revenue generated by baskets created for visitors.
Renowned for their own culture, the Guna people are recognized for their molas. Originally referring to a blouse, the name “mola” today describes the exquisite embroidered panels created by Guna women. Made with a reverse appliqué technique, these panels have numerous layers of cloth in different colors stitched together to create complex patterns.
12月25日,巴拿马城举行圣诞游行(El desfile de Navidad),这是巴拿马最受瞩目的活动之一。身着蒙图诺(montuno)服饰的男士和身着传统波莱拉(pollera)长袍的女士组成了游行队伍,游行队伍由装饰着巴拿马色彩的彩车组成。一支带鼓手的军乐队为观众献上精彩的表演;颂歌演唱的焦点是一棵挂满彩灯的巨大圣诞树。
Using African, Spanish, and Native American foods and techniques, Panama’s cuisine captures its cosmopolitan past. Panama, acting as a land bridge between two continents, offers a great range of tropical fruits, vegetables, and herbs used in native cuisine. Popular seafood meal ceviche is available at the well-known Mercado de Mariscos together with fresh fish. Typical Latin American pastry packed with many ingredients, empanadas are sold by street sellers alongside pastelitos, which are similar but bigger.
巴拿马传统服饰
男子传统服饰:蒙图诺
Traditionally, white cotton shirts, pants, and woven straw caps define Panamanian men’s wardrobe—known as montuno. Often worn during parades and traditional celebrations, this basic but sophisticated attire captures the cultural legacy of the nation.
女性传统服饰:Pollera
Originating from Spain in the 16th century, the pollera is the traditional garment worn by Panamanian ladies. Early in the 1800s, it became customary in Panama, first worn by female servants then embraced by upper-class ladies. Usually needing around 13 yards of material, a pollera is composed of “cambric,” or fine linen.
The original pollera had a skirt covered in gold buttons and a ruffled blouse worn off the shoulders. The skirt is also ruffled to create, when raised, a peacock tail or mantilla fan impression. Usually, the skirt’s and blouse’s motifs show birds or flowers. Two big matching pom poms (mota) on the front and back, four ribbons hanging from the waist, five gold chains (caberstrillos) from the neck to the waist, and a gold cross or medallion worn as a choker accessorize the ensemble. One wears a silk purse at the waistline; normally, zaricillos—earrings—are gold or coral. Slippers complement the color of the pollera, and hair is bun-style secured by three big gold combs with pearls (tembleques), worn like a crown. A excellent pollera may take one year to finish and run up up to $10,000.
波莱拉的种类
如今,pollera 有多种不同的类型:
- 晚会裙:两条长裙、一件衬裙和一件短袖荷叶边衬衫构成了这一优雅的诠释。女孩们头上戴着饰带,身上的装饰则由金币和珠宝组成。
- 波莱拉山:波莱拉·蒙图纳 (Pollera Montuna) 的日常服饰包括一件衬衫、一条纯色裙子、一条金链、一对吊坠耳环以及一朵自然花朵。她们会搭配一件合身的白色夹克,夹克肩部有褶皱,下摆呈喇叭形,而不是露肩衬衫。
文化意义
在巴拿马传统服饰的游行中,经常可以看到女士们轻柔地摇曳着裙摆,男士们则手捧帽子,在她们身后翩翩起舞。这些引人注目的文化遗产展品,将人们的目光聚焦于巴拿马传统服饰的优雅与美感。
巴拿马入境要求
免签证进入巴拿马
部分国家公民,只要护照在抵达巴拿马时有效期至少为六个月,即可免签证入境巴拿马,最长停留180天。这些国家包括:
安道尔、安哥拉、安提瓜和巴布达、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、奥地利、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、白俄罗斯、比利时、博茨瓦纳、不丹、巴西、玻利维亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、文莱达鲁萨兰国、保加利亚、佛得角、柬埔寨、加拿大、捷克共和国、智利、哥伦比亚、科摩罗、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、丹麦、多米尼加、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、埃及、斐济、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、加蓬、德国、格鲁吉亚、直布罗陀、格林纳达、希腊、危地马拉、圭亚那、洪都拉斯、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、爱尔兰、以色列、日本、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、科威特、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马耳他、马绍尔群岛、毛里求斯、密克罗尼西亚、墨西哥、摩尔多瓦摩纳哥、蒙古、黑山、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、朝鲜、北马其顿、挪威、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、巴拉圭、秘鲁、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、所罗门群岛、萨摩亚、圣多美和普林西比、圣马力诺、沙特阿拉伯、塞尔维亚、塞舌尔、新加坡、斯洛伐克共和国、斯洛文尼亚、南非、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、台湾、泰国、汤加、梵蒂冈、特立尼达和多巴哥、土耳其、图瓦卢、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国、美国、乌拉圭、瓦努阿图和越南。
特殊情况
- 居留许可持有者:其他国籍的公民(包括印度公民)只要持有上述国家/地区的居留许可,即可免签进入巴拿马。例如,居住在美国的印度公民可以免签进入巴拿马。
- 中国公民: Chinese nationals who have an authorized “public of affairs” passport do not need a 180-day visa. Diplomatic, official, or service passports from China, Cuba, Haiti, and the Philippines also exclude holders from requiring a visa.
一般入学要求
- 一张从巴拿马出发的返程票。
- 证明持有至少 500 美元现金、旅行支票或信用卡/借记卡。
- 如果来自黄热病流行的国家(主要是南美洲和非洲,但不是美国),建议接种黄热病疫苗。
延期和重新入境
来自免签国家的旅客可以申请30天、60天或90天的延期。申请将逐案审核,建议至少在原定的180天期限到期前一周提出申请。旅客也可以先离开巴拿马30天(例如前往哥斯达黎加),然后再次入境,获得额外的180天期限。
实用技巧
- 边境官员可能会对来自欧盟、美国或其他发达国家的旅客的入境要求宽容。
- 请务必携带护照身份证页和旅游签证盖章页的复印件或照片。
为了获得最准确和最新的信息,建议向最近的巴拿马大使馆或领事馆查询。
如何前往巴拿马
乘飞机
托库门国际机场 (PTY)
托库门国际机场 (PTY) 位于巴拿马城以东约 32 公里(20 英里),是国际航班飞往巴拿马的主要门户。得益于巴拿马国家航空公司、星空联盟成员巴拿马航空的运营,该机场与美洲大陆的航线十分便捷。巴拿马航空提供从约 20 个西半球国家直飞的航班。其他大型航空公司,包括美国航空、拉美航空和哥伦比亚航空,也都有往返托库门国际机场的航班。
哥伦比亚航空和巴拿马航空每天都有航班飞往七个以上目的地,包括波哥大、麦德林、卡利和卡塔赫纳,为邻国哥伦比亚提供了优质的服务。旅客还可以从哥斯达黎加飞往博卡斯德尔托罗,或从那里出发。
私人飞机跑道
巴拿马每平方英里私人飞机跑道的密度位居全球之首。这使得热爱冒险的私人飞行员可以直飞或经中美洲转机前往这些飞机跑道。前往许多偏远的内陆地区最便捷的方式是乘坐私人飞机,当然,徒步旅行和划独木舟也是不错的选择。核实海关和移民检查地点至关重要,因为并非所有飞机跑道都具备必要的设施。
公务机服务
我们提供多处公务机固定基地运营商 (FBO) 服务,包括巴拿马城(阿尔布鲁克和托库门)、大卫(需预约)、霍华德和博卡斯德尔托罗。这些服务可满足私人和商务旅客的需求,打造无缝高效的旅行体验。
自驾
帕索卡诺阿斯边境检查站
The Paso Canoas border crossing, located on the Pacific side, ranks among the busiest and most disorganized in Central America.The closing time is 11 PM on the Panama side and 10 PM on the Costa Rica side. The distribution of offices across the border town facilitates unintentional crossings into the adjacent territory.Engaging a “tramitador” (helper) is advisable, particularly for those who do not speak Spanish, to facilitate navigation through the stations.
其他道路交叉口
- 里奥塞雷诺(太平洋一侧):此路口车辆很少,因此请确保您携带所有证件,因为警察的检查非常严格。
- 西克萨奥拉/瓜比托(大西洋一侧):哥斯达黎加和巴拿马之间的另一种选择。
没有公路连接哥伦比亚
由于达连隘口基础设施匮乏,且受准军事组织和贩毒集团控制,巴拿马和哥伦比亚之间没有公路连接。
车辆法规
驾车离开巴拿马时需要护照印章,以验证已缴纳必要的进口税。预计会定期被警察拦下,因为警察通常对外国车辆表现出更大的好奇心,而不是贿赂的欲望。
汽车故障与维修
如果在巴拿马出现汽车问题,可以找到配备服务部门的经销商,为美国、日本以及几乎所有欧洲的汽车制造商提供服务。服务通常需要预约,人员一般都经过制造商的认证。可以在黄页上找到大城市的独立机械服务店以及拖车服务,以进行紧急维修或节省成本。所有主要汽车制造商都拥有众多汽车配件商店。
搭乘巴士
达连隘口以其茂密的雨林而闻名,是人们乘坐巴士从巴拿马前往哥伦比亚的终点站。美洲公路的终点是亚维萨,因此无法通过陆路穿越这道天然屏障。从哥斯达黎加进入巴拿马的旅程更加便捷。有三个主要入境点,其中帕索卡诺阿斯是最重要的。该过境点于巴拿马时间晚上11点停止运营,这相当于哥斯达黎加时间晚上10点。Panaline和Ticabus等公司提供从哥斯达黎加圣何塞到大卫或巴拿马城的直达交通路线。从圣何塞出发的旅程经济实惠,但大约需要18个小时。对于想要探索巴拿马的游客来说,当地巴士是另一种交通方式,但旅程可能更长。
如果您想节省时间,又不想花费280美元从圣何塞飞往巴拿马城的机票,可以考虑从圣何塞乘坐巴士前往昌吉诺拉,然后再转乘飞机前往巴拿马城。飞行时间约为一小时,票价约为110美元。建议您查询Aeroperlas航空的最新航班时刻表。
巴拿马法律规定,旅客入境必须持有返程票。虽然边防人员可能不会定期检查,但最好还是做好准备。仅凭巴拿马境外的返程航班是不够的;机票必须从巴拿马境内签发。如遇问题,可向巴士司机索取返程票。此外,谨慎过境时请保持耐心,因为某些官员可能会严格执行规定。
乘船
许多邮轮公司将巴拿马运河纳入其行程,提供巴拿马城或科隆城的旅游套餐。对于寻求冒险的游客,可以乘坐厄瓜多尔、哥伦比亚和委内瑞拉的香蕉船;然而,这些船只通常状况不佳,并可能从事非法活动。
私人帆船往返于巴拿马和哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳之间。票价在450美元到700美元之间,旅程通常持续五天五夜,包括在圣布拉斯群岛停留三天。建议提前在线预订信誉良好且安全的船只,因为这些船只通常很快就会满员。
从哥伦比亚乘船前往巴拿马最经济实惠的方式是从图尔博(Turbo)乘渡轮前往卡普尔加纳(Capurganá),然后从卡普尔加纳乘小船前往奥巴尔迪亚港(Puerto Obaldía)。游客可以飞往巴拿马城,也可以从那里乘船前往科隆岛和卡蒂群岛(Carti Islands)。
徒步
从哥伦比亚徒步穿越达连隘口是一个可行的选择;然而,它被认为是世界上最危险的路线之一。由于哥伦比亚游击队、准军事部队以及丛林环境的威胁,许多探险活动都以悲剧告终。达连隘口地形复杂,植被茂密,穿越达连隘口非常危险。由于巴拿马警方不太可能在该地区开展救援行动,因此不建议进行这次旅行。
如何在巴拿马出行
搭乘巴士
Highway buses and city buses, sometimes referred to as Metrobuses, have replaced the famous Diablos Rojos (Red Devils) in Panama. From Panama City terminals, highway buses regularly head to several points along the Pan American Highway and back. These very frequent buses will pick you up or drop you off wherever along their path. Most are air-conditioned, thereby offering a comfortable travel. Panama’s linear form makes it perfect for a bus system, therefore removing most places’ requirement for automobile rentals. Although you can board a bus anywhere on the Pan American Highway on route to Panama City, journeys starting within the city call for a ticket. Large modern Grand Terminal in Panama City doubles as Albrook Mall, a shopping center.
With tickets of $1 per hour travelled, highway buses are quite reasonably priced. But given their strategic location, Tocumen Airport’s charges for buses and taxis are much higher. Stand on the side of the road, raise your arm, and clearly gesture groundward to catch a bus. Just yell “para!” or tell the driver ahead of time to disembark. Generally speaking, the residents are quite friendly to bus passengers.
询问当地居民有助于提前了解票价,并准备好零钱。如果直接询问,公交车司机可能会把票价凑整,所以最好做好准备。
乘坐地铁
巴拿马地铁最初于2014年开通,现已成为居民主要的出行方式。地铁卡可在5 de Mayo和Albrook等繁忙车站使用,票价为2美元,单程票价为0.35美元。此卡可用于乘坐Metrobus和地铁。
地铁运营时间为周一至周五早5点至晚11点,周六早5点至晚10点,周日早7点至晚10点。地铁系统包含两条线路:1号线从阿尔布鲁克公交总站出发,途经阿根廷大道(Via Argentina)和卡门教堂大道(Iglesia del Carmen)停靠,直达市中心。1号线在圣米格利托站与2号线相连。2号线虽然不停靠托库门机场,但途经何塞·多明戈·迪亚兹大道(Via Jose Domingo Diaz,有时也称为托库门大道)的大部分路段。
乘坐地铁时,尤其是在繁忙时段,建议遵守总体安全规则。
乘坐出租车
对于想要更直接出行或远离公交线路的人来说,出租车是一个便捷的选择。出租车的协商费用会根据地点而有所不同。市区内行程大约需要 5 美元,而大多数短途行程大约需要 2.5 美元。巴拿马出租车可以带您深入乡村,这与其他地方的大都市出租车不同。
从托库门机场到巴拿马城的出租车费至少30美元,这笔费用足以抵消您假期剩余时间的出租车费用。与其他人一起乘坐出租车可以将费用降至每人约12美元。虽然从机场出发的巴士票价比平时高,但乘坐巴士前往格兰航站楼可以省钱。
自驾
自驾穿越巴拿马,有机会探索公共交通难以到达或无法到达的景点。如果您是一位优秀的安全驾驶者,租一辆车在巴拿马自驾游是明智之举,因为按照中南美洲的标准,巴拿马的道路系统状况良好。自驾游不仅能让您发现隐藏的宝藏,还能让您体验自主出行的灵活性。
然而,在巴拿马城通行依然困难重重。这座城市的重要路口缺乏交通信号灯,路标稀少,街道设计糟糕,交通高峰期拥堵严重。司机必须高度警惕其他司机的违规和不合逻辑的行为,同时还要谨慎地选择自己的车位。交通规则常常被忽视;来自北美或西欧的司机可能会对他们遇到的鲁莽行为感到震惊。在城外开车通常可以缓解紧张情绪。
泛美公路沿线分布着许多铺设好的公路,通往全国各地。其中大多数公路都允许轿车通行。道路工程规范较差,因此要小心外倾角弯道、深坑以及突然转弯,避免出现意外。您务必熟悉路线。请利用安第斯公路公司 (Cochera Andina) 等机构提供的详尽信息规划行程;务必携带可靠的路线图。
You must have a driver’s license from your home country to drive in Panama, but possessing an international driver’s license will help you stay out of problems at police checks. Road signs abound and traffic laws are like those of Europe or the United States. Within cities, speed limits are 40 km/h; outside of cities, they are 80 km/h; on highways, they are 100 km/h. Many times operating around-the-clock, gas stations abound in unleaded, super, and diesel fuels.
在收费公路 Corredor Sur 和 Corredor Norte 上行驶需要 Panapass 贴纸。没有贴纸需要付费。
乘飞机
巴拿马本地航空公司有多个机场提供航班。巴拿马航空、Arrendamientos Aéreos 和 Blue Skies Panama 均有航班从阿尔布鲁克·马科斯·赫拉伯特机场 (PAC) 飞往巴拿马各地。Arrendamientos Aéreos 和 Blue Skies Panama 提供包机服务,而巴拿马航空则提供定期航班。
It’s recommended to check the tail number of an airplane you charter in Panama. After their numerical tail number (e.g., HP-0000TD), registered aircraft approved for public charter will have letters indicating that the aircraft is insured for charter work and subject to extra inspections and higher maintenance requirements.
乘火车
巴拿马运河铁路为往返巴拿马城和科隆的旅程呈现了如画的风景。它比美国横贯大陆的铁路早了十五年,第一列火车于1855年完成了这条旅程,从而建立了美洲第一条跨洋铁路。虽然这条铁路主要用于货运,但每天也会有客运列车往返。它被宣传为豪华列车,单程票价为25美元。
探索巴拿马:标志性地标和文化遗产
巴拿马最大的魅力在于它的多样性。在不到五天的时间里,你可以探索海滩、山脉、现代城市和古代遗址。在巴拿马城,四项不容错过的活动包括:游览巴拿马运河、探索巴拿马老城区、游览老城区(Casco Antiguo)以及体验运河区附近的丛林。
巴拿马城
巴拿马维耶霍(Panama Viejo)是巴拿马的首府,由西班牙人于1519年建立。这座太平洋沿岸的首座城市迅速发展成为一个繁荣的中心,将黄金从南部殖民地运往加勒比海,进而运往欧洲。这座城市曾多次遭受海盗袭击,其中最具破坏性的一次袭击发生在1671年,由海盗亨利·摩根(Henry Morgan)发动,最终导致城市被彻底摧毁。1673年,一座新城在海湾对岸建立,它位于一个防御更牢固、卫生条件也更佳的地方。如今被称为“Casco Antiguo”的地区被公认为巴拿马共和国的发源地。
老城区
卡斯科·安蒂果奥(Casco Antiguo)被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产,是巴拿马城第二大热门旅游目的地。其建筑风格体现了巴拿马社会的多样性,融合了加勒比海、法国和装饰艺术等多种风格。尽管它最初是一座西班牙殖民城市,但由于多次火灾和国际商人的冲击,它逐渐变成了一个充满活力的地区。目前,卡斯科·安蒂果奥正在经历复兴,精品酒店、高档酒吧和餐厅纷纷涌现。它已成为巴拿马城的艺术中心,举办巴拿马爵士音乐节、音乐节和索布雷萨尔托斯舞蹈节等活动。
自然公园
距离现代巴拿马城仅15分钟车程,您可以穿越索贝拉尼亚公园(Parque Soberania)、查格雷斯公园(Parque Chagres)和大都会公园(Parque Metropolitano)的原生和次生热带雨林。活动包括沿着甘博阿(Gamboa)的管道路(Pipeline Road)观鸟、在加通湖(Gatun Lake)垂钓以及探索马登(Madden)的洞穴。史密森尼热带研究所提供前往巴罗科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island)的教育性旅游,这是一座研究颇深的热带雨林。
巴拿马运河
A visit to the Panama Canal is essential for any traveler. This engineering marvel can be experienced in various ways, contingent upon one’s level of interest. Two museums are dedicated to the canal: the Canal Museum in Casco Antiguo, which emphasizes Panama’s historical role as a crossroads of cultures and continents, and the museum at the Miraflores Locks, which concentrates on the technical features of the canal. The transits can be observed from the balcony of the restaurant located at the top.
One alternative method to engage with the canal is by traversing it. A partial crossing requires approximately four hours, while a complete crossing takes about eight hours. In both instances, engaging a knowledgeable guide is advisable to deepen your comprehension of the canal’s historical context.
Traveling the length of the Panama Canal by train offers a unique perspective on this engineering marvel. The Panama Railroad, initially constructed in 1855 and reconstructed in 1909 during the canal’s development, established a crucial connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The train journey lasts one day and provides a scenic passage through the tropical jungle.
巴拿马户外活动
远足
There are plenty of walking paths across Panama’s several national parks. Most routes are easily accessible and practicable without the need of a guide. Since certain rainforests are thick, it is advisable to follow the approved paths even without a guide. Engaging a guide will help you maximize your chances of coming across birds, mammals, or the mysterious quetzal in Boquete. In the Darien area, undirect travel could be dangerous. One of the most well-liked adventure locations in Panama is home to many respectable tour firms offering guided trips all throughout the nation.
格查尔小径
位于博克特国家公园内的绿咬鹃步道,或许是巴拿马最著名的徒步路线。世界各地的游客都慕名而来,只为一睹这只光彩夺目的绿咬鹃。虽然这条步道地形适宜徒步,但如果没有向导的帮助,想要看到绿咬鹃可能并非易事。
滑索顶篷
滑索穿越雨林冠层,绝对是绝佳体验。在巴拿马城、科克莱、博卡斯德尔托罗和博克特,您可以体验高空滑索穿越雨林的惊险刺激。
骑马
Horseback riding is a mainstay of Panama’s way of life. It is not unusual for horses to be grazing close to your hotel. Riding in Panama is customarily Western horses and accessories. Private owned horses could range in breed from Quarter Horses and a mix of Colombian or Peruvian Paso, which generates a bigger horse with the fluid gait of the Paso. Excellent venues for equestrian riding are the beaches of Bocas del Toro near Dolphin Bay and the mountains of Boquete.
水肺潜水和浮潜
大西洋(博卡斯德尔托罗)和太平洋(奇里基湾)沿岸是水上运动的绝佳去处。礁鱼和加勒比珊瑚在大西洋安家落户。太平洋是世界上最珍稀远洋物种和绝佳观鲸地点。
钓鱼
奇里基湾是中美洲最完美的钓鱼胜地之一,钓鱼爱好者们都认为这里是钓鱼天堂。巴拿马曾被《海水运动家》杂志评为全球最适合捕捞黑马林鱼的地方。皮尼亚斯湾和赞恩·格雷礁以其绝佳的垂钓体验而闻名于世,它们位于太平洋一侧,靠近哥伦比亚边境。热带之星旅馆也位于皮尼亚斯湾。
咖啡品尝
巴拿马博克特与全球顶级咖啡的盛产息息相关。该地区一直以来都出产品质稳定的咖啡。参观咖啡种植园,游客可以品尝咖啡,并有机会学习咖啡制作技艺。鲁伊斯庄园是单一庄园的游览目的地;或者,您也可以选择博克特野生动物园之旅,游览多个庄园。
划船
Given Panama’s narrowest point, which is just 80 km (50 miles), there are plenty of chances for watercraft as they touch both oceans. From David, a quick ride will get you to the port of Pedregal and onto the Gulf of Chiriqui. Watercraft choices in Panama City include the Balboa Yacht Club, Flamenco Resort and Marina, Diablo Spinning Club, Club de Yates y Pesca, and Miramar Marina. On the Atlantic side, marinas also abound around Colón and on the lakes of the Panama Canal.
激流漂流
距离巴拿马城一到两小时车程的查格雷斯河、奇里基省的奇里基维耶霍河以及科克莱省的格兰德河,都提供世界级的白水漂流体验。通常情况下,河水水位适合全年划桨,但水位会从旱季末的五月到雨季末的十一月变化。巴拿马提供一级至五级急流;巴拿马的三级急流在季风季节相当于美国的四级急流。
皮划艇
For river and ocean kayaking, the Chiriqui Province of Panama offers outstanding possibilities. The rivers’ suitable for rafting and kayaking makes Boquete home for many outfitters. Comprising many islands, the Gulf of Chiriqui boasts calm waves perfect for kayaking. Its pristine, powdery beaches abound with life.
攀岩
The great heights of Boquete in the Chiriqui Province are well known for their rock climbing. Born during the most recent volcanic eruption, Cesar Melendez has created more than thirty routes on the Basaltic Rock. Climbers of any ability, from beginners to specialists, will find these paths appropriate. Melendez is also a trailblazer in “bouldering,” a leisure sport in which participants ascend rocks while hung over a river, greatly intensifying the thrill of the event.
观鸟
With a more than 900 kinds of birds—many of which are unique to Panama—this birdwatcher’s paradise is Helping members in the identification and location of a range of species, the Panama Audubon Society is an outstanding source of information regarding the bird population by region.
温泉
尽管这座火山已休眠600多年,但其周围仍然涌现着温泉。奇里基省的多个地区都拥有丰富的活泉。距离小镇约三十分钟车程的巴鲁火山北侧的沃尔坎(Volcan)就拥有数处泉眼。即使这些泉眼散发出的硫磺味很淡,但这也得益于其丰富的矿物质。博克特(Boquete)地区拥有众多温泉可供选择。虽然前往温泉需要驾驶四轮驱动汽车,但卡尔德拉(Caldera)的一位当地地主正在将一处闻起来毫无硫磺味的汩汩流淌的泉眼改造成水疗体验。
巴拿马的货币和购物
货币
Though most people refer to it as the balboa, Panama’s official currency has been the US dollar since 1904. One balboa equals 100 centesimos. Made by the United States Mint and the Royal Canadian Mint, Panama also has its own coins with Panamanian designs but same weight, size, and composition as US coins. US coins in Panama are exactly replaceable with these coins. Along with iconic US coins like Lincoln on the penny and Roosevelt on the dime, you might find change with a conquistador on the quarter or an indigenous figure on the penny. Though you are still in Panama, not Mexico, Panama likewise mints half-dollar coins sometimes known as pesos.
与美国硬币对应的巴拿马硬币包括1分、5分、1/10、1/4、1/2和1巴波亚。由于担心伪造,许多公司拒绝接受50美元或100美元的钞票。那些拒绝接受这些钞票的公司可能需要你的护照,并注意钞票的序列号。
有趣的是,如果您的零钱不够,巴拿马硬币可以在美国的自动售货机、付费电话和停车收费表上使用。
信用卡
Hotels all around the capital as well as medium-sized regional towns such David, Las Tablas, Colón, Santiago, and Bocas del Toro accept credit cards. Major cities’ department stores, supermarkets, and restaurants also usually take credit and debit cards. Using your card outside the capital can prove difficult, though.
自动取款机
Operating on the Cirrus/Plus system, panamanian ATMs may not accept cards bearing the Interlink symbol. It’s good to know how to accept cash advances on your credit card and carry enough of cash, especially little amounts. Traveler’s checks are not widely used. Using ATMs with a Visa credit card usually results in a $5.25 withdrawal fee; however, withdrawing more helps to reduce the costs.
银行
银行营业时间差异很大。工作日期间,所有银行至少营业至下午3点,部分机构甚至将营业时间延长至晚上7点。许多银行周六营业至中午12点,购物中心的分行周日也可能营业。大多数银行禁止穿着短裤或人字拖的人士进入。
购物
巴拿马拥有美洲最大的科隆自由区。该国拥有众多美式购物中心,包括Multicentro、Albrook Mall、Multiplaza Pacific和Metromall。不同购物中心的价格存在差异:Albrook的商品价格实惠,而Multiplaza则以高端设计师精品店为特色。巴拿马是购买消费电子产品、服装和化妆品的理想之地。
巴拿马传统工艺品主要集中在artesania市场,包括巴尔博亚的基督教青年会(YMCA)和巴拿马维耶霍(Panama Viejo)的市场。REPROSA提供巴拿马城最高品质的手工艺品。Mola是一种复杂的反向贴花手工制品,是巴拿马最著名的工艺品,由库纳人创作。Molas可以在Casco Viejo的海堤上找到。其他重要的工艺品包括塔瓜果雕刻、可可波罗木动物雕刻和棕榈纤维编织篮。El Valle的手工艺品市场专注于皂石雕刻和巴拿马中部的各种工艺品。
巴拿马美食
Major cities in Panama have a wide range of gastronomic choices, including fresh sushi and French high cuisine. The gastronomic scene meets all tastes with Arabic, Italian, Chinese, Indian, and Mexican restaurants. This variety reflects Panama’s great cultural complexity and openness to outside influences.
In rural areas, the cuisine is mostly Panamanian, marked by a plenty of seafood and beef, owing of the large cattle ranches and excellent fishing resources in the region. Panamanian cuisine is a mix of Spanish, French, and Afro-Caribbean elements that produces unique meals. Unlike other Central American countries where beans are staple, Panama’s cooking stresses plantains, usually coupled with coconut rice and indigenous veggies like squash. Culantro, a natural herb like cilantro but with a far more strong taste, is the main component in Panamanian cooking.
在家庭经营的小型餐馆里,一顿简单的晚餐价格在 1.25 美元到 5 美元之间。这些菜肴通常搭配米饭、豆类和各种沙拉,肉类包括牛肚、炸鸡或烤鸡、猪肉、牛肉或炸鱼。配菜通常是炸青芭蕉,又称 patacones。巴拿马人饮用由水果、水和糖制成的新鲜饮料——奇恰酒 (chichas)。常见的口味包括 agua de pipa(嫩椰汁)、芒果汁、木瓜果汁、jugo de caña(甘蔗汁)和西番莲果。虽然巴拿马提供辣酱,但其菜肴通常不会太辣。
如果知道在哪里找到合适的餐厅,就能找到价格合理的美食。一些名为“fondas”的小餐馆提供快捷且价格合理的午餐选择,它们位于工业区、体育场馆和学术楼附近。一顿丰盛的午餐包含米饭和豆子、大量的鸡肉和一份小沙拉,价格约为2到2.5美元(不含一杯可乐),因此通常物超所值。与传统的快餐不同,在“fondas”用餐能带来更真实、更美味的体验。经常光顾同一家餐厅有助于融入周围的社区,享受美食的同时,也能进行非正式的交流。
追求更高端用餐体验的食客可能会发现,五星级餐食加饮料的价格可能在8美元到30美元之间,具体取决于餐厅。巴拿马的美食选择丰富多样,从价格实惠的当地餐厅到环境优雅的餐厅,应有尽有,确保每位顾客都能享受到独特的用餐体验。
享受巴拿马:饮品、音乐和夜生活
国家啤酒和烈酒
巴拿马有几种国产啤酒,包括巴尔博亚 (Balboa)、阿特拉斯 (Atlas)、索贝拉纳 (Soberana) 和巴拿马 (Panamá)。虽然阿特拉斯是最受欢迎的国产啤酒品牌,但巴尔博亚通常被认为是最好的。许多女士也喜欢索贝拉纳。虽然当地城镇酒吧的啤酒价格约为 0.50 美元,高档场所的啤酒价格可能高达 2.50 美元,但超市里的啤酒价格差异很大,每 12 盎司罐装啤酒的价格低至 0.30 美元。
主要的国产朗姆酒有 Carta Vieja 和 Ron Abuelo。生白朗姆酒(Seco)通常与牛奶一起饮用(Seco with leche),是该国的国酒。
音乐
音乐是巴拿马社会的重要组成部分。起源于巴拿马的雷鬼音乐广受欢迎,当地人称之为“Plena”,而萨尔萨音乐则在该国拉丁裔聚居区广为人知。西班牙语歌词的雷鬼音乐在博卡斯德尔托罗地区颇为流行。巴拿马大约有一百家广播电台,其中一些提供英语广播。夏季在Las Tablas举行的音乐节绝对值得一去。
派对场景
巴拿马人参加的节日以载歌载舞、谈笑风生和畅饮为特色。狂欢节是其主要活动,持续至圣灰星期三,在基督教圣周前四十天。最重要的庆祝活动在阿苏埃罗省的拉斯塔布拉斯举行,活动包括游行、音乐活动以及两条街道之间的竞赛——每条街道都象征着不同的女王。每天都有一个特定的主题;庆祝活动从周五开始,一直持续到周三凌晨五点。
巴拿马城的夜生活
巴拿马城的夜生活尤其丰富多彩,尤其是在以各种餐厅和酒吧闻名的乌拉圭街(Calle Uruguay)。值得一提的派对前餐厅包括La Posta、Peperoncini、Habibis、Tomate y Amor、Madame Chang、Burgues和Lima Limon。晚餐后,如果想体验别致的夜生活,可以前往Prive、Pure、Loft、Guru或People。复古音乐和台球桌构成了Sahara和The Londoner酒吧悠闲的氛围。
Zona Viva 位于阿马多尔堤道 (Amador Causeway) 上,拥有 Jet Set Club、The Building、Chill Out Zone 和 X Space 等场所,是酒吧狂欢的好去处。
卡斯科维耶荷的文化夜生活
Casco Viejo 的夜生活体验丰富多彩,文化底蕴深厚。当地艺术画廊每月都会举办艺术街区活动,通常包含不同的展览。国家剧院每周都会举办芭蕾舞、歌剧和音乐会。当地著名的餐厅包括 Relic、La Casona、Mojitos sans Mojitos、Platea、Havana Cafe 和 Republica Havana。晚餐后,您可以在这片老城区体验充满活力的夜生活。
巴拿马的安全
总体而言,巴拿马是一个非常安全的国家——尤其是在农村地区,那里的人们非常友善且乐于助人。如果你想游览拉丁美洲,但又担心安全问题,巴拿马是一个绝佳的起点。不过,仍有一些地方需要格外小心。
贩毒分子和哥伦比亚叛乱组织使巴拿马和哥伦比亚边境地区变得十分危险。人们应该完全远离这个地区。
Considered unsafe is most of Colón’s city. If you have to visit this location, you should be rather careful.
巴拿马城的一些地区,尤其是埃尔乔里略(El Chorrillo)、库伦杜(Curundu)和埃尔马拉尼翁(El Marañón),以治安不好而闻名。这些欠发达地区的犯罪率较高。
虽然Casco Viejo(有时也被称为San Felipe)目前名声不佳,但它正在迅速绅士化。对于游客来说,San Felipe在白天绝对安全。夜间,主要街道、广场以及靠近岬角的酒吧和餐馆区域通常比较安全。不过,游客沿着中央大道(Avenida Central)向北前往埃尔乔里洛(El Chorrillo)时仍需小心。
巴拿马的健康和医疗保健
巴拿马以其一流的医疗服务而闻名,是著名的医疗度假胜地。该国拥有多家医疗机构,为游客提供一流的治疗服务。巴拿马城最好的医院包括:
- 国立医院:古巴大道上最先进的私立医院。
- 圣费尔南多医院诊所:以其全面的医疗服务而闻名。
- 帕蒂拉医院:一家设备齐全的医院,传统上为巴拿马富裕的上层阶级提供服务。
- 蓬塔帕西菲卡医院:由约翰霍普金斯国际管理,吸引顶尖医生。
- 圣托马斯医院:由于其创伤病例数量众多,在创伤护理方面享有很高的声誉。
Farmacia Arrocha 和 Gran Morrison 百货商店等药店遍布各地,且货源充足。
疫苗接种和健康风险
- 黄热病:建议所有9个月以上的游客前往达里恩省、库纳亚拉省(圣布拉斯省)和巴拿马省(运河区除外)时接种疫苗。从巴拿马入境通常需要提供疫苗接种证明。
- 疟疾博卡斯德尔托罗省、达连省和圣布拉斯省的农村地区存在风险。巴拿马城和前运河区没有风险。请注意,氯喹对圣布拉斯省已不再有效。
- 登革热:地方性物种,尤其在达连省。
水上安全
除博卡斯德尔托罗 (Bocas del Toro) 建议饮用瓶装水外,几乎所有城镇的自来水都可以安全饮用。
紧急服务
对于医疗紧急情况,911 系统主要在巴拿马城及其周边地区运行。在重大节日或国家庆典期间,全国各地都设立了 911 站点,特别是在拉斯塔布拉斯、大卫、奇特雷和圣地亚哥。
医疗后送
医疗后送航班缺乏欧盟、加拿大和美国那样的组织。通常,从内陆快速撤离需要包租小型飞机或直升机,并使用信用卡或现金支付。虽然直升机的费用要高得多,但从大卫到巴拿马城乘坐小型双引擎飞机的医疗航班费用约为 4,000 美元。目前有一种新的私人会员制空中医疗运输服务,游客会员费为 10 美元,可享受 90 天的保障。通常由迈阿密的空中救护服务运营,出境撤离航班的费用根据医疗需求在 18,000 美元到 30,000 美元之间不等。

