Edinburgh n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Scotland tr\u00ean Firth of Forth, m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc. L\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u0111u\u00f4i n\u00fai v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh trong K\u1ef7 B\u0103ng h\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y nay Edinburgh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Scotland sau Glasgow. L\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Scotland (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1437), Edinburgh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Scotland \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Brittonic c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Eidyn<\/em>. Trang web \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 Din Eidyn<\/em> (\u201cPh\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Eidyn\u201d), \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec tr\u00ean Castle Rock. T\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 trong ti\u1ebfng Gaelic Scotland, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00d9N \u00c8IDEANN<\/em>, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Din Eidyn<\/em>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Edinburgh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Edinburgh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh Crowns Castle Rock, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eafm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. L\u00f5i n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 350 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cacbon. \u0110\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh xung quanh, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e1ch n\u00fai cao. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111u\u00f4i\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf ph\u00eda sau n\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i thon nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 b\u0103ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arthur\u2019s Seat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda. \u0110\u1ed3i tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Holyrood cao kho\u1ea3ng 250 m\u00e9t (820 feet) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng dung nham c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 340\u2013335 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. X\u00f3i m\u00f2n b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Salisbury Crags), \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Arthur\u2019s Seat. \u0110i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Edinburgh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Scotland. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Th\u00e1nh Margaret, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1130 b\u1edfi Vua David I; Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edinburgh (v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Scotland). Theo th\u1eddi gian, nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 doanh tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Scotland v\u00e0 Kho b\u1ea1c Qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Scotland (vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n Scotland) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh trong c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Scotland (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 - \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14), n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Scotland n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 1314. Qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n - n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ng\u00e0y nay du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham quan \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, xem Mons Meg (m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15), v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn. (Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1edfng: kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang One O\u2019clock \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Royal Mile l\u00e0 con ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Edinburgh. N\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y kho\u1ea3ng 1,81 km (kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m Scots) t\u1eeb c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Holyrood \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. (M\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m Scots d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m Anh - kho\u1ea3ng 1.970 m\u00e9t - do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean.) Royal Mile th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u0103m con ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i: Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate v\u00e0 Abbey Strand, x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1ecdc theo Royal Mile, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba danh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Edinburgh. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Giles, v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda (s\u00e2n nh\u1ecf) chi nh\u00e1nh ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh - v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Mary King\u2019s Close \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Writer\u2019s Museum v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m Scotch Whisky chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i b\u1ed9 Royal Mile gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Edinburgh v\u00e0 Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995). Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda quanh co ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u01b0 d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean: c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16\u201318 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 ho\u1eb7c 11 t\u1ea7ng (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 cao 14 t\u1ea7ng). Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00edt gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u1ea7m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u0103m 1766 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 James Craig, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Georgia v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trang nh\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1 Princes, Ph\u1ed1 Queen v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed1 George, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Charlotte v\u00e0 St. Andrew\u2019s, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1770 tr\u1edf \u0111i. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nor, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t - hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c gia Scotland v\u00e0 H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0ng gia Scotland. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi, gi\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ga Waverley. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau, Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5 th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n M\u1edbi t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Edinburgh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Edinburgh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7t danh. C\u0169 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cAuld Reekie,\u201d<\/strong> Scots cho \"c\u0169 kh\u00f3i\". V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y than v\u00e0 c\u1ee7i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c (m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u201cr\u1ed7ng\u201d) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo th\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \"Athens c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.\"<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18-19 v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Edinburgh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Athens c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (nh\u01b0 Hume v\u00e0 Smith) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn. Khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch n\u00fai, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Acropolis c\u1ee7a Athen nh\u00ecn ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u00eau ch\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u201cAuld Greekie\u201d<\/strong> cho k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Scotland t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1437. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 Vua James I chuy\u1ec3n T\u00f2a \u00e1n Ho\u00e0ng gia t\u1eeb Scone (\u1edf Perthshire) \u0111\u1ebfn Edinburgh, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Scotland \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng quang t\u1ea1i Scone, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1437 tr\u1edf \u0111i, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Edinburgh.) Sau \u0111\u00f3, Edinburgh gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Scotland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi 1707 Acts of Union s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Scotland v\u00e0 Anh, c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Scotland b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 Edinburgh m\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m. (Scotland \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.) N\u0103m 1999, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Scotland m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u1edf Edinburgh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Holyrood b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Edinburgh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Edinburgh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland. C\u00e1c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 vi\u1ec7n, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. David Hume (nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc), Adam Smith (nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc), James Hutton (nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 Joseph Black (nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Edinburgh trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho Edinburgh tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di s\u1ea3n Khai s\u00e1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Hume, Smith v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, du kh\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ly r\u01b0\u1ee3u whisky - Age of Reason c\u1ee7a Edinburgh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n cho nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Sir Walter Scott, sinh n\u0103m 1771, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Gothic d\u00e0i 61 m\u00e9t tr\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 Princes. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850\u20131894, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3o kho b\u00e1u<\/em>) v\u00e0 Arthur Conan Doyle (1859\u20131930, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra Sherlock Holmes) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. N\u0103m 2004 UNESCO \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Edinburgh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n vinh di s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, J.K. Rowling \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u Harry Potter<\/em> lo\u1ea1t qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1edf Edinburgh nh\u01b0 The Elephant House. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 th\u00edch th\u00fa khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho Hogwarts v\u00e0 H\u1ebbm X\u00e9o. M\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng 8, H\u1ed9i s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Edinburgh quy t\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Charlotte, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Edinburgh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng y c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ed9 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c sinh) \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u01b0 trong v\u1ee5 Burke v\u00e0 Hare kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng n\u0103m 1828). \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9, c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a trang \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e1p s\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e1p canh n\u1eb7ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft (m\u1ed9t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Calton). S\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 h\u1ea7m r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Khi c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cao h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1ea7m h\u1ea7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u1ea7m\u201d \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham quan, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed3ng \u1ea9m n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ma v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn tham quan huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean xung quanh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m quanh co n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111en t\u1ed1i. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16\u201317, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u1edf Edinburgh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft tr\u00ean Castle Rock ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i Grassmarket. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u1edf Greyfriars Kirkyard \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u01a1i c\u00e1c giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. Nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edinburgh. N\u0103m 1858, m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3 s\u1ee5c Skye t\u00ean l\u00e0 Bobby tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c canh gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t William Grey. Bobby \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Grey. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1873, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Bobby b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Greyfriars Kirkyard. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u01b0 th\u1ebf trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Greyfriars Bobby v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00f4n vinh s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1824, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi James Braidwood. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Edinburgh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y m\u1edbi. (Braidwood sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a London.) \u0110\u1ec3 vinh danh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Braidwood \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Edinburgh l\u00e0 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1768 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1771. C\u00e1c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean - bao g\u1ed3m Colin MacFarquhar v\u00e0 William Smellie - d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 Edinburgh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Edinburgh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Edinburgh hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. Ch\u1ec9 trong th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, thu h\u00fat kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u0169 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00e0ng n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Edinburgh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh (sau London), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1583) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 520.000 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn. M\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Edinburgh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quanh n\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00f9a h\u00e8, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn (li\u00ean hoan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989), m\u1ed9t li\u00ean hoan phim qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 N\u0103m m\u1edbi. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Edinburgh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh and Glasgow are Scotland\u2019s two largest cities, and they complement each other in many ways. Glasgow is physically larger and more populous \u2013 its city population is about 626,000, compared to Edinburgh\u2019s roughly 520,000. Glasgow\u2019s boom came during the Industrial Revolution, and by 1821 it had overtaken Edinburgh as the country\u2019s largest city thanks to shipbuilding and trade. In contrast, Edinburgh grew more slowly but became the cultural and political capital, with its orderly New Town and ancient institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Glaswegians \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; Edinburgers (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNeds\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cJocks\u201d) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o di s\u1ea3n, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng - v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland th\u01b0\u1eddng hay tr\u00eau ch\u1ecdc nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ai gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t? Glasgow to\u00e1t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng gan g\u00f3c, trong khi Edinburgh mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 trang nghi\u00eam; Nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch th\u00edch tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 (cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu) mang \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd ban ng\u00e0y, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u00f9a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng; \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1ng sinh c\u1ee7a Edinburgh, S\u00e2n b\u0103ng v\u00e0 Hogmanay (N\u0103m m\u1edbi) r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u01b0a lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00ec v\u1eady du kh\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 - h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn Edinburgh, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh:<\/strong> Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean Castle Rock, n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a Royal Chambers, The Stone of Destiny v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n Scotland. Tucked among Scotland’s undulating hills, Edinburgh, the capital, is a city rich in charm, history, and culture. Edinburgh presents a mesmerizing mix of old-world appeal and modern vitality from its imposing castle atop an extinct volcano to its labyrinthine medieval Old Town. Beyond its famous sites and gorgeous scenery, Edinburgh has a wealth of intriguing information and figures that often surprise and delight guests.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-595","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-interesting-facts","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=595"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3172"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda: S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Edinburgh: S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The Royal Mile: Tr\u00e1i tim l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Old Town vs New Town: C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Bi\u1ec7t danh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Edinburgh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland: Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Edinburgh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc: Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111en t\u1ed1i: S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ma qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 nham hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
Edinburgh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Edinburgh vs Glasgow: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Tham quan Edinburgh: S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 D\u1eb7m ho\u00e0ng gia:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Khu Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Holyroodhouse, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f3t b\u1eb1ng Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St.
\u2013 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Holyroodhouse:<\/strong> dinh th\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Scotland; Tham quan c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 Grand State v\u00e0 xem t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n Holyrood.
\u2013 Gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Arthur:<\/strong> Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Holyrood. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c leo n\u00fai d\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn 360 \u00b0 b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qua Edinburgh v\u00e0 Firth of Forth.
\u2013 \u0110\u1ed3i Calton:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i (Dugald Stewart, Nelson) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n.
\u2013 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Scotland:<\/strong> V\u00e0o c\u1eeda t\u1ef1 do, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Scotland (v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 Dolly the C\u1eebu nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n!).
\u2013 V\u01b0\u1eddn Princes:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean xanh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o v\u1edbi l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i l\u00e0m ph\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c m\u00f9a h\u00e8.
\u2013 C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c:<\/strong> V\u01b0\u1eddn B\u00e1ch th\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng gia (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1670), S\u1edf th\u00fa Edinburgh, Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c gia Scotland, v\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn Grassmarket v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"