{"id":2258,"date":"2024-08-13T15:47:42","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T15:47:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=2258"},"modified":"2026-03-04T04:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T04:30:54","slug":"ba-lan-nhung-su-that-thu-vi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/interesting-facts\/poland-interesting-facts\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba Lan: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ba Lan tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch, bi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Trong cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kho t\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri nh\u01b0 Copernicus v\u00e0 Marie Curie, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kho b\u00e1u UNESCO trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khu r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ba Lan tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng, kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00f4ng tin nhanh &amp; T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ba Lan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4:<\/strong>\u00a0Warsaw (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u00e2n s\u1ed1:<\/strong>\u00a0~38 tri\u1ec7u (l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u1edf EU)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Khu v\u1ef1c:<\/strong>\u00a0312.696 km\u00b2 (qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 n\u0103m EU)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef:<\/strong>\u00a0Ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Slav\u01a1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed3ng z\u0142oty Ba Lan (PLN) \u2013 Ba Lan thu\u1ed9c EU nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n chung ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u00e0ng x\u00f3m:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Litva v\u00e0 Nga (Kaliningrad)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Baltic \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3y n\u00fai Sudeten v\u00e0 Carpathian \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, r\u1eebng, h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 n\u00fai.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00d4n \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5m \u00e1p; v\u00f9ng n\u00fai c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nhanh:<\/strong>&nbsp;Ba Lan c\u00f3 17 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i ho\u00e0ng gia, m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia (966)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ba Lan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Mieszko I v\u00e0o n\u0103m 966 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, Mieszko \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Latinh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean di s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Lan. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Piast \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ba Lan. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Slav \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Ba Lan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng ba anh em - Lech, Czech v\u00e0 Rus - \u0111\u00e3 chia tay nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ba Lan, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Czech v\u00e0 Ruthenia. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, Lech \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecf. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0&nbsp;<em>Gniezno<\/em>&nbsp;(ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed5\u201d) v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t huy hi\u1ec7u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c huy c\u1ee7a Ba Lan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim: Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan-Litva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By the 16th century, Poland\u2019s power and culture blossomed. In 1569 the Union of Lublin created the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, an enormous dual state that in its prime spanned over one million square kilometers \u2013 making it one of Europe\u2019s largest countries at the time.&nbsp;The Commonwealth was notable for its \u201cGolden Liberty\u201d: a parliament of nobles elected the king and guaranteed unprecedented personal freedoms. It boasted early forms of constitutional government and unusual religious tolerance for the era. The Warsaw Confederation of 1573 codified freedom of worship, and monasteries of Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews and Muslims all thrived. Academies at Krak\u00f3w, Vilnius and beyond made it a cultural hub. Science flourished: Nicolaus Copernicus (born in Toru\u0144, then Commonwealth territory) published his heliocentric theory in 1543, altering astronomy forever. Poland\u2019s Renaissance architecture \u2014 from the royal Wawel Castle in Krak\u00f3w to fortified towns like Zamo\u015b\u0107 \u2014 also dates to this age. In 1791, the enlightened Commonwealth adopted the May 3 Constitution, Europe\u2019s first modern national constitution and the world\u2019s second after the United States, though it lasted only a year before the state was overwhelmed by neighbors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">123 n\u0103m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t: Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n chia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho bi k\u1ecbch. Trong ba l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n chia li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp (1772, 1793, 1795), Nga, Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00c1o \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi &#034;Ba Lan&#034; bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong 123 n\u0103m. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ba Lan v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u00ed m\u1eadt, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1830 v\u00e0 1863 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u0169 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918. J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi. Chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Ba Lan \u2013 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba Lan-Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u0103m 1920 (\u201cPh\u00e9p m\u00e0u tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Vistula\u201d) \u2013 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Lan \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a Ba Lan m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecb th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939, khi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 anh d\u0169ng, Ba Lan v\u1eabn b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ba Lan: \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Auschwitz-Birkenau g\u1ea7n Krak\u00f3w, tr\u1ea1i h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, n\u01a1i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c - \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Holocaust). Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Warsaw n\u0103m 1944 - m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c - \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Warsaw. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Ba Lan n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau n\u0103m 1945, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ba Lan. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n John Paul II (Karol Wojty\u0142a c\u1ee7a Wadowice) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf: phong tr\u00e0o \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u do Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u2014 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 phi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m, Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp NATO. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO c\u1ee7a Ba Lan: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba Lan t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 17 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021), minh ch\u1ee9ng cho di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Krak\u00f3w (1978)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Wawel ho\u00e0ng gia, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ed1, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Gothic c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka v\u00e0 Bochnia (1978)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 C\u00e1c m\u1ecf ng\u1ea7m t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 g\u1ea7n Krak\u00f3w, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t m\u1ecf (Wieliczka) t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1edd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng Teutonic \u1edf Malbork (1997)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i g\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (h\u01a1n 50 m\u1eabu Anh). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Teutonic v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13\u201314, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Nogat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Warsaw (1980)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Warsaw, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng tu sau chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung Auschwitz Birkenau (1979)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trang tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Holocaust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 Toru\u0144 (1997)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng Gothic b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Vistula, n\u01a1i sinh c\u1ee7a Copernicus. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf Toru\u0144 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Hanse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Zamo\u015b\u0107 (1992)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d theo phong c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Jan Zamoyski.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf Jawor v\u00e0 \u015awidnica (2001)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Hai nh\u00e0 th\u1edd g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn theo phong c\u00e1ch Baroque \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tserkvas b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Carpathian (2013)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 S\u00e1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 (tserkvas) tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Ba Lan-Ukraine, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16\u201317, tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd g\u1ed7 \u1edf Nam Ba Lan (2003)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd g\u1ed7 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Lesser Poland, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u00e1i l\u1ee3p v\u00e1n, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (1999)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Baroque th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 g\u1ea7n Krak\u00f3w, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00e0ng Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Muskauer (2004)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh quan r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn theo phong c\u00e1ch Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c-Ba Lan. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean theo phong c\u00e1ch Anh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Centennial \u1edf Wroc\u0142aw (2006)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u1ecf b\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry (2017)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c-ch\u00ec ng\u1ea7m t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 g\u1ea7n Katowice. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham quan 1,7 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c khai th\u00e1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u1eebng Bia\u0142owie\u017ca (1992)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Khu r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u1eb1m chung v\u1edbi Belarus. L\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ef1 do sinh s\u1ed1ng, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang d\u00e3 v\u1edbi r\u1eebng s\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ed3i n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Ba Lan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u1eebng s\u1ed3i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean sinh c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Carpathian (2021)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t khu di s\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai Bieszczady c\u1ee7a Ba Lan (V\u01b0\u1eddn Qu\u1ed1c gia Bieszczady). Nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng s\u1ed3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng qua h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>&#034;Sto lat&#034; l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fac ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan h\u00e1t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp sinh nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean long tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt.<\/p><cite>Ghi ch\u00fa v\u0103n h\u00f3a<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ba Lan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ecbch Ba Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 t\u00ean (imieniny): ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0103n m\u1eebng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y.&nbsp;<em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>&nbsp;H\u1ecd coi ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt. B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp, t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c hoa, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng - \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n xa hoa h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ch\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t,&nbsp;<em>Ch\u00fac m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t phong t\u1ee5c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u00f4n tay. Khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u00f4n mu b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. C\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, t\u1eebng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ba Lan, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trang tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, b\u1eaft tay trang tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1ch x\u01b0ng h\u00f4: ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng&nbsp;<em>\u00d4ng\/B\u00e0<\/em>&nbsp;(\u00d4ng\/B\u00e0) c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the first day of spring (around March 21), Poles practice the drowning of Marzanna. A straw doll (dressed as an old woman), symbolizing winter, is carried in procession, then set aflame and thrown into a river or lake. This Slavic ritual, rooted in pre-Christian times, is meant to banish winter and welcome spring\u2019s arrival. Schools often involve children in making Marzanna dolls and singing as they symbolically drown her. Similarly, Easter Monday features&nbsp;\u015amigus-Dyngus: friends and neighbors drench each other with water to celebrate spring renewal (traditionally boys play pranks by chasing girls with water, though today it\u2019s reciprocated).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng 87% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:&nbsp;<em>Jasna G\u00f3ra<\/em>&nbsp;Tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Cz\u0119stochowa l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00f4n th\u1edd bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u0110en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng John Paul II, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2005, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i Gi\u00e1ng sinh th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n (<em>\u0110\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh<\/em>), th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 12 m\u00f3n chay, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 h\u00e1t th\u00e1nh ca v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n ven \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng hoa ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfn n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u1eafp n\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00f4 danh ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>M\u00e0u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 Ba Lan b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u00e0u s\u1eafc huy hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a chim \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n khi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecf \u2013 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 Ba Lan (tr\u1eafng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecf) gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 Indonesia, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p><cite>Th\u00f4ng tin th\u00fa v\u1ecb<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Slav\u01a1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (\u0142, \u00f3, \u015b, \u017a, \u017c, \u0107, \u0144, \u0105, \u200b\u200b\u0119). C\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m (nh\u01b0 Szczebrzeszyn) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00edch th\u00fa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5,&nbsp;<em>L\u00e0m m\u1ecfng<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201ctsheh-byezh\u201d) ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;<em>\u0141\u00f3d\u017a<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201cWoodge\u201d) nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o! C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 ti\u1ebfng Kashubia \u1edf Pomerania v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Silesia \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Silesia \u2013 nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan chu\u1ea9n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong giao ti\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka ho\u1eb7c bia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i:&nbsp;<em>Ch\u00fac m\u1eebng!<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201cCh\u00fac s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe!\u201d) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e0o nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng - s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 trang tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i - l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ba Lan: Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Pierogi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean th\u1eed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ba Lan t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u1ea5m c\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng bao g\u1ed3m:<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Pierogi:<\/strong>&nbsp;B\u00e1nh bao nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ecdt (khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00f4 mai, th\u1ecbt b\u0103m, d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, n\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y) r\u1ed3i lu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c chi\u00ean. M\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>M\u00f3n h\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Hunter:<\/strong>&nbsp;M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u1ea7m m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 s\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1i chua (b\u1eafp c\u1ea3i l\u00ean men) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt kh\u00e1c nhau (th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n, x\u00fac x\u00edch, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt th\u00fa r\u1eebng). \u0110un nh\u1ecf l\u1eeda trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>S\u00fap l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en chua:<\/strong>&nbsp;M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u00fap l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en chua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec l\u00ean men, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng k\u00e8m v\u1edbi x\u00fac x\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c ch\u00edn. M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n khai v\u1ecb chua nh\u1eb9, b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Borscht:<\/strong>&nbsp;S\u00fap c\u1ee7 d\u1ec1n, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf trong v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t. Barszcz Ba Lan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng k\u00e8m v\u1edbi kem chua ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh bao nh\u1ecf (<em>b\u00e1nh ravioli<\/em>) v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng sinh.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u:<\/strong>&nbsp;Cu\u1ed9n b\u1eafp c\u1ea3i nh\u1ed3i th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u01a1m, n\u01b0\u1edbng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1t c\u00e0 chua.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>X\u00fac x\u00edch:<\/strong>&nbsp;X\u00fac x\u00edch Ba Lan c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c lo\u1ea1i - t\u01b0\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c hun kh\u00f3i, t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbp t\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c kinh gi\u1edbi. N\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea7m, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Th\u1ecbt c\u1ed1t l\u1ebft:<\/strong>&nbsp;Th\u1ecbt c\u1ed1t l\u1ebft heo t\u1ea9m b\u1ed9t chi\u00ean (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 schnitzel), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 salad b\u1eafp c\u1ea3i.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Oscypek:<\/strong>&nbsp;M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f4 mai hun kh\u00f3i l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1eefa c\u1eebu \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Tatra, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u00f3n khai v\u1ecb, n\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ee9t nam vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u01b0a c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, d\u01b0a chua, c\u00e1 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ng\u1ef1a \u0103n k\u00e8m. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eefa \u0103n Ba Lan n\u00e0o tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ly nh\u1ecf \u017cubr\u00f3wka (vodka c\u1ecf b\u00f2 r\u1eebng) ho\u1eb7c vodka Chopin (vodka pha tr\u1ed9n), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i vodka h\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ng \u2013 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra vodka (t\u1eeb w\u00f3dka trong ti\u1ebfng Slav), v\u00e0 ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en, l\u00faa m\u00ec ho\u1eb7c khoai t\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u Vodka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka<\/em>&nbsp;R\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka Ba Lan c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bth\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Slav\u01a1. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y nay, Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u vodka l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. R\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka Ba Lan truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n 40-50% theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n nh\u1eb9. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i vodka c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi c\u1ecf b\u00f2 r\u1eebng, m\u1eadt ong ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdng) c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 \u1edf Ba Lan. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh, b\u1eefa t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wigilia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecbt: th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 barszcz v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh bao n\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, pierogi v\u00e0 kola\u010di (m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t anh t\u00fac). Sau khi ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh wafer (op\u0142atek) v\u00e0 ch\u00fac ph\u00fac cho nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh, b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp x\u00fac x\u00edch tr\u1eafng n\u1ea5u s\u00fap, x\u00fac x\u00edch kielbasa, mazurek (b\u00e1nh h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ecfng ph\u1ee7 h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y), v\u00e0 babka (b\u00e1nh men). Th\u1ee9 Hai Ph\u1ee5c sinh mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn t\u00e9 n\u01b0\u1edbc vui nh\u1ed9n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Th\u1ee9 Hai \u01af\u1edbt (\u015amigus-Dyngus). V\u00e0o Th\u1ee9 N\u0103m B\u00e9o (T\u0142usty Czwartek), th\u1ee9 N\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00f9a Chay, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u00e1nh p\u0105czki (b\u00e1nh r\u00e1n th\u1ea1ch) v\u00e0 faworki (b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt chi\u00ean gi\u00f2n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong ti\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi, ti\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ecbt n\u01b0\u1edbng, salad v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fac m\u1eebng - th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka ho\u1eb7c r\u01b0\u1ee3u s\u00e2m panh. L\u1eddi ch\u00fac m\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, khen ng\u1ee3i c\u00f4 d\u00e2u ch\u00fa r\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fac s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe (m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa).&nbsp;<em>Ch\u00fac m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt!<\/em>). Trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i thu ho\u1ea1ch \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, b\u00f3 l\u00faa cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng hoa v\u00e0 di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1 \u01a1n. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch Ba Lan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nicolaus Copernicus (1473\u20131543):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.\u00a0<em>V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Marie Sk\u0142odowska Curie (1867\u20131934):<\/strong>\u00a0L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd-h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc sinh ra t\u1ea1i Warsaw, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra radium v\u00e0 polonium, \u0111\u1eb7t ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1\u201d. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 V\u1eadt l\u00fd (n\u0103m 1903) v\u00e0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (n\u0103m 1911) \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai gi\u1ea3i Nobel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz (1822\u20131882):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nicolaus Copernicus<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp; nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stefan Banach (1892\u20131945):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch h\u00e0m. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mieszko I &amp; Boles\u0142aw d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Ba Lan v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Bautzen, 1018).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maria Go\u0142\u0119biewska-\u0141ukasiewicz<\/strong>\u00a0(c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi Ba Lan, b\u1ecf qua).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Marek Kaminski:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Nam C\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (1810\u20131849):<\/strong>\u00a0Sinh ra g\u1ea7n Warsaw, Chopin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 piano v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i L\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n etude, waltz v\u00e0 nocturne c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m piano \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adam Mickiewicz (1798\u20131855):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 s\u1eed thi\u00a0<em>Pan Thaddeus<\/em>\u00a0(1834) l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a Ba Lan c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Mickiewicz l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ba Lan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846\u20131916):<\/strong>\u00a0Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1905. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5,\u00a0<em>B\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ebf?<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ba Lan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wis\u0142awa Szymborska (1923\u20132012):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn, \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc (1996). Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00ed d\u1ecfm, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Olga Tokarczuk (sinh n\u0103m 1962):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 2018, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0\u00a0<em>Chuy\u1ebfn bay<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 du l\u1ecbch, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Roman Polanski (sinh n\u0103m 1933):<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Oscar v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ca ng\u1ee3i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5,\u00a0<em>Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m<\/em>). B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim Ba Lan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (nh\u01b0\u00a0<em>Con dao trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>) c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Andrzej Wajda (1926\u20132016):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Oscar danh d\u1ef1, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Ba Lan (<em>Tro t\u00e0n v\u00e0 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Katyn<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Krystyna Janda:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u1eef di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh (t\u1eeb\u00a0<em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 piano<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jan Matejko (1838\u20131893):<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5,\u00a0<em>Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Grunwald<\/em>), ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng John Paul II (1920\u20132005):<\/strong>\u00a0Karol Wojty\u0142a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n xoa d\u1ecbu c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n Ba Lan d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ba Lan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa (sinh n\u0103m 1943):<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, Wa\u0142\u0119sa \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1983 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ba Lan (1990\u20131995).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski (1867\u20131935):<\/strong>\u00a0L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ba Lan th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Tr\u1eadn Warsaw n\u0103m 1920, ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stanis\u0142aw Wojciechowski (1869\u20131953):<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ba Lan (1922\u20131926) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Casimir Pulaski v\u00e0 Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ed1c Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do (Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb h\u1ecd).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Romuald Traugutt:<\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang (1863) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, m\u1ed9t li\u1ec7t s\u0129 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ba Lan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 Khu v\u1ef1c H\u1ed3 Masurian, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quan g\u1ed3m 2.000 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. H\u1ed3 \u015aniardwy (114 km\u00b2) l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ba Lan. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Baltic ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y; V\u01b0\u1eddn Qu\u1ed1c gia S\u0142owi\u0144ski c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t di \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#034;Sahara Ba Lan&#034;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, R\u1eebng Bia\u0142owie\u017ca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi nguy\u00ean sinh t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y sinh s\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u017cubr trong ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan), lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i sinh. Ng\u00e0y nay, Ba Lan c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000 con b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison th\u1ea3 r\u00f4ng (trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 7.000 con tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o hoang d\u00e3. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m (nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u), h\u01b0\u01a1u, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng, ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i v\u00e0 linh mi\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e3y n\u00fai Tatra \u1edf ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Ba Lan (N\u00fai Rysy cao 2.499 m). Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf n\u00fai cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i s\u01a1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Tatra (m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u00ea n\u00fai). C\u1ea7y Marmot v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ba Lan c\u00f3 23 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 t\u1eeb r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p Bia\u0142owie\u017ca \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf cao c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai Bieszczady \u2013 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00f2, ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi g\u1ea7n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o R\u1eebng Bia\u0142owie\u017ca v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1952 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2025, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison \u1edf Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c (v\u00e0i tr\u0103m c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u1edf Bia\u0142owie\u017ca), h\u1ed3i sinh lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919. S\u00f3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1998, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 con s\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng Ba Lan. Ngay c\u1ea3 g\u1ea5u n\u00e2u \u2013 lo\u00e0i t\u1eebng b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf Ba Lan \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u00e3y Carpathian th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 che ph\u1ee7 r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan kho\u1ea3ng 30%, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 an to\u00e0n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u1edf Ba Lan v\u00e0 Slovakia). H\u1ec7 chim c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa: v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ebfu, di\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y sinh qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con c\u00f2 di c\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>B\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (wisent) l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. V\u1edbi th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng d\u00e0y, lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean Ba Lan.<\/p><cite>S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ba Lan hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: Kinh t\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Ba Lan. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp (t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ba Lan v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean EU. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jagiellonian \u1edf Krak\u00f3w (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1364), v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng - Collegium Maius - l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1u v\u1eadt th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ba Lan, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan theo \u0111u\u1ed5i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao h\u01a1n: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 100%. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ba Lan ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Ba Lan cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong EU t\u00ednh theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a. N\u0103m 2024, GDP c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 1,0 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. Vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp EU n\u0103m 2004 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Schengen n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m (c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Fiat, Opel, Toyota), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t. Ba Lan c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c than, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Warsaw \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh; g\u1ea7n 8 trong s\u1ed1 2000 c\u00f4ng ty thu\u1ed9c danh s\u00e1ch Forbes Global l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan (ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng). Thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 Ba Lan hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t cao (x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 35 trong Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn: tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, Ba Lan c\u0169ng t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, CD Projekt, m\u1ed9t studio c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Warsaw, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lo\u1ea1t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed The Witcher v\u00e0 Cyberpunk 2077. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gia c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p CNTT \u0111ang b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Krak\u00f3w v\u00e0 Wroc\u0142aw. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean top 40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1ec3 thao. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u2013 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o b\u00e1n k\u1ebft World Cup n\u0103m 1974 v\u00e0 1982, v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 k\u1ebft n\u0103m 2018. Robert Lewandowski, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. B\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea qu\u1ed1c gia: Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 2018. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111ua xe t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n m\u00f9a h\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u1ea3y c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft Ba Lan nh\u01b0 Adam Ma\u0142ysz v\u00e0 Kamil Stoch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng Olympic \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung nh\u1ea3y c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0a Ba Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea3y c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Ba Lan c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Andrzej Wajda v\u00e0 Agnieszka Holland \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hoan ngh\u00eanh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, b\u1ed9 phim&nbsp;<em>Ida<\/em>&nbsp;(2013) v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh<\/em>&nbsp;(2018) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Oscar cho Phim n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hay nh\u1ea5t. Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel nh\u01b0 Szymborska v\u00e0 Tokarczuk c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Ba Lan nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c ki\u00eam ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Chopin (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19) \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n concerto piano c\u1ee7a Chopin c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp: m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a h\u00e8, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Woodstock Ba Lan (nay l\u00e0 &#034;Pol&#039;and&#039;Rock&#034;), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c rock mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n gian v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef qua c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 r\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec7u Lajkonik \u1edf Krak\u00f3w hay Wianki (l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00f2ng hoa gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1edf Krak\u00f3w), n\u01a1i giao thoa gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Ba Lan r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Malbork (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Wawel \u1edf Krak\u00f3w t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u2013 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ea3m trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ho\u00e0ng gia. T\u1ea1i Gniezno, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ba Lan (n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ba Lan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean) n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd g\u1ea1ch Gothic r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u: V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng St. Mary r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf Gda\u0144sk v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh thanh b\u00ecnh \u1edf Jawor s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m cao v\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tinh x\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Pozna\u0144 v\u00e0 Toru\u0144 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ed1t. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Wroc\u0142aw (Ratusz) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan Gothic v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed3i b\u1eadc thang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9: Sandomierz v\u00e0 Zamo\u015b\u0107 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Wroc\u0142aw b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry minh ch\u1ee9ng cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. Ba Lan c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i (h\u01a1n 100) tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Baran\u00f3w Sandomierski xa hoa th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ed5 t\u00edch Ogrodzieniec tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ef7 Jura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi Warsaw k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Sau khi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5 t\u1eebng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, Cung V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u2013 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi theo phong c\u00e1ch Stalin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u201ct\u1eb7ng\u201d v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh (bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t Ba Lan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: Th\u00e1p Varso (cao 237 m\u00e9t) c\u1ee7a Warsaw \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t EU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022. C\u00e1c khu th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Wola c\u1ee7a Warsaw v\u00e0 khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p High2 c\u1ee7a Krak\u00f3w hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u00e1p v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh mang phong c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ba Lan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u1ea7u \u015awi\u0119tokrzyski b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng Vistula \u1edf Warsaw) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau n\u0103m 2000. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c A1 ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb b\u1eafc (Gda\u0144sk) xu\u1ed1ng nam (bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi S\u00e9c) qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng Baltic - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Na Uy v\u1edbi Ba Lan qua \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u015awiebodzin \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ba Lan s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 Vua cao 33 m\u00e9t (v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n v\u00e0ng cao 3 m\u00e9t), \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u cao 52,5 m\u00e9t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa Jesus cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.<\/p><cite>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba Lan c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>M\u1ed7i d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng sinh \u1edf Ba Lan \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 phim \u201c\u1ede nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, vi\u1ec7c xem \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0<em>Kevin c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u00a0(<em>\u1ede nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/em>) tr\u00ean TV v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh. C\u00f4 b\u00e9 t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i tinh ngh\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Ba Lan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n g\u1ed1c Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 18 gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 hai gi\u1ea3i Nobel c\u1ee7a Marie Curie) - m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 trung b\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u0103m 1791, Ba Lan th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau Hoa K\u1ef3), kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ba Lan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Warsaw) \u0111\u01b0a xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866. Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1980, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Gda\u0144sk do Wa\u0142\u0119sa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong kh\u1ed1i X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u2013 n\u1ebfu t\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Jan, Anna), b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ean gh\u00e9p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef:<\/strong>\u00a0Ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i:\u00a0<em>Ch\u00edn tr\u0103m ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cch\u00edn tr\u0103m ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp (nh\u01b0\u00a0<em>l\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ebfm<\/em>(ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan th\u00edch nu\u00f4i ong v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3. Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Red Delicious v\u00e0 Gala).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i:<\/strong>\u00a0Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan (Casimir Zeglen) ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, lo\u1ea1t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Witcher (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0a v\u0103n h\u00f3a k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ba Lan l\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Si\u00eau c\u1ea5p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>\u00a0L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Malbork tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 52 m\u1eabu Anh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t EU kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng euro:<\/strong>\u00a0Ba Lan v\u1eabn chung nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch trong EU m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n chung euro, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng z\u0142oty c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jagiellonian l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf Trung \u00c2u (sau Prague), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14. (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Erasmus, Copernicus v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd:<\/strong>\u00a0B\u00e0i h\u00e1t tr\u0103m n\u0103m\u00a0<em>Ch\u00fac m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt<\/em>\u00a0minh h\u1ecda cho ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan mong mu\u1ed1n nhau s\u1ed1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m\u201d, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Ba Lan hi\u1ec7n nay v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 78 tu\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ba Lan k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra&nbsp;<em>Ida<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<em>Witcher<\/em>&nbsp;Phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hoan ngh\u00eanh). \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Ba Lan tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian (nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea1c s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;<em>Ban nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0ng Warsaw<\/em>&nbsp;t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ban nh\u1ea1c dance-pop \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m (nh\u01b0 Margaret) \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1eebng danh (Chopin v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi piano m\u1ed7i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7). N\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p internet v\u00e0 game c\u1ee7a Ba Lan r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng: qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng cao trong th\u1ec3 thao \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n game v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ean YouTube \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn game Gimper).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng kompot t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y h\u1ea7m ng\u1ecdt) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi n\u00e2ng ly ch\u00fac m\u1eebng. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i:&nbsp;<em>Cha\u0300o bu\u00f4\u0309i sa\u0301ng<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201cch\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng\u201d) trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ba Lan mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho sinh vi\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 EU, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfm hoi \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan du h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 y khoa v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n m\u1edbi.<\/p><cite>S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ti\u00ean phong trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1791, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1791. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n chia cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ra, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01a1 khai (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd k\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ch\u1ecbu \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. B\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n (H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n). B\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n: \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u0103m 2004, Ba Lan gia nh\u1eadp EU, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y nay, Ba Lan v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u1eb9o du l\u1ecbch: Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i gh\u00e9 th\u0103m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Krak\u00f3w:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng St. Mary (h\u00e3y l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng k\u00e8n hejna\u0142 ma qu\u00e1i) v\u00e0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Wawel theo phong c\u00e1ch Gothic. D\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a khu ph\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i Kazimierz, ho\u1eb7c gh\u00e9 th\u0103m M\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Warsaw:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. D\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng gia \u0141azienki (v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Chopin), sau \u0111\u00f3 tham quan Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u1ee3 Ph\u1ed1 C\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II.\u00a0<em>B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng POLIN<\/em>\u00a0tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a khu Ghetto Warsaw c\u0169 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ba Lan. Warsaw hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wroc\u0142aw:<\/strong>\u00a0Wroc\u0142aw l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Oder. Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd (Ostr\u00f3w Tumski) v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. Wroc\u0142aw c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa l\u00f9n \u2013 h\u01a1n 300 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i s\u0103n t\u00ecm th\u00fa v\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho du kh\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gda\u0144sk:<\/strong>\u00a0Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Baltic. Ch\u1ee3 Long v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc Neptune g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hanseatic. Trung t\u00e2m \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ven bi\u1ec3n Sopot v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng ven bi\u1ec3n (v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ed \u1ea9n) m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn d\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zakopane v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Tatra:<\/strong>\u00a0Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ec3 thao m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. \u0110i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Tatra ho\u1eb7c \u0111i c\u00e1p treo l\u00ean Kasprowy Wierch. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u1ea5p nh\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao. \u0110\u1eebng b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 quanh h\u1ed3 Morskie Oko.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u1eebng Bia\u0142owie\u017ca:<\/strong>\u00a0H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hoang d\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bison ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hoang d\u00e3. Khu r\u1eebng c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nguy\u00ean s\u01a1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u1ed3 Masurian:<\/strong>\u00a0Ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n kayak. Du ngo\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa h\u01a1n 2.000 h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, qua nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tranh. H\u1ed3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u015aniardwy, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toru\u0144:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1nh g\u1eebng. Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n UNESCO, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0<em>b\u00e1nh g\u1eebng<\/em>\u00a0(b\u00e1nh g\u1eebng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kalwaria Zebrzydowska:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i; trong l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd \u0111i qua c\u00e1c Ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka:<\/strong>\u00a0Tham gia chuy\u1ebfn tham quan c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n St. Kinga, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb mu\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00f9m l\u00e0m t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 Kazimierz Dolny (t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ra S\u00f4ng Vistula v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt), t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Olsztyn ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0141\u00f3d\u017a (Ph\u1ed1 Piotrkowska s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0141\u00f3d\u017a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nghi th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e0nh cho du kh\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan r\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch:<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Xin ch\u00e0o:<\/strong>&nbsp;M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaft tay ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft tay nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Khi v\u00e0o c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i&nbsp;<em>Cha\u0300o bu\u00f4\u0309i sa\u0301ng<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201cch\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng\u201d). Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i l\u1eddi t\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t (&nbsp;<em>T\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t<\/em>&nbsp;) khi r\u1eddi \u0111i.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>\u0110\u1ea7m:<\/strong>&nbsp;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u0103n m\u1eb7c l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 khi \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Khi \u0111i l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, h\u00e3y che vai (\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf m\u0169) v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n short.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>\u0102n u\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>&nbsp;If invited to a home, bring a small gift (flowers or chocolates). Note: give&nbsp;an odd number of flowers&nbsp;(even is reserved for funerals). Take off shoes if asked. Toasts are common; wait for the host to propose a toast and maintain eye contact when drinking.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Ti\u1ec1n boa:<\/strong>&nbsp;Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t vui khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c boa 10%. N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n b\u0103n kho\u0103n, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>&nbsp;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 quen, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II ngay v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia Ba Lan ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Safety:<\/strong>&nbsp;Ba Lan nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n. T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khu du l\u1ecbch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n m\u00f3c t\u00fai \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb), nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan (prosz\u0119, dzi\u0119kuj\u0119, przepraszam) s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi cho b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: T\u1ea1i sao Ba Lan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 trong 123 n\u0103m?<\/strong><br>A: V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan (Nga, Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00c1o) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (1772, 1793, 1795). \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1795, Ba Lan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1918, khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Ba Lan m\u1edbi t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan-Litva l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br>A: T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1569 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1795, Ba Lan v\u00e0 Litva h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia k\u00e9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan-Litva. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n Baltic \u0111\u1ebfn Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n (Sejm) c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16-17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 t\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br>A: Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean (<em>ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/em>) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh. M\u1ed7i t\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Maria hay Michael, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch (theo t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sinh nh\u1eadt \u2013 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng b\u1eefa t\u1ed1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: T\u1ea1i sao C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Ba Lan?<\/strong><br>A: Ba Lan ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 966, h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y \u00c2u. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Ba Lan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i bang cai tr\u1ecb. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y nay, kho\u1ea3ng 87% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (Gi\u00e1ng sinh, Ph\u1ee5c sinh, L\u1ec5 C\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: Du l\u1ecbch Ba Lan c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: C\u00f3. Ba Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch. N\u1ea1n m\u00f3c t\u00fai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac (nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c), v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 n\u00f3i chung an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady (h\u00e3y g\u1ecdi 112). Nh\u00ecn chung, Ba Lan th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: M\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t?<\/strong><br>A: M\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka (g\u1ea7n Krak\u00f3w) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb mu\u1ed1i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 700 n\u0103m. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m, chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc mu\u1ed1i tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd - v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00f9m l\u00e0m t\u1eeb mu\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan du l\u1ecbch l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ba Lan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 minh h\u1ecda l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: Auschwitz-Birkenau l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br>A: Auschwitz-Birkenau, g\u1ea7n O\u015bwi\u0119cim, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng doanh tr\u1ea1i, ph\u00f2ng h\u01a1i ng\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2 h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf u \u00e1m v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Holocaust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ba Lan c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: C\u00f3. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ba Lan v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n EU\/EEA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed thi ho\u1eb7c l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n). C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c c\u00f3 thu h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ed k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean Ba Lan t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u00ec?<\/strong><br>A: Ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Latinh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u1ede c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb) c\u0169ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Kashubia, ti\u1ebfng Ukraina), nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: T\u00f4i n\u00ean th\u1eed nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ba Lan?<\/strong><br>A: \u0110\u1eebng b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 pierogi (b\u00e1nh bao), bigos (d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea7m), v\u00e0 \u017curek (s\u00fap l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en chua). V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt, h\u00e3y th\u1eed szarlotka (b\u00e1nh t\u00e1o) ho\u1eb7c p\u0105czki v\u00e0o Th\u1ee9 N\u0103m B\u00e9o. U\u1ed1ng kompot (n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e9p tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y h\u1ea7m) ho\u1eb7c z\u0142oty sok (bia) k\u00e8m b\u1eefa \u0103n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00edch vodka, h\u00e3y th\u1eed vodka l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en ho\u1eb7c \u017cubr\u00f3wka th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H: M\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ba Lan?<\/strong><br>A: B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia Ba Lan r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh: v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n (2014, 2018) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tham d\u1ef1 World Cup. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u2013 nh\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e8o v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (Justyna Kowalczyk \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng Olympic). \u0110i\u1ec1n kinh v\u00e0 c\u1eed t\u1ea1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh. \u0110ua xe m\u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thu h\u00fat r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00fd do Ba Lan quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ea3 du kh\u00e1ch l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y s\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Malbork) v\u00e0 khu r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Bia\u0142owie\u017ca). N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ba Lan phong ph\u00fa \u0111an xen nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 966 SCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Du kh\u00e1ch s\u1ebd tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c &#034;ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean&#034; c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh, g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sinh nh\u1eadt \u2013 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n ngo\u00e0i pierogi, nh\u01b0 bigos v\u00e0 s\u00fap l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en chua. C\u1ea9m nang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00e0y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p 67 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan nh\u01b0 Copernicus v\u00e0 Marie Curie, minh h\u1ecda cho tinh th\u1ea7n ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 1.000 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2258","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-interesting-facts","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}