{"id":63571,"date":"2025-11-20T10:11:56","date_gmt":"2025-11-20T10:11:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/?p=63571"},"modified":"2026-02-23T22:43:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T22:43:48","slug":"nhung-ngon-nui-lua-hoat-dong-manh-nhat-hanh-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/outdoor-adventures\/the-planets-most-active-volcanoes\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft &amp; Th\u00f4ng tin nhanh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t (x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Kilauea<\/strong>&nbsp;(Hawaii, Hoa K\u1ef3) \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. USGS v\u00e0 NASA m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 K\u012blauea l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\u201d. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n 80 m) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Hawaii.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>N\u00fai Etna<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u00dd) \u2013 Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. D\u00f2ng dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1eb9 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Stromboli<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u00dd) \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng nh\u1ecf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 nh\u1eb9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u1ee9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i phun ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi&nbsp;<em>Stromboli<\/em>&nbsp;phun tr\u00e0o. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda li\u00ean t\u1ee5c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng dung nham ra bi\u1ec3n.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Sakurajima<\/strong>&nbsp;(Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, phun ra tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ri\u00eang l\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf, Sakurajima \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 phun tro b\u1ee5i). Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kagoshima g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu tro b\u1ee5i.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>N\u00fai Merapi<\/strong>&nbsp;(Indonesia) \u2013 M\u1ed9t n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng andesit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 130 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Indonesia\u201d. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Merapi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1edf tuy\u1ebft pyroclastic di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>N\u00fai Nyiragongo<\/strong>&nbsp;(C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo) \u2013 N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng dung nham c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o h\u1ed3 dung nham c\u1ee7a Nyiragongo t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ef1c nhanh (l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ~60 km\/gi\u1edd) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y dung nham nhanh nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. H\u1ed3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Nyamuragira l\u00e2n c\u1eadn chi\u1ebfm ~40% c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>N\u00fai Nyamuragira<\/strong>&nbsp;(DRC) \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o dung nham bazan. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u01a1n 40 l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Phi.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Popocat\u00e9petl<\/strong>&nbsp;(Mexico) \u2013 Since 2005, this volcano has been nearly continuously restless. It is \u201cone of Mexico\u2019s most active volcanoes\u201d with frequent explosions and ash plumes. Its eruptions (VEI&nbsp;1\u20133) spray ash across populated areas near Mexico City.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>N\u00fai Sinabung<\/strong>&nbsp;(Indonesia) \u2013 In 2010 this volcano awoke after ~400 years of quiet. It has since erupted almost continuously (mostly explosions up to VEI&nbsp;2\u20133) with frequent pyroclastic flows. Its cycles of dome growth and collapse keep northern Sumatra on alert.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Piton de la Fournaise<\/strong>&nbsp;(R\u00e9union, Ph\u00e1p) \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u01a1n 150 l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng dung nham bazan l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 r\u1eebng c\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o R\u00e9union. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nhanh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u201c\u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d?<\/em>&nbsp;Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen (kho\u1ea3ng 11.700 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay?<\/em>&nbsp;Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 K\u012blauea (Hawaii), Nyamulagira (DRC), Stromboli (\u00dd), Erta Ale (Ethiopia) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024-25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em>&nbsp;C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n (d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t), thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t?<\/em>&nbsp;Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Merapi (Indonesia), Sakurajima (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ch\u00fang phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em>&nbsp;T\u00f9y t\u1eebng n\u01a1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda (Stromboli) phun tr\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50\u201370 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/em>&nbsp;C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, kh\u00ed), nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u201c\u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em>&nbsp;n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen (kho\u1ea3ng 11.700 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phun tr\u00e0o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh N\u00fai l\u1eeda To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (GVP) c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Smithsonian, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, C\u1ee5c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3 (USGS) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed8T&nbsp;<em>n\u1eb1m im<\/em>&nbsp;n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 y\u00ean t\u0129nh; n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng magma s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. M\u1ed9t&nbsp;<em>tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng<\/em>&nbsp;N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng phun tr\u00e0o trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. (Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \"t\u1eaft\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh n\u1ebfu magma quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.) Smithsonian GVP l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 phun tr\u00e0o trong 10.000 n\u0103m qua ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o trong 10.000 n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh: m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t do magma g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1n rung ch\u1ea5n n\u00fai l\u1eeda. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a magma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda. M\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang, tr\u1ea1m GPS v\u00e0 giao thoa k\u1ebf radar v\u1ec7 tinh (InSAR) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00fai l\u1eeda khi magma t\u00edch t\u1ee5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1ec7 tinh radar \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y dung nham c\u1ee7a K\u012blauea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i kh\u00ed c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00fai l\u1eeda gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, carbon dioxide v\u00e0 sulfur dioxide t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 phun kh\u00ed. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sulfur dioxide th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia NPS l\u01b0u \u00fd, s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a magma khi\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p manh m\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ea2nh nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh cung c\u1ea5p g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t. V\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a NASA\/USGS cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Landsat \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap HVO theo d\u00f5i dung nham t\u1eeb K\u012blauea nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ec7 tinh c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng radar xuy\u00ean m\u00e2y: ch\u00fang l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng dung nham ngay c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi tro b\u1ee5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 radar kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung nham m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ngu\u1ed9i). Camera quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t giao th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, sau \u0111\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t nhanh ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed) v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111a th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng: C\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t phun tr\u00e0o (s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n phun tr\u00e0o), th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (n\u0103m phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3), m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (VEI) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (Smithsonian GVP, k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1ed5 sung) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t cao, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i (d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf) c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u00f2ng dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda (nh\u01b0 Sakurajima) phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai ng\u1ea7m Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda xa x\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec7 tinh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n. Danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i danh s\u00e1ch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh: danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">20 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u2014 H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 &amp; D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai K\u012blauea (Hawaii, M\u1ef9) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea3o Hawai'i (5\u00b07\u2032B, 155\u00b015\u2032T); \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng khi\u00ean bazan; mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh (Halema'uma'u).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0K\u012blauea \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1500. \u0110\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018-2019 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y h\u01a1n 700 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 khi dung nham ch\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng ng\u1eafn, K\u012blauea l\u1ea1i phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2024. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2024, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t m\u1edf ra b\u00ean trong mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Halema'uma'u, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t dung nham cao t\u1edbi 80 m v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2024 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0K\u012blauea l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\". H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u phun tr\u00e0o theo ki\u1ec3u Hawaii, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng dung nham ch\u1ea3y ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y dung nham l\u00ean cao. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, dung nham \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh quan Hawaii.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t N\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawaii (HVO) c\u1ee7a USGS v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00ed, m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 webcam. GPS li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh (InSAR) theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3ng\/x\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a khoang magma. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o kh\u00ed \u0111o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i SO\u2082 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3i (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn khi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00f2ng dung nham \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh (ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac, g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n). Kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda (\u201cvog\u201d, t\u1eeb kh\u00ed SO\u2082) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Du kh\u00e1ch n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o: C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawaii c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ra v\u00e0o xung quanh c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0K\u012blauea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan ch\u00ednh. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia (do ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn). C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i gi\u00e0y k\u00edn m\u0169i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng dung nham c\u0169 (nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5). \u0110\u00f4i khi, n\u00ean \u0111eo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi vog.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Etna (Sicily, \u00dd) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Sicily (37\u00b044\u2032B, 15\u00b00\u2032\u0110) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng \u00c1-Phi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan \u0111\u1ebfn andesit c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0Etna \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 21. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \"g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau n\u0103m 1971\". Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 2000 (v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2021\u20132025) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 v\u00f2i phun. C\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Stromboli b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Etna phun tr\u00e0o trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (VEI 1\u20133) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n VEI 4\u20135 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u0103m 1669) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o h\u00f4m nay t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn Catania (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ~300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00dd (INGV) v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y: m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang, GPS, radar Doppler (\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m GPS c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai. \u1ea2nh nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb Copernicus Sentinel) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng dung nham \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00f2ng dung nham c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn nho (d\u00f2ng dung nham n\u0103m 2002-2003 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn m\u1ed9t xa l\u1ed9). Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phun tr\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic. Do c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n (nh\u01b0 Zafferana) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Etna, c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 t\u00e1n) th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Etna l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai khi an to\u00e0n. Du kh\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111i c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn. N\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111i gi\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee9ng. Tro b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i nh\u1eb9 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n xa, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i n\u00ean mang theo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed gas ho\u1eb7c tro b\u1ee5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stromboli (Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Aeolian, \u00dd) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Aeolian (38\u00b048\u2032B, 15\u00b013\u2032\u0110) ph\u00eda tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Tyrrhenian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan; \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i m\u1edf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Stromboli n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1eb9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, n\u00f3 phun ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e1 lapilli v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i c\u1ee9 sau v\u00e0i ph\u00fat. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o dung nham cao 100 m\u00e9t trong th\u1eddi gian ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e2y. Theo Britannica, d\u00f2ng dung nham ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc theo s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf). Phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0<em>phun tr\u00e0o Strombolian<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1934 (VEI 2 ho\u1eb7c 3), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Stromboli nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam. V\u1edbi m\u00e0n b\u1eafn ph\u00e1o hoa li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, Stromboli g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0INGV c\u1ee7a \u00dd theo d\u00f5i Stromboli th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang (\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i v\u00f2m), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi camera. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd VLF (t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o (bom n\u00f3ng) g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y dung nham g\u00e2y ra l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n (t\u1ea1o ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n). Trong n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 2019, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u1edf \u0111\u00e1; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 dung nham ch\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Stromboli l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cho ph\u00e9p ng\u1eafm n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng). C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc an to\u00e0n (nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i mang m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tro b\u1ee5i d\u00e0y v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u01a1 t\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Sakurajima (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0V\u1ecbnh Kagoshima, Kyushu (31\u00b035\u2032B, 130\u00b038\u2032\u0110); m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Aira.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Sakurajima g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c phun tr\u00e0o. Trung b\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u phun tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Vulcanian \u0111\u1ebfn Stromboli, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao t\u1eeb 1\u20132 km g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914 (VEI 4, n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi Kyushu) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i phun ra g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, theo ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0JMA v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kagoshima duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd: m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang, GPS v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n. Camera li\u00ean t\u1ee5c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Sakurajima.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i: gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i tro b\u1ee5i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kagoshima (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Tro b\u1ee5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda Sukarajima bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00e1i nh\u00e0. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra bom b\u1ecdt. Mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Aira g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1914).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Sakurajima l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Kagoshima. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ven c\u1ea3ng cho ph\u00e9p du kh\u00e1ch ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb xa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn khi tham quan ch\u00e2n n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Merapi (Indonesia) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Trung Java (7\u00b032\u2032N, 110\u00b027\u2032\u0110), tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm Sunda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andesit; d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Merapi (\u201cN\u00fai L\u1eeda\u201d) lu\u00f4n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Britannica g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 130 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Indonesia\u201d. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1548, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Merapi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Merapi \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1edf tuy\u1ebft pyroclastic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994 v\u00e0 2010 (VEI 4) \u2013 v\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u01a1n 350 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 c\u1ee7a Merapi (VEI 3) \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn 100.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 t\u00e1n. C\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1006 ghi nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n 60 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Trung t\u00e2m N\u00fai l\u1eeda Indonesia (CVGHM) v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh radar, m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean Merapi. C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t magma v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 r\u01a1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f2m n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Merapi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \"N\u00fai l\u1eeda Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7\" (\u0111\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u) do n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u00f9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic v\u00e0 lahar (d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda). M\u01b0a l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch tro b\u1ee5i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c k\u00eanh c\u1ee7a Merapi. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic trong v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Balerante. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 t\u00e1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Merapi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng Selo). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103ng cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n mang theo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c. Du kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh xa mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o quang c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Sinabung (Indonesia) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0B\u1eafc Sumatra (3\u00b010\u2032B, 98\u00b023\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andesit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Sinabung \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o VEI 1-2 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao t\u1edbi v\u00e0i km. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic v\u00e0 lahar x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Merapi, Sinabung ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2010, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u0103m 2013, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom dung nham n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng trong tro b\u1ee5i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda Indonesia (CVGHM) \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o kh\u00ed sau n\u0103m 2010. V\u00ec n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Tro b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xung quanh. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u1ebfn 2018 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u01a1n 20 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic v\u00e0 s\u1eadp m\u00e1i nh\u00e0). D\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c; c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y lahar trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Sinabung n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n \u00edt tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o th\u1ea5p, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ebd d\u1eabn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y dung nham d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u00ean \u0111eo kh\u1ea9u trang v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Semeru (Indonesia) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0B\u1eafc Sumatra (3\u00b010\u2032B, 98\u00b023\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andesit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Sinabung \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o VEI 1-2 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao t\u1edbi v\u00e0i km. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic v\u00e0 lahar x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Merapi, Sinabung ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2010, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u0103m 2013, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom dung nham n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng trong tro b\u1ee5i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda Indonesia (CVGHM) \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o kh\u00ed sau n\u0103m 2010. V\u00ec n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Tro b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xung quanh. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u1ebfn 2018 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u01a1n 20 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic v\u00e0 s\u1eadp m\u00e1i nh\u00e0). D\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c; c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y lahar trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Sinabung n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n \u00edt tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o th\u1ea5p, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ebd d\u1eabn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y dung nham d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u00ean \u0111eo kh\u1ea9u trang v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Trung Mexico (19\u00b02\u2032B, 98\u00b037\u2032T), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a V\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00fai l\u1eeda xuy\u00ean Mexico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Popocat\u00e9petl \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005, phun tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. NASA ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t Mexico\". N\u00fai l\u1eeda lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 y\u1ebfu (VEI 1\u20132) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3i n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, 2013 v\u00e0 2019 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao h\u01a1n 20 km (VEI 3). \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2024, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t CENAPRED c\u1ee7a Mexico li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 webcam theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i v\u00f2m. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Popocat\u00e9petl g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico v\u00e0 Puebla (t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi), khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Tro b\u1ee5i r\u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c km theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o VEI 3 \u0111\u00f4i khi phun tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u, nh\u01b0ng tro b\u1ee5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda Popo th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn). D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y Lahar c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u01b0a l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Theo lu\u1eadt, Popocat\u00e9petl b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0o khi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cao. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (\u0111\u00f4i khi leo l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Pico de Orizaba \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u1ea3nh). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean lu\u00f4n trang b\u1ecb m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd s\u01a1 t\u00e1n n\u1ebfu n\u00fai l\u1eeda rung chuy\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Colima (Mexico) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00e2y-trung Mexico (19\u00b030\u2032B, 103\u00b037\u2032T).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Colima (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Volc\u00e1n de Fuego) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Mexico. Theo Britannica, n\u00f3 \"th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 bom dung nham\". Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Colima \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 50 n\u0103m qua. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 VEI 2-3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 (VEI 3), t\u1ea1o ra m\u01b0a bom xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham m\u1edbi. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0CENAPRED theo d\u00f5i Colima b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1eeb camera quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb Ciudad Guzm\u00e1n v\u00e0 Jalisco. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 rung ch\u1ea5n n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 phun tr\u00e0o, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic. Hai b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng tro b\u1ee5i v\u1eabn th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 Comala v\u00e0 Zapotl\u00e1n. D\u00e2n l\u00e0ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Colima \u00edt kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n n\u00fai. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111eo kh\u1ea9u trang v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean d\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Villarrica (Chile) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Nam Chile (39\u00b025\u2032N, 71\u00b056\u2032T), tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng cung n\u00fai l\u1eeda Andes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 dung nham tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Villarrica l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t Chile v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Stromboli (n\u00fai dung nham phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 bom dung nham). N\u0103m 2015, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o (VEI 4) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra tro b\u1ee5i cao t\u1edbi 15 km. Trung b\u00ecnh, n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. H\u1ed3 dung nham c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng dung nham n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng b\u0103ng gi\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda SERNAGEOMIN c\u1ee7a Chile s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, GPS v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u00ed (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt) xung quanh Villarrica. C\u00e1c webcam t\u1eeb xa li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u1edf Villarrica l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n t\u1eeb tuy\u1ebft tan (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, tr\u1eadn l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 n\u0103m 1964 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n l\u1edbn). C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Puc\u00f3n (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp s\u01a1 t\u00e1n d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c tour tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tham quan n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quanh n\u0103m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Villarrica. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng (v\u1edbi m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 r\u00ecu ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng). Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103ng cao. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u00ean mang gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb ch\u00f3i m\u1eaft b\u1edfi d\u00f2ng dung nham.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Fuego (Guatemala) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Nam Guatemala (14\u00b028\u2032B, 90\u00b053\u2032T), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a V\u00f2ng cung n\u00fai l\u1eeda Trung M\u1ef9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan \u0111\u1ebfn andesit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Fuego \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u. N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y \"th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o\"; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023 v\u00e0 2025. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh Stromboli: nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ed1c cao h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e9t tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Fuego t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 Antigua Guatemala. D\u00f2ng dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i r\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1. N\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2018 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng). C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0INSIVUMEH v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n tr\u00ean Fuego v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m tro b\u1ee5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng \u1ea7m \u1ea7m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i c\u00f2i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Fuego th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb xa (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Acatenango). C\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai \u0111\u1ebfn quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n (s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Acatenango cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Fuego c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 1,5 km). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ch\u0103n ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n b\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 che tro b\u1ee5i), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y n\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phun tr\u00e0o t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Santiaguito (Guatemala) \u2013 Khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00e2y Guatemala (14\u00b045\u2032B, 91\u00b033\u2032T), tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda Santa Mar\u00eda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0Ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham andesit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1922, m\u00e1i v\u00f2m Santiaguito g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 phun tr\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd trong 94 n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra. N\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y d\u1ecdc theo s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai 10\u201315 km \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi INSIVUMEH. C\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Merapi), nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf Santiaguito \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. N\u0103m 2018, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn m\u00e1i v\u00f2m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Guatemala theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Santiaguito. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 \u00e2m (\u0111\u1ec3 nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5) v\u00e0 camera.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n l\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n du l\u1ecbch lu\u00f4n trang b\u1ecb cho du kh\u00e1ch m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i (tro b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y k\u00edch \u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5i). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2m \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Nyiragongo (C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stratovolcano<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng DRC (1\u00b030\u2032N, 29\u00b015\u2032\u0110) trong \u0110\u1edbi t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n Albertine; t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Virunga.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1ecfng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Nyiragongo n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 dung nham kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng dung nham ch\u1ea3y r\u1ea5t nhanh. N\u0103m 1977, khi h\u1ed3 dung nham tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, dung nham \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 60 km\/gi\u1edd - \"l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng dung nham nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay\". Dung nham c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt th\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng silica r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. H\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n phun tr\u00e0o, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0Nyiragongo v\u00e0 Nyamuragira g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 40% c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2002 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y dung nham tr\u00e0n qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Goma (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi), ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y kho\u1ea3ng 15% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Goma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0i m\u00e9t. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 2021 (ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham ch\u1ea3y nhanh. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u1edd. Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (CO\u2082 v\u00e0 SO\u2082) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i, v\u00ec CO\u2082 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu h\u1ed3 dung nham s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t: \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Nyiragongo \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng CO\u2082 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 khi m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 s\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t N\u00fai l\u1eeda Goma (OVG) theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n xung quanh hai ch\u00f3p n\u00fai l\u1eeda Nyiragongo, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 dung nham b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec7 tinh. OVG duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Goma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Nyiragongo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Goma (h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m Congo). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i qua \u0111\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao ~3.000 m \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ed3 dung nham r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111eo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian \u1edf g\u1ea7n mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Nyamuragira (C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng DRC (1\u00b022\u2032N, 29\u00b012\u2032\u0110), trong V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Virunga.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng khi\u00ean bazan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Nyamuragira th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Phi\". Ngu\u1ed3n tin c\u1ee7a USGS-NASA ghi nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u01a1n 40 l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i: d\u00f2ng dung nham l\u1edbn lan r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km vu\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016-2017 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2024 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng dung nham kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 H\u1ed3 Kivu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Nyamuragira th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t \u1edf ch\u00e2n n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi. Khi Nyiragongo l\u00e2n c\u1eadn cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho h\u1ed3 dung nham, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda Nyamuragira th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00f2ng dung nham l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 (c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn n\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y kh\u00ed SO\u2082 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00f3m \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Goma c\u0169ng \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i Nyamuragira th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh (c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u dung nham). Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng dung nham.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0R\u1ea5t \u00edt tour du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn Nyamuragira v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y qu\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Piton de la Fournaise (R\u00e9union, Ph\u00e1p) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda khi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea3o R\u00e9union, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng (21\u00b015\u2032N, 55\u00b042\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng khi\u00ean bazan; ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o h\u01a1n 150 l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n phun tr\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 21. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh mang phong c\u00e1ch Hawaii: c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t d\u00e0i m\u1edf ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn dung nham l\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng dung nham c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c thoai tho\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c n\u00f3n tro ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng dung nham t\u1eeb xa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1708, 1774, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1c sau \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f2ng dung nham l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn (n\u0103m 1774) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n h\u1ed3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977, 1998 (bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng) v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2007 (t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng dung nham ven bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0The Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF-IPGP) runs continuous GPS, tilt, and webcam monitoring. These instruments often give warning days before an eruption (inflation of the summit). Ground deformation typically rises >1\u202fm across the volcano before a fissure event.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o bazan c\u1ee7a Piton de la Fournaise r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng dung nham. N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf Bourg-Murat n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai), n\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 b\u1ecb phong t\u1ecfa v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai (hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p \u1edf n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i n\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eafm c\u1ea3nh Pas de Bellecombe). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean s\u1ebd d\u1eabn du kh\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm d\u00f2ng dung nham \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Trong th\u1eddi gian phun tr\u00e0o, l\u00ednh canh \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng. N\u00ean mang theo \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 (qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i, m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i lapilli bay trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Yasur (\u0110\u1ea3o Tanna, Vanuatu) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda Strombolian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Vanuatu (19\u00b030\u2032N, 169\u00b026\u2032\u0110), tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng cung \u0111\u1ea3o New Hebrides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng bazan c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i m\u1edf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Yasur \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Smithsonian GVP ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \"\u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bn\u0103m 1774 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Stromboli th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed\". V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, Yasur \u0111\u1ec1u phun tr\u00e0o dung nham v\u00e0 phun tr\u00e0o l\u00ean cao h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e9t. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Yasur ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9: c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng (bom) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay xa h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e9t t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i l\u1edbn; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tro b\u1ee5i r\u01a1i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n. S\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai (v\u00e0i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vanuatu (VMGD) theo d\u00f5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda Yasur b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda y\u00ean t\u0129nh h\u01a1n \u2013 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. D\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o (c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n VEI 2\u20133 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 du l\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 t\u00e1n).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Yasur l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 200 m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7 quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t: khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c. Du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n (nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00f2i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2i h\u01a1i).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Erta Ale (Ethiopia) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda khi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0V\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng Afar (13\u00b037\u2032B, 40\u00b039\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0L\u00e1 ch\u1eafn mafic v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 dung nham dai d\u1eb3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Erta Ale c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai kh\u00f3i\" l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt h\u1ed3 dung nham t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. Dung nham n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o khe n\u1ee9t d\u1ecdc theo s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham mafic. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Erta Ale g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n phun tr\u00e0o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda xa x\u00f4i n\u00e0y \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ecfa ra c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh Erta Ale ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf. M\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c g\u1ea7n mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u1ed5; nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Erta Ale \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch \u01b0a m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty du l\u1ecbch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y (th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm h\u1ed3 dung nham v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam. Du kh\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi kh\u00ed sulfur dioxide v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai Shiveluch (Kamchatka, Nga) \u2013 N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Kamchatka ph\u00eda B\u1eafc (56\u00b039\u2032B, 161\u00b020\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng Andesit c\u00f3 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Shiveluch \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng cao k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i v\u00f2m. N\u00fai l\u1eeda li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng khi m\u00e1i v\u00f2m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao h\u01a1n 10 km v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n (VEI 3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch xa, nh\u01b0ng tro b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb Shiveluch \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. KVERT (\u0110\u1ed9i \u1ee8ng ph\u00f3 Phun tr\u00e0o N\u00fai l\u1eeda Kamchatka) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i Shiveluch, ban h\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e0u h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Kamchatka th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 tour tham quan n\u00fai l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng Shiveluch hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac y\u00ean t\u0129nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pacaya (Guatemala) \u2013 Khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Nam Guatemala (14\u00b023\u2032B, 90\u00b035\u2032T), tr\u00ean V\u00f2ng cung n\u00fai l\u1eeda Trung M\u1ef9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0Ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u00f3n dung nham bazan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Pacaya \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Stromboli t\u1eeb c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng dung nham nh\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng phun tr\u00e0o xu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Guatemala v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i tr\u1eddi quang. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (VEI 1\u20132), nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng dung nham th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u00e0i km. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2021 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng dung nham, bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0INSIVUMEH theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Pacaya v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng camera nhi\u1ec7t (camera \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n gia t\u0103ng, l\u1ec7nh s\u01a1 t\u00e1n (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1n. Tro b\u1ee5i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i km theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tan, nh\u01b0ng Lahar r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0Pacaya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i trong ng\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Guatemala. C\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch leo n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00e1o kho\u00e1c k\u00edn (ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p leo n\u00fai ban \u0111\u00eam b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh) v\u00e0 \u0111eo k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tai \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1 r\u01a1i. Du kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1eb9o d\u1ebbo tr\u00ean dung nham t\u01b0\u01a1i. Trong n\u0103m 2021 v\u00e0 2023, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n du kh\u00e1ch ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00f2ng dung nham m\u1edbi tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ambrym (Vanuatu) \u2013 Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i (Marum v\u00e0 Benbow)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong>\u00a0Vanuatu (16\u00b015\u2032N, 168\u00b07\u2032\u0110).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda bazan; c\u00f3 hai mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 dung nham (n\u00f3n Marum v\u00e0 Benbow).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Ambrym ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai h\u1ed3 dung nham ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng (hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u). C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Marum, \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 2010 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng dung nham c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00e0ng km. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3n tro n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u00e1y mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean v\u00e0nh mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vanuatu trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3i ra l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vanuatu (Efate).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>\u00a0Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vanuatu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a phi c\u00f4ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Du l\u1ecbch:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) tham quan Ambrym b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 dung nham th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch \u01b0a m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m gh\u00e9 th\u0103m. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t: nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i mang theo nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda minh h\u1ecda \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\" th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Pu\u02bbu \u02bb\u014c\u02bb\u014d c\u1ee7a K\u012blauea (1983\u20132018) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong 35 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f4i khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 phun tr\u00e0o trung b\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. Etna c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i: \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c nhau. Stromboli l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu - ph\u00e1o hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Erta Ale, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 dung nham n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, n\u00fai l\u1eeda \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\" ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u00fang phun th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng: ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda r\u1eb1ng \"s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh\" c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng dung nham nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \"Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\"<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf Hawaii (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 K\u012blauea, Piton de la Fournaise) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t dung nham nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y bazan r\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u Stromboli (Stromboli, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Fuego) bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o dung nham v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u \u2013 k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eb9. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u Vulcanian m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 ng\u1eafn t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c cao v\u00e0i km (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Sakurajima). C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u Plinian (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 St. Helens n\u0103m 1980, Pinatubo n\u0103m 1991) r\u1ea5t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, phun tro b\u1ee5i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda (VEI) t\u1eeb 5\u20136 tr\u1edf l\u00ean. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t: m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o dung nham v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n (nh\u01b0 Stromboli) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\" m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Plinian v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean bazan t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung nham l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng \u00edt tro b\u1ee5i, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nh\u1edbt t\u1ea1o ra tro b\u1ee5i d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 lan r\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: n\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft n\u00ean lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng dung nham hay tro b\u1ee5i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 (v\u00f9ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm) ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \"V\u00e0nh \u0111ai l\u1eeda\" Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm: Indonesia, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Kamchatka \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm, l\u1edbp v\u1ecf gi\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh macma gi\u00e0u silica, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 (Merapi, Sakurajima, Etna). C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng (Hawaii, Iceland) t\u1ea1o ra macma bazan: K\u012blauea c\u1ee7a Hawaii li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 dung nham, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Iceland (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga) phun tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n (nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1edbi t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n \u0110\u00f4ng Phi) c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o bazan k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd: ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p macma l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Hawaii) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u1ed9i m\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9: N\u00fai Merapi (Java) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng pyroclastic. Sakurajima g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho Kagoshima v\u1edbi tro b\u1ee5i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Popocat\u00e9petl \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u01a1n 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Mexico. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng pyroclastic (l\u1edf tuy\u1ebft kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i) cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00fai l\u1eeda ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u1edf Merapi, N\u00fai St. Helens, N\u00fai Pinatubo, v.v.). Lahar (d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai ph\u1ee7 tuy\u1ebft: th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Armero n\u0103m 1985 t\u1eeb Nevado del Ruiz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 v\u1ebb xa x\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Anak Krakatau n\u0103m 2018 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Indonesia). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \/ h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn (VEI 6\u20137) phun kh\u00ed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t aerosol sunfat l\u00e0m t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Tambora (Indonesia, VEI 7) n\u0103m 1815 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, g\u00e2y ra \"N\u0103m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9a h\u00e8\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1816. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Laki n\u0103m 1783 \u1edf Iceland \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (VEI 4\u20135) th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tro b\u1ee5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull (Iceland) \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp T\u00e2y \u00c2u t\u00ea li\u1ec7t trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n. Theo ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3 (USGS), tro b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c Trung t\u00e2m T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Tro b\u1ee5i N\u00fai l\u1eeda (VAAC) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o phi c\u00f4ng. M\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng tro b\u1ee5i \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c phun tro b\u1ee5i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o phun tr\u00e0o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o phun tr\u00e0o v\u1eabn \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc: c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u magma \u0111ang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c xung kh\u00ed g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a USGS nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng sau: s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o khi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i gi\u1edd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Pinatubo n\u0103m 1991, Redoubt n\u0103m 2009) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: v\u1eabn c\u00f3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i tan bi\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t). \u0110\u00f4i khi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \"X% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o trong n\u0103m t\u1edbi\"), nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m phun tr\u00e0o trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1edd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u2014 T\u1eeb m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. M\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 GPS \u0111o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng milimet. M\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u00ed (c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn SO\u2082\/CO\u2082) hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00ed phun tr\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec5n th\u00e1m v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng: \u1ea3nh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 dung nham \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (nh\u01b0 \u1edf K\u012blauea), v\u00e0 InSAR (radar giao thoa) theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. V\u1ec7 tinh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi h\u01a1n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y: m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c quay video d\u00f2ng dung nham m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Micro h\u1ea1 \u00e2m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5. H\u1ecdc m\u00e1y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 \u00e2m nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tai m\u1eaft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a USGS l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec7 tinh hi\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \"thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu\" c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m phun tr\u00e0o tr\u00ean n\u00fai l\u1eeda K\u012blauea. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 GIS nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t sau m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo d\u00f5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nguy c\u01a1 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p), n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nh\u01b0 \u1edf Iceland). Du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Hawaii, Sicily, Guatemala, v.v.). Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1eadp m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt do s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p tro b\u1ee5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Indonesia. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tro b\u1ee5i. Du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong th\u1eddi gian phun tr\u00e0o (s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nguy hi\u1ec3m (hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng dung nham v\u00e0 pyroclastic). C\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00ean d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p: n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, kh\u1ea9u trang (kh\u1ea9u trang l\u1ecdc b\u1ee5i N95), k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e8n pin v\u00e0 radio. CDC khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111eo kh\u1ea9u trang N95 khi ra ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi gian tro b\u1ee5i r\u01a1i d\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda s\u1ed5. Di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xung quanh C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda (K\u012blauea\/Earth) ho\u1eb7c Merapi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01a1 t\u00e1n. B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do n\u00fai l\u1eeda (nh\u01b0 lahar) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u1ebfu c\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tin c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n Merapi ho\u1eb7c Fuego \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m nhanh nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m: 'N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, h\u00e3y s\u01a1 t\u00e1n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c; s\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i; mang theo nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m trong 72 gi\u1edd'. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o khi x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Du l\u1ecbch n\u00fai l\u1eeda: Tham quan n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m Hawaii (K\u012blauea), Sicily (Etna, Stromboli), Vanuatu (Yasur), Guatemala (Fuego) v\u00e0 Iceland (Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh du l\u1ecbch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 \u00edch. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng: lu\u00f4n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Khu v\u1ef1c xem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eebng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawaii). Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u00a0Mang gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, m\u0169 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 g\u0103ng tay n\u1ebfu \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham ngu\u1ed9i. Mang theo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tro b\u1ee5i. K\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi kh\u00ed n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn. Kem ch\u1ed1ng n\u1eafng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin:<\/strong>\u00a0H\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tham quan. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trung t\u00e2m Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba Thi\u00ean tai Qu\u1ed1c gia Washington (VAAC) \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n tin c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Sakurajima \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua l\u1ec7nh s\u01a1 t\u00e1n t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang. \u1ede Vanuatu ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Aeolian, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 rung ch\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng \u1ea7m \u1ea7m. \u1ede Hawaii, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3 r\u00e1c dung nham, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Mauna Loa\/Hual\u0101lai trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hawaii).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00fap du l\u1ecbch n\u00fai l\u1eeda lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb v\u00ec v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p k\u1ef3 th\u00fa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bd\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian phun tr\u00e0o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, GVP l\u1eadp danh m\u1ee5c t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 VEI. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t: h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 im \u1eafng. D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m ch\u1ea5m (nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y t\u00ednh t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o 10 l\u1ea7n trong 50 n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, v\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, K\u012blauea ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1983 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng, trong khi c\u00e1c pha phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Etna c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 r\u1ed3i l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c v\u00f2m dung nham (Merapi) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng magma trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Stromboli li\u00ean t\u1ee5c phun tr\u00e0o v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7) cung c\u1ea5p manh m\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng quy m\u00f4 m\u1eabu th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf. Lu\u00f4n xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda: nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (Villarrica, Erta Ale) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \"d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i\", trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda (Tambora, Toba) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 sau m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda Lassen (Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 Yellowstone (Hoa K\u1ef3) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fai l\u1eeda. T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Sakurajima n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Kirishima-Yaku. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda (t\u00e0n t\u00edch Krakatau, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Gal\u00e1pagos) l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean: \u1edf Hawaii, ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t; \u1edf Kamchatka, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hawaii th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Pele, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, t\u1ea1i K\u012blauea; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bali c\u1eed h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u si\u00eau cho Agung; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u si\u00eau cho linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Pinatubo tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1991. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: c\u1ea3nh quan n\u00fai l\u1eeda phong ph\u00fa (nh\u01b0 Gal\u00e1pagos ho\u1eb7c Papua New Guinea) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh tour du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i. N\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi (Montserrat, Philippines) th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf trong khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite advances, many questions remain. Eruption triggering is still imperfectly understood: why exactly a volcano erupts now versus decades later. We know some triggers (magma injection vs. hydrothermal explosion) but predicting the \u201cwhen\u201d remains tricky. Volcano-climate links need more study: the full global impact of smaller VEI&nbsp;4\u20135 eruptions is uncertain. Under-monitored volcanoes pose a problem; many in developing regions lack real-time data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. M\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i v\u00e0 khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3i n\u00fai l\u1eeda theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kinh ph\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n: ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u1ee7 s\u00f3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (\u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua v\u1ec7 tinh. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng (m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edf ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m: li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t phun tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu (s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tan ch\u1ea3y) s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u1ec1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, thang VEI, b\u1ea3ng tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Thang VEI (Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda):<\/strong>\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 8; m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng ~10 l\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch phun tr\u00e0o. VEI 0\u20131: d\u00f2ng dung nham y\u00ean t\u0129nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Hawaii); VEI 3\u20134: v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh (Etna, Pinatubo g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 VEI 6); VEI 7\u20138: v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c (Tambora, Yellowstone).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng tin nhanh:<\/strong>\u00a0(V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u theo s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n phun tr\u00e0o, VEI v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/td><td>S\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n phun tr\u00e0o (Holocene)<\/td><td>VEI \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/td><td>Pop g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Kilauea (Hawaii)<\/td><td>~100 (\u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra)<\/td><td>0\u20132<\/td><td>~20.000 (trong v\u00f2ng 10 km)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Etna (\u00dd)<\/td><td>~200 trong 1000 n\u0103m qua<\/td><td>1\u20133 (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng 4)<\/td><td>~500,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stromboli (\u00dd)<\/td><td>~kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 (ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y)<\/td><td>1\u20132<\/td><td>~500 (\u0111\u1ea3o)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Merapi (Indonesia)<\/td><td>~50 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1500 CN)<\/td><td>2\u20134<\/td><td>~2.000.000 (Java)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nyiragongo (DRC)<\/td><td>~200 (t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880, v\u1edbi Nyamuragira)<\/td><td>1\u20132<\/td><td>~1.000.000 (M\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Piton Fournaise (\u0110\u1ea3o Reunion)<\/td><td>&gt;150 (t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600)<\/td><td>0\u20131<\/td><td>~3.000 (\u0111\u1ea3o)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sinabung (Indonesia)<\/td><td>~20 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010)<\/td><td>2\u20133<\/td><td>~100.000 (khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico)<\/td><td>~70 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1500 CN)<\/td><td>2\u20133 (g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y)<\/td><td>~20,000,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Villarrica (Chile)<\/td><td>~50 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1900 CN)<\/td><td>2\u20133<\/td><td>~20,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yasur (Vanuatu)<\/td><td>H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n (li\u00ean t\u1ee5c)<\/td><td>1\u20132<\/td><td>~1,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 = d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong ph\u1ea1m vi ~30 km)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0\u00a0<em>d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic<\/em>\u00a0(tro n\u00f3ng-tuy\u1ebft l\u1edf),\u00a0<em>dung nham<\/em>\u00a0(d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda),\u00a0<em>tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/em>\u00a0(v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u phun tr\u00e0o m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1), v.v., l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>H: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u201c\u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00f3i chung, n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen (kho\u1ea3ng 10\u201311 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y) ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o\", m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n nay?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang phun tr\u00e0o t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (2024\u201325) bao g\u1ed3m K\u012blauea, Nyamulagira, Stromboli, Erta Ale, Fuego v\u00e0 Sinabung. Danh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: 10 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n: K\u012blauea (Hawaii), Etna (\u00dd), Stromboli (\u00dd), Sakurajima (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n), Merapi (Indonesia), Nyiragongo (DRC), Nyamuragira (DRC), Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico), Piton de la Fournaise (R\u00e9union), Yasur (Vanuatu). M\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 song song: m\u00e1y theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n (\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t), GPS v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang (bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t), m\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u00ed (kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i SO\u2082, CO\u2082) v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh (nhi\u1ec7t\/h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00fai l\u1eeda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (GVP) c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Smithsonian l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0GVP l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00fai l\u1eeda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Smithsonian. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u1eadp danh m\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (trong kho\u1ea3ng 12.000 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o phun tr\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o khung th\u1eddi gian. Piton de la Fournaise c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 150 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, trong khi K\u012blauea \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda Stromboli li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 Stromboli c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda (VEI) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0VEI l\u00e0 thang logarit (0\u20138) \u0111o th\u1ec3 t\u00edch phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao m\u00e2y. M\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 10 l\u1ea7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, VEI 1\u20132 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9 (c\u00e1c v\u00f2i phun dung nham nh\u1ecf), VEI 4\u20135 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u00fai Pinatubo n\u0103m 1991 l\u00e0 VEI 6), v\u00e0 VEI 6\u20137 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn (Tambora 1815).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i g\u1ea7n khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Merapi (Java) phun tr\u00e0o d\u00f2ng pyroclastic ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, Sakurajima (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ph\u1ee7 tro b\u1ee5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico) h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (VEI 2\u20133) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong v\u00f9ng b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbi h\u00fat ch\u00ecm (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Andes, Indonesia) c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng (Hawaii, R\u00e9union) t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y bazan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbi t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n (\u0110\u00f4ng Phi, Iceland) c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean phun tr\u00e0o. Nh\u00ecn chung, ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o t\u1eadp trung ngu\u1ed3n cung magma, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00fai l\u1eeda ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng = c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o (v\u1eeba phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng); Ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean = hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng phun tr\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o (v\u1eeba phun tr\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y); T\u1eaft = kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o (kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m). C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t th\u00edch d\u00f9ng \"c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\".<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh du l\u1ecbch an to\u00e0n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c tour tham quan C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawaii (K\u012blauea), N\u00fai Etna (\u00dd), N\u00fai l\u1eeda Yasur (Vanuatu) v\u00e0 Stromboli (\u00dd) \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1, k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tro b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c bom. Lu\u00f4n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u dung nham v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i nh\u1ea5t?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh khi\u00ean (K\u012blauea, Erta Ale, Piton de la Fournaise) t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng dung nham kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi \u00edt tro b\u1ee5i. N\u00fai l\u1eeda Andesit\/Riche (Pinatubo, Chait\u00e9n) t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u tro b\u1ee5i. N\u00fai l\u1eeda Stromboli (Stromboli, Yasur) phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3 bom dung nham v\u00e0 tro b\u1ee5i, trong khi n\u00fai l\u1eeda Plinian (Tambora) phun tr\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Stromboli phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0i ph\u00fat m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. K\u012blauea phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1983 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018. Popocat\u00e9petl v\u00e0 Etna c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Sinabung phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50\u201370 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o (\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, kh\u00ed, v\u1ec7 tinh)?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n (m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng magma; thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00ed theo d\u00f5i d\u00f2ng SO\u2082\/CO\u2082; v\u1ec7 tinh (camera nhi\u1ec7t, InSAR) quan s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t; GPS \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda K\u012blauea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Ki\u1ec3u phun tr\u00e0o Strombolian, Plinian v\u00e0 Hawaii l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i phun tr\u00e0o.\u00a0<em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hawaii<\/em>\u00a0phun tr\u00e0o (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 K\u012blauea) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng dung nham v\u00e0 v\u00f2i phun nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng.\u00a0<em>Stromboli<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Stromboli, Yasur) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 bom dung nham nh\u1eb9 sau m\u1ed7i v\u00e0i ph\u00fat.\u00a0<em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vulcan<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.\u00a0<em>Plinian<\/em>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda St. Helens n\u0103m 1980, n\u00fai l\u1eeda Pinatubo n\u0103m 1991) r\u1ea5t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tro b\u1ee5i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u1edbn?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. N\u00fai l\u1eeda Popocat\u00e9petl (Mexico City\/khu v\u1ef1c Puebla), Sakurajima (Kagoshima), Merapi (Yogyakarta), Fuji (khu v\u1ef1c Tokyo, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c) v\u00e0 n\u00fai Rainier (Tacoma\/Seattle) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tro b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf xa (nh\u01b0 Pinatubo) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phun tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn km.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1edbn (nh\u01b0 tan b\u0103ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00ean c\u00e1c khoang magma, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o (gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \"Phun tr\u00e0o b\u0103ng h\u00e0\"). Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo thang th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (xem \u1edf tr\u00ean).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, kh\u00ed). Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra sau c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0i gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u00edt c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o (v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1eafp c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00fai l\u1eeda, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang\/GPS), nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecfa ra t\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed gas. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00ed gas c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 phun tr\u00e0o magma. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Indonesia c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u1ecdn \u1edf V\u00f2ng cung Sunda). Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Hoa K\u1ef3 (Alaska\/Hawaii), Chile v\u00e0 Mexico c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00dd, Ethiopia (Erta Ale, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c) v\u00e0 New Zealand m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 danh s\u00e1ch 1.500 n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen n\u00e0o, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba n\u1eb1m \u1edf Indonesia\/Philippines, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o Pu\u02bbu \u02bb\u014c\u02bb\u014d c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda K\u012blauea (1983\u20132018) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung nham kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong su\u1ed1t 35 n\u0103m \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Stromboli c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\" \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, th\u00ec h\u01a1n 150 \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Piton de la Fournaise k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1600 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0L\u1ee3i \u00edch: \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Java, Iceland), n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t, doanh thu du l\u1ecbch. B\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i: t\u1eed vong do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y pyroclastic, tro b\u1ee5i ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng). T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e3n t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p m\u00e3n t\u00ednh (h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i tro b\u1ee5i) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh t\u1ebf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phun tr\u00e0o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn (tro b\u1ee5i Iceland n\u0103m 2010) ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (El Chich\u00f3n n\u0103m 1982 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf tr\u00ean, tro b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng (xem Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull 2010). V\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Tambora v\u00e0 Laki c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed dung l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n nay (VEI 1\u20132) c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tro b\u1ee5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay trong khu v\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt bao g\u1ed3m Nyiragongo (DRC), Nyamuragira (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng), K\u012blauea (Halema\u02bbuma\u02bbu cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018), Villarrica (Chile), Masaya (Nicaragua, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 Ambrym (Vanuatu), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Erta Ale (Ethiopia). C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm - ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u - v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p magma \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Tham gia c\u00e1c tour c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o. Mang theo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda - ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y webcam tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, camera Stromboli c\u1ee7a INGV, camera Fuego c\u1ee7a UT Volcanology, camera Pacaya c\u1ee7a VolcanoDiscovery, camera Sakurajima c\u1ee7a JMA v\u00e0 camera K\u012blauea (HVO) c\u1ee7a USGS. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh N\u00fai l\u1eeda To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 VolcanoDiscovery duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ngo\u00e0i ra, NASA Worldview cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda (VAAC)?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 VAAC hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tro b\u1ee5i. Phi c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m d\u00e0y (l\u1edbp tro b\u1ee5i) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u tro b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ebd lan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay hay kh\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o s\u1ebd li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u00ecn chung, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 VAAC ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i trang web c\u1ee7a NASA hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m tro b\u1ee5i, c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ho\u00e3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda (InSAR, m\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i)?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0SAR giao thoa (InSAR) qua v\u1ec7 tinh hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 centimet. M\u00e1y bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9t cao c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1. V\u1ec7 tinh si\u00eau ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00f2m sao v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u1ecf cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh nhi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n tinh vi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ecdc d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc. M\u1ed7i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ng\u00e0y phun tr\u00e0o; m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 phun tr\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda K\u012blauea cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, trong khi n\u00fai l\u1eeda Etna c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: D\u00f2ng pyroclastic v\u00e0 lahar l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u2014 n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Pyroclastic flows are superheated avalanches of ash, rock, and gas that race down slopes at >100\u202fkm\/h. They occur on viscous volcanoes like Merapi (Indonesia), Colima (Mexico), or Pinatubo (Philippines) when domes or columns collapse.\u00a0<strong>Lahars<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda: h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ebft tan). Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng cao h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c kil\u00f4m\u00e9t. C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda lahar nguy hi\u1ec3m bao g\u1ed3m n\u00fai Rainier (Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 n\u00fai Ruang (Indonesia). Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn (n\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129, Cotopaxi, v.v.) c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o JMA), Hoa K\u1ef3 (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o N\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a USGS) v\u00e0 \u00dd (m\u00e3 m\u00e0u INGV). C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia ban h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o theo t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 (Xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, V\u00e0ng, Cam, \u0110\u1ecf) \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao c\u00f3 c\u00f2i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o qua tin nh\u1eafn SMS (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda Java Bungumus c\u1ee7a Java, J-Alert c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Papua New Guinea ho\u1eb7c Papua Indonesia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec7 tinh).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0L\u1ee3i \u00edch bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t (Iceland, New Zealand), thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb du l\u1ecbch (b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng, tour du l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n tr\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java). Chi ph\u00ed bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p tro b\u1ee5i, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u, s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng). \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u (l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i tro b\u1ee5i, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb du l\u1ecbch n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1ea1i\u00a0<em>\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng<\/em>, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t manti n\u00f3ng b\u1ed1c l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o. Khi m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o di chuy\u1ec3n, c\u1ed9t manti t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i n\u00fai l\u1eeda (Hawaii, Yellowstone). N\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 bazan l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. T\u1ea1i\u00a0<em>c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u00fat ch\u00ecm<\/em>M\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng kia, l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y l\u1edbp manti ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra magma nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ed5 h\u01a1n (n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Andes). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao Mauna Loa \u1edf Hawaii ch\u1ea3y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng trong khi Pinatubo phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a K\u012blauea (5 tu\u1ea7n, 0,2 km\u00b3 dung nham) v\u00e0 Laki (Iceland, 1783\u201384) \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Laki k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1780. Trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Pu\u02bbu \u02bb\u014c\u02bb\u014d c\u1ee7a K\u012blauea (1983\u20132018) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ~4 km\u00b3 dung nham trong 35 n\u0103m. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, Pinatubo (1991) l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong 100 n\u0103m (VEI 6).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khi s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra: (1) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung an to\u00e0n. (2) Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0\/tr\u00ean xe v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc (3 ng\u00e0y), th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 h\u1ecfng, kh\u1ea9u trang v\u00e0 k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 N95, \u0111\u00e8n pin, pin, radio, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 s\u01a1 c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. (3) \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (tin nh\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c email). (4) Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. (5) B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n (\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i do tro b\u1ee5i). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00fa c\u01b0ng v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1eafn. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng dung nham ho\u1eb7c b\u00f9n n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0<em>Stromboli<\/em>\u00a0n\u1eafm gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3).\u00a0<em>Kilauea<\/em>\u00a0phun tr\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1983\u20132018 (35 n\u0103m).\u00a0<em>N\u00fai l\u1eeda Fuego<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Villarrica<\/em>\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phun tr\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (Yasur, Erta Ale, Nyiragongo) th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 phun tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0Trang web c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t NASA c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: K\u012blauea 2024). Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (ESA, NASA) \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1ec1 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c k\u00eanh nh\u01b0 Volcano Discovery v\u00e0 National Geographic th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh. Trang web Smithsonian GVP c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. (Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: N\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3. S\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ven bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: Krakatau (Indonesia) n\u0103m 1883 v\u00e0 Anak Krakatau (n\u0103m 2018) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea1o ra s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Ambrym (Vanuatu) ho\u1eb7c n\u00fai Unzen (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. Nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a UNESCO bao g\u1ed3m: Krakatoa (Indonesia) v\u00e0 Kesatuan (d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc); C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia N\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawaii; C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean N\u00fai l\u1eeda Lassen (Hoa K\u1ef3); c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda Kamchatka (Nga); v\u00e0 N\u00fai Etna c\u1ee7a \u00dd (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda (Thingvellir c\u1ee7a Iceland, Gal\u00e1pagos) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129, N\u00fai Mayon, N\u00fai Ruapehu) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y webcam tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong><br><strong>M\u1ed8T:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 trang \"Volcano Cams\" c\u1ee7a VolcanoDiscovery. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: INGV cho c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf \u00dd (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Etna, Stromboli); JMA cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (Sakurajima); PDAC cho Trung M\u1ef9 (Guatemala); USGS\/HVO cho c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf Hawaii. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb webcam. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh (Terra\/MODIS) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0i gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem qua Worldview c\u1ee7a NASA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t: nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\" (c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong k\u1ef7 Holocen, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed, v\u1ec7 tinh). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u2014 t\u1eeb K\u012blauea \u1edf Hawaii (d\u00f2ng dung nham li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) \u0111\u1ebfn Etna v\u00e0 Stromboli \u1edf \u00dd (n\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y) \u0111\u1ebfn Fuego \u1edf Guatamala v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u phun tr\u00e0o (ki\u1ec3u Hawaii so v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u Plinian), c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o an to\u00e0n cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1eb7c tham quan nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":68871,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[47,6,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-63571","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-outdoor-adventures","8":"category-adventure-travel","9":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63571"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63571\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63571"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63571"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}