![\"Mycenae-L\u1ecbch](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Mycenae-Historical-Peloponnese.jpg\" "\\"Mycenae-L\u1ecbch")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMycenae l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng v\u0129, \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong Peloponnese tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng xanh bi\u1ebfc h\u00f4n l\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa \u00f4m \u1ea5p d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft phong ph\u00fa, kho b\u00e1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u00e0y\u2014ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Corinth s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng 30 km\u2014G\u1ecdi m\u1eddi c\u1ea3 du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u2014Messinia, Mani, Epidaurus v\u00e0 Argolida\u2014b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Peloponnese l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Mani \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5p nh\u00f4 xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Messinia, m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng Mycenae l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Mycenaean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t, Mycenae l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Vua Agamemnon, v\u1ecb vua m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hy L\u1ea1p trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh Troy. Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1eed thi c\u1ee7a Homer \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed h\u00f3a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh bang. X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Mycenae v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u0103ng m\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia Mycenae, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng do nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m Heinrich Schliemann t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng di v\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Agamemnon, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Mycenae m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft xung quanh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u1ebfn Mycenae l\u00e0 C\u1ed5ng S\u01b0 T\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9. Hai con s\u01b0 t\u1eed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Tay ngh\u1ec1 tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Mycenae, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kho b\u1ea1c Atreus l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thu h\u00fat tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u01b0\u01a1n cao uy nghi ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o, tholus \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y\u2014c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ong\u2014tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xuy\u00ean qua l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 oculus, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft thanh tho\u00e1t tr\u00ean s\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm du kh\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac, Mycenae c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. G\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Achaean s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Epidaurus: H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n![\"Epidaurus-L\u1ecbch](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Epidaurus-Historical-Peloponnese.jpg\" "\\"Epidaurus-L\u1ecbch")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Argolid, Epidaurus l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm du kh\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n; nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u00f4 liu bao quanh k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Polykleitos the Younger \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Epidaurus. C\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 15.000 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Aristophanes v\u00e0 Sophocles ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i K\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec \u00e2m thanh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. "\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng" c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1eafng nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ngay c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y \u1edf h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ea3i b\u0103n kho\u0103n trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 quan \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e1i tai. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00edch c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 xem m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n. Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Epidaurus c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh c\u1ee7a Asclepius, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. L\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Apollo, Asclepius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng y khoa \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Epidaurus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t n\u00ean t\u1eeb di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111au b\u1ee5ng, Asclepius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0 b\u1ea1c h\u00e0 - m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd c\u00f3 160 ph\u00f2ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i kho\u00e1ng xung quanh. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian y\u00ean t\u0129nh n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y hy v\u1ecdng. Asclepius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, do \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lang thang gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Epidaurus, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111an xen v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m. V\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh v\u00f4 song v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Asclepius nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Sparta c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n![\"Sparta-L\u1ecbch](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Sparta-Historical-Peloponnese.jpg\" "\\"Sparta-L\u1ecbch")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Peloponnese, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Sparta c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u00f4m tr\u1ecdn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp Sparta \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Nafplio, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, \u0110\u1ec1n Poseidon t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng coi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Zguros Leon, con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine; cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eeba tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 v\u1eeba kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistra, vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sparta m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng ng\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch di t\u00edch Sparta s\u00e1u km, c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Morea th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1446, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mistra. Constantine Dragas, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 480 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xerxes, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamilion n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta\u2014kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mistra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Sparta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Sparta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Lakonia, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamowicz \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Herodotus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang khi l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng cai tr\u1ecb Li\u00ean minh Peloponnesian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Thucydides c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m r\u1eb1ng Sparta m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vinh quang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; t\u1ea7m cao h\u00f9ng v\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng vang trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Leonidas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Thermopylae. Di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u1ede Peloponnese, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong khi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n vinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u00f4 liu v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn phong c\u1ea3nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi du kh\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u hay s\u1ef1 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, Peloponnese lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, gi\u00e0u di s\u1ea3n Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-history-destinations","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Argolid, Epidaurus l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm du kh\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n; nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u00f4 liu bao quanh k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Polykleitos the Younger \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Epidaurus. C\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 15.000 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Aristophanes v\u00e0 Sophocles ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i K\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec \u00e2m thanh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. "\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng" c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1eafng nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ngay c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y \u1edf h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ea3i b\u0103n kho\u0103n trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 quan \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e1i tai. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00edch c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 xem m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n. Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Epidaurus c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh c\u1ee7a Asclepius, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. L\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Apollo, Asclepius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng y khoa \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Epidaurus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t n\u00ean t\u1eeb di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111au b\u1ee5ng, Asclepius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0 b\u1ea1c h\u00e0 - m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd c\u00f3 160 ph\u00f2ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i kho\u00e1ng xung quanh. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian y\u00ean t\u0129nh n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y hy v\u1ecdng. Asclepius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, do \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lang thang gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Epidaurus, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111an xen v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m. V\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh v\u00f4 song v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Asclepius nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Sparta c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Peloponnese, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Sparta c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u00f4m tr\u1ecdn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp Sparta \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Nafplio, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, \u0110\u1ec1n Poseidon t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng coi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Zguros Leon, con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine; cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eeba tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 v\u1eeba kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistra, vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sparta m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng ng\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch di t\u00edch Sparta s\u00e1u km, c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Morea th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1446, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mistra. Constantine Dragas, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 480 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xerxes, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamilion n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta\u2014kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mistra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Sparta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Sparta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Lakonia, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamowicz \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Herodotus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang khi l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng cai tr\u1ecb Li\u00ean minh Peloponnesian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Thucydides c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m r\u1eb1ng Sparta m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vinh quang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; t\u1ea7m cao h\u00f9ng v\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng vang trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Leonidas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Thermopylae. Di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u1ede Peloponnese, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong khi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n vinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u00f4 liu v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn phong c\u1ea3nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi du kh\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u hay s\u1ef1 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, Peloponnese lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, gi\u00e0u di s\u1ea3n Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-history-destinations","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Peloponnese, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Sparta c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u00f4m tr\u1ecdn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp Sparta \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Nafplio, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, \u0110\u1ec1n Poseidon t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng coi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Zguros Leon, con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine; cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eeba tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 v\u1eeba kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistra, vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sparta m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng ng\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch di t\u00edch Sparta s\u00e1u km, c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Morea th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1446, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mistra. Constantine Dragas, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 480 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xerxes, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamilion n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta\u2014kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mistra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Sparta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Sparta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Lakonia, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sparta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Hexamowicz \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Herodotus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang khi l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng cai tr\u1ecb Li\u00ean minh Peloponnesian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Thucydides c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m r\u1eb1ng Sparta m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vinh quang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; t\u1ea7m cao h\u00f9ng v\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng vang trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Leonidas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Thermopylae. Di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u1ede Peloponnese, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong khi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n vinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u00f4 liu v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn phong c\u1ea3nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi du kh\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u hay s\u1ef1 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, Peloponnese lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, gi\u00e0u di s\u1ea3n Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-history-destinations","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}