Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, occupies a rugged swath of Central Asia, its territory defined by the soaring ridges of the Tian Shan and Pamir ranges. Lands enclosed by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south and China to the east, the republic extends between 39\u00b0 and 44\u00b0 N latitude and 69\u00b0 and 81\u00b0 E longitude. Bishkek, its administrative centre, stands in the northern foothills, while Osh\u2014its second city and among the region\u2019s oldest urban settlements\u2014rests near the fertile branches of the Fergana Valley. The state counts just over seven million inhabitants, principally ethnic Kyrgyz, alongside sizable Uzbek and Russian communities. This article surveys Kyrgyzstan\u2019s physical contours, its complex past, and the social and economic forces that shape its present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Human presence in present-day Kyrgyzstan reaches back to nomadic tribes that roamed the steppes long before recorded chronicles. The Yenisei Kyrgyz established a khaganate by the early medieval era, only to be subsumed by successive Turkic confederations. In the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire incorporated the region; indigenous rule reemerged intermittently under Mongol successor states and later the Dzungar Khanate. After the Dzungars\u2019 fall, Kyrgyz and related Kipchak groups formed part of the Kokand Khanate until 1876, when tsarist Russia annexed the territory. Over the next six decades, Slavic settlers transformed lower-lying pastures into cultivated land, while local uprisings against imperial conscription occasionally erupted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Under Soviet administration, the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast took shape within the Russian Soviet Republic, renamed Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1926, and elevated to union republic status in 1936. Frunze\u2014formerly Pishpek\u2014became the capital, and Russification, industrialization, and collectivization reshaped society. The Kyrgyz language adopted Latin and later Cyrillic scripts, compulsory schooling advanced literacy, and the Epic of Manas entered written form. The Soviet period also brought deported minorities\u2014Germans, Chechens, Poles\u2014adding to the region\u2019s diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
By 1990, as Mikhail Gorbachev\u2019s reforms loosened Moscow\u2019s grip, pro-independence sentiment led to the election of Askar Akayev as president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared sovereignty from the Soviet Union. The republic adjusted its constitution, changed its English and Russian spellings to match the Kyrgyz endonym, and restored the capital\u2019s indigenous name as Bishkek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At independence, Kyrgyzstan adopted a strong presidential model. Discontent with Akayev\u2019s increasingly authoritarian tenure spurred the 2005 \u201cTulip Revolution,\u201d which installed Kurmanbek Bakiyev. Bakiyev\u2019s administration, too, struggled with constitutional disputes and allegations of electoral malfeasance. In 2010, popular unrest led to further transition, and a parliamentary-presidential hybrid emerged. Over the following decade, shifting power balances between executive and legislative bodies produced a semi-presidential arrangement until reforms in 2021 restored a dominant presidential role. Throughout this period, ethnic tensions\u2014especially between Kyrgyz and Uzbek communities\u2014flared in southern provinces, while economic hardship and contested elections prompted periodic protests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u622a\u81f3 2020 \u5e74 8 \u6708\uff0c\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6\u4e3a 659 \u4e07\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d 34.4% \u5728 15 \u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c6.2% \u5728 65 \u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff1b\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7ea6\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc 25 \u4eba\u3002\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u65cf\u5360 77.8%\uff1b\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65cf\u5360 14.2%\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u5357\u90e8\uff1b\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u65cf\u5360 3.8%\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6bd4\u4ec0\u51ef\u514b\u548c\u695a\u4f0a\u4e00\u5e26\u3002\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u5305\u62ec\u4e1c\u5e72\u4eba\u3001\u5854\u5409\u514b\u4eba\u3001\u7ef4\u543e\u5c14\u65cf\u3001\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65cf\u7b49\uff0c\u5171\u8ba1 80 \u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u65cf\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ece 1979 \u5e74\u7684\u7ea6 50% \u4e0a\u5347\u5230 2013 \u5e74\u7684 70% \u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5 2017 \u5e74\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c90% \u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u65e0\u5b97\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u6216\u54c8\u4e43\u6590\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u4f46 2012 \u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c64% \u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u201c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 23% \u7684\u4eba\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u5360\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u5efa\u8bbe\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u547c\u5401\u6062\u590d\u7cbe\u795e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u76ae\u5c24\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3 2009 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u663e\u793a\uff0c86.3% \u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u3001\u8def\u5fb7\u6559\u3001\u518d\u6d17\u793c\u6d3e\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u2014\u2014\u7ea6\u5360 7%\u3002\u8036\u548c\u534e\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba\u4fe1\u5f92\u4eba\u6570\u5728 5,000 \u81f3 10,000 \u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4ecd\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5e03\u54c8\u62c9\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u4ec0\u80af\u7eb3\u5179\u4eba\u3002\u6c11\u95f4\u548c\u82cf\u83f2\u6d3e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u884d\u751f\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5c06\u7ecf\u5e61\u7cfb\u5728\u5723\u6811\u4e0a\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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