{"id":1285,"date":"2024-08-07T20:19:36","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T20:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1285"},"modified":"2026-02-27T01:01:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T01:01:24","slug":"vatnajokull-song-bang-lon-nhat-chau-au","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/unusual-places\/vatnajokull-the-largest-glacier-in-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"VATNAJOKULL \u2013 S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"translation-block\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Iceland (v\u00e0 theo nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u). T\u1ea5m b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y che ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 8.100 km\u00b2 \u2014 kho\u1ea3ng 8% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia \u2014 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 km\u00b3 b\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 400\u2013500 m, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ~1.000 m. \u1ede \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Vatna Glacier<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng Iceland <em>vatn<\/em> \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d) v\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y n\u00f3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef; t\u00ean Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c: h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai v\u00e0 t\u00e1m n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng n\u1eb1m \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 2008, s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan xung quanh) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Vatnaj\u00f6kull, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2019 UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 ghi danh n\u00f3 v\u00e0o Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u00abVatnaj\u00f6kull \u2013 Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Th\u00f4ng tin nhanh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Khu v\u1ef1c:<\/em> ~8.100 km\u00b2 (kho\u1ea3ng 8% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Iceland)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u00c2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/em> \u22483.000 km\u00b3 (g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110an M\u1ea1ch)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y:<\/em> trung b\u00ecnh ~450 m (t\u1ed1i \u0111a ~1.000 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0110\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1i \u0111a:<\/em> 2.110 m (\u0111\u1ec9nh Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>N\u00fai l\u1eeda:<\/em> 8 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng l\u1edbn (Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn, B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga, \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull, v.v.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia:<\/em> Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 2008 (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 14.967 km\u00b2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>UNESCO:<\/em> Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vatnaj\u00f6kull (ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u201cVAT-nah-YEUH-kootl\u201d) l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Iceland. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 8.000\u20138.300 km\u00b2 \u2013 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Iceland v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. Kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u201ctr\u1ebb\u201d v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t (ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua m\u00f9a h\u00e8: kho\u1ea3ng 60% b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ebft m\u00f9a h\u00e8), v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00eca cao nh\u1ea5t tan ch\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a h\u00e8. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nunatak (\u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean) v\u00e0 t\u00e1m ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda trung t\u00e2m. Kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng ch\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed9 cao 600\u2013800 m) v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda, cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng nh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng: Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 <em>Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng<\/em> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nga. (S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Novaya Zemlya c\u1ee7a Nga c\u00f3 ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o Severny r\u1ed9ng 20.500 km\u00b2, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c xa x\u00f4i.) Vatnaj\u00f6kull v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>T\u00ean Vatnaj\u00f6kull b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Na Uy c\u1ed5: vatna- l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a vatn (n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3), v\u00e0 j\u00f6kull c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 k\u00eanh n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y \u2013 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \"s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc\" r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p><cite>Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/th><th>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Khu v\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/td><td>~8.100 km\u00b2 (kho\u1ea3ng 8% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Iceland)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00c2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/td><td>~3.000 km\u00b3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/td><td>~450 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/strong><\/td><td>~950\u20131.000 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9<\/strong><\/td><td>Kho\u1ea3ng 100 km (\u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y) \u00d7 100 km (B\u1eafc-Nam)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/strong><\/td><td>2.110 m (Hvannadalshnjukur)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Iceland<\/strong><\/td><td>~8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/td><td>Kho\u1ea3ng 30 l\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong><\/td><td>V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Vatnaj\u00f6kull (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u0103m 2008)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i UNESCO<\/strong><\/td><td>Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2014 <em>L\u1eeda v\u00e0 B\u0103ng<\/em> (Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2019)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cS\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Iceland v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. Theo nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. UNESCO ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u201cl\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d. V\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (h\u01a1n 8.000 km\u00b2), n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng n\u00e0o tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Aletsch c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 79 km\u00b2. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea3y sinh n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng \u1edf B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nga: ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o Severny c\u1ee7a Novaya Zemlya (~20.500 km\u00b2) v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Iceland. Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, Vatnaj\u00f6kull gi\u1eef danh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng nam Iceland. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi kho\u1ea3ng 64,0\u201365,5\u00b0 B\u1eafc, 16,0\u201318,5\u00b0 T\u00e2y \u2013 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean trung t\u00e2m xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, n\u00f3 gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng (Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1); v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n H\u00f6fn v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng; v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Skaftafell; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, n\u00f3 thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh cao nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf (Sprengisandur). N\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1, J\u00f6kuls\u00e1), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1t \u0111en r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi). Du kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Vatnaj\u00f6kull b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng: t\u1eeb Reykjav\u00edk, qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Skaftafell\/Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 320 km (kho\u1ea3ng 4\u20135 gi\u1edd) qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ven bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh \u2013 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng\/xanh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda nam trung t\u00e2m Iceland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 &amp; H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i:<\/strong> Vatnaj\u00f6kull th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb chia \u0111\u00f4i b\u1edfi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m du kh\u00e1ch Skaftafell (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y), \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n \/ Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng F d\u1eabn v\u00e0o cao nguy\u00ean trung t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho xe 4x4 (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf r\u00eca b\u0103ng; vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \u2013 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00f6fn (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 Kirkjub\u00e6jarklaustur (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vatnaj\u00f6kull h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong k\u1ef7 Holocene. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3... <strong>kh\u00f4ng<\/strong> M\u1ed9t di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a K\u1ef7 B\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp b\u0103ng d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh 600\u2013800 m) nghi\u00eang nh\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. Xung quanh r\u00eca c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, trong khi \u1edf trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng. V\u00ec Iceland n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean S\u1ed1ng n\u00fai gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t cao, Vatnaj\u00f6kull r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft n\u00e9n (tuy\u1ebft x\u1ed1p) chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp b\u0103ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt. Kho\u1ea3ng 60% b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi tuy\u1ebft quanh n\u0103m (ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ebft m\u00f9a h\u00e8, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, kho\u1ea3ng 1.100\u20131.300 m). Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m l\u00fan l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t: c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Iceland d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i khi Vatnaj\u00f6kull m\u1ecfng \u0111i do tan ch\u1ea3y. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng s\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ebbm n\u00fai ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1ee5t (j\u00f6kulhlaup) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng \"l\u1ea1nh\" ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y (mi\u1ec1n nam Iceland c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 5\u201310 m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan ch\u1ea3y \u1edf r\u00eca do tan b\u0103ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng: Tr\u00e1i tim r\u1ef1c l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00fai l\u1eeda Iceland \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. <strong>b\u1ea3y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ch\u00ednh<\/strong> d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng. Hai trung phong n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 <strong>Grimsvotn<\/strong> and <strong>B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga<\/strong>Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn (cao 1.764 m, n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng) l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Iceland \u2013 n\u00f3 phun tr\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5-10 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tro b\u1ee5i cao kho\u1ea3ng 20 km. B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga (cao 2.010 m) l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng v\u1edbi mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda r\u1ed9ng 70\u00d710 km. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014-2015, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p dung nham cho v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o khe n\u1ee9t Holuhraun kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: kho\u1ea3ng 0,85 km\u00b3 dung nham bazan phun tr\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 85 km\u00b2 (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Iceland).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t Iceland):<\/strong> H\u1ed3 b\u0103ng ng\u1ea7m Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Vatnaj\u00f6kull. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u00e2y ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t: m\u1ed7i v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn ph\u00ecnh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u0169 qu\u00e9t do v\u1ee1 b\u0103ng (j\u00f6kulhlaup) \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004 (Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn l\u0169 qu\u00e9t do v\u1ee1 b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga:<\/strong> Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00f5m ch\u1ea3o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \"phun tr\u00e0o\" l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 n\u0103m 2014\u201315. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 6 th\u00e1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng 1,6 km\u00b3 dung nham \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 84 km\u00b2 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch phun tr\u00e0o) \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb s\u1ee5t l\u00fan (kho\u1ea3ng 65 m \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed7). B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n (\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng), v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t sao n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull (N\u00fai l\u1eeda cao nh\u1ea5t):<\/strong> \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Iceland, Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur (2.110 m). C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull r\u1ea5t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1362, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng 10 km\u00b3 tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda rhyolite (VEI ~6), v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Iceland. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1727\u201328 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng tan tr\u00e0n (j\u00f6kulhlaup) l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh quan. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn y\u00ean t\u0129nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m <strong>Kverkfj\u00f6ll<\/strong> (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga), <strong>C\u00e1i b\u00faa<\/strong> (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga), v\u00e0 <strong>Torfaj\u00f6kull<\/strong> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam Vatnaj\u00f6kull). Nhi\u1ec1u khe n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Kverkfj\u00f6ll) n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c b\u00ean trong ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t do b\u0103ng tan (j\u00f6kulhlaup) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y kho\u1ea3ng 3 km\u00b3 b\u0103ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Vatnaj\u00f6kull. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5-6 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, \u0111\u1eadp b\u0103ng v\u1ee1: m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 50.000 m\u00b3\/s tr\u00e0n qua \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 sa Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rsandur, khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Tr\u1eadn l\u0169 cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00e1p (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i 14 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u1ec1 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t do v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eadp b\u0103ng.<\/p><cite>Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed8T <em>l\u0169 l\u1ee5t do v\u1ee1 b\u0103ng<\/em> L\u0169 l\u1ee5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tho\u00e1t ra trong\/sau khi phun tr\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn l\u0169 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang theo l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed3i t\u00edch. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e1y ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Outlet c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y duy nh\u1ea5t, Vatnaj\u00f6kull n\u1ea1p <strong>~30 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ch\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dyngjuj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc) \u2013 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng J\u00f6kuls\u00e1 \u00e1 Fj\u00f6llum.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tungna\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (T\u00e2y B\u1eafc) \u2013 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho s\u00f4ng Tungna\u00e1 (Rio Thjorsa).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skaft\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (t\u00e2y-trung) \u2013 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho s\u00f4ng Skaft\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00ed\u00f0uj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y) \u2013 l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n Skaftafell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (ph\u00eda nam) \u2013 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1 (Skaft\u00e1) v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn (~15 km).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00ed\u00f0uj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (t\u00e2y nam) \u2013 ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Skaftafell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skaftafellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> and <strong>Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (T\u00e2y Nam) \u2013 C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Skaftafell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (\u0111\u00f4ng nam) - ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Diamond.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai<\/strong> (\u0111\u00f4ng nam) \u2013 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Brei\u00f0amerkur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hoffellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) \u2013 ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n H\u00f6fn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed7i c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i th\u00e0nh J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, trong khi <strong>Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 m\u1ecfng \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y). Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3i b\u0103ng t\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed7 xe ho\u1eb7c \u0111i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn. Skaftafellsj\u00f6kull v\u00e0 Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t (Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull, Tungna\u00e1rj\u00f6kull) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p><cite>Th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Vatnaj\u00f6kull: L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 <em>to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/em> S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng xung quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Vatnaj\u00f6kull (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 2008). V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 14.967 km\u00b2 \u2013 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 14% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Iceland \u2013 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Skaftafell v\u00e0 J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur c\u0169 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2019, UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 ghi danh v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u00e0o Danh s\u00e1ch Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u201cL\u1eeda v\u00e0 B\u0103ng\u201d), c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (n\u00fai l\u1eeda, s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, h\u1ebbm n\u00fai).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c: c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng dung nham, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed3i t\u00edch, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng v\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ebbm n\u00fai s\u00e2u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Fjalls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Jokuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 ven bi\u1ec3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng (J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3n). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00f9ng hoang d\u00e3 nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm \u1edf B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed:<\/strong> Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2008, V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Vatnaj\u00f6kull ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp hai v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (Skaftafell v\u00e0 J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur). \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Iceland (v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \"l\u1eeda v\u00e0 b\u0103ng\" - m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO ca ng\u1ee3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trung t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng tin du kh\u00e1ch:<\/strong> C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1i Skaftafell (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y) v\u00e0 J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. Trung t\u00e2m Skaftafell (\u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng) cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tour tham quan s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. T\u1ea1i J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n\/Trung t\u00e2m Du kh\u00e1ch, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t tour du thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 trong \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e0 l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: kh\u00f4ng thu ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tour m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e9.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Iceland: Hvannadalshnjukur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0nh ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Iceland: <strong>Hvannadalshnjukur<\/strong> (2.110 m). \u0110\u1ec9nh n\u00fai n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh leo t\u1eeb Skaftafell l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng (12-15 gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u0111i l\u1eabn v\u1ec1) v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 1.600 m. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai c\u00f3 gai, r\u00ecu b\u0103ng, d\u00e2y th\u1eebng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft d\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khe n\u1ee9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua tuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c <em>m\u00f9a leo n\u00fai t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/em> M\u00f9a leo n\u00fai l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u (khi tuy\u1ebft c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i h\u01a1n). Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ee7i ro h\u01a1n. Do ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 mang theo \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n chinh ph\u1ee5c Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur, h\u00e3y \u0111i c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebft\/b\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m; h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y d\u00f2 tuy\u1ebft l\u1edf, que d\u00f2 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0m. H\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i: ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0 \u0111\u1ed9 C v\u00e0 b\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Lu\u00f4n mang theo qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u1ea5m, th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n pin \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p><cite>Th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u00e1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n v\u00e0 B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Diamond<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi... <strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 18 km\u00b2 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u (l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 250 m) \u2013 l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t Iceland. C\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0u xanh ng\u1ecdc. Khi tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t ra \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1. <em>B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (\u1ea2nh tr\u00ean), m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00e1t \u0111en n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tranh v\u1ebd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ebfn tham quan Vatnaj\u00f6kull n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb b\u1edd cho ph\u00e9p du kh\u00e1ch l\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i. Thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n Zodiac nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quanh J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n v\u00e0 Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3). C\u00e1c tour n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quanh n\u0103m (n\u1ebfu th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p) v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u0103ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u c\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m d\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c b\u01a1i c\u1ea1nh thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. (V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tour v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00eanh m\u1edf.) Sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ecbt bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chim nh\u1ea1n bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1 voi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 heo nh\u1ecf l\u01b0\u1edbt qua d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u0103ng gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>H\u00e3y gh\u00e9 th\u0103m B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5p chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1t \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe \u1edf J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac; n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p><cite>M\u1eb9o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m ngay ph\u00eda t\u00e2y J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, mang \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m y\u00ean t\u0129nh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u0103ng Fjallsj\u00f6kull). C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong phim (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>James Bond<\/em>, <em>Batman B\u1eaft \u0110\u1ea7u<\/em>) v\u00ec v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p si\u00eau ph\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hang b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \u1edf Vatnaj\u00f6kull ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u <strong>hang b\u0103ng<\/strong> \u2013 C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m theo m\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y. Nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3) khi n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea3y qua l\u1edbp b\u0103ng. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u00e8, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u xanh lam r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi Kverkfj\u00f6ll \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 xung quanh Svinafellsj\u00f6kull\/Skaftafell \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. (Nhi\u1ec1u tour du l\u1ecbch c\u0169ng gh\u00e9 th\u0103m c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m b\u0103ng\u201d m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1edf r\u00eca s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c hang b\u0103ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong n\u1ebfu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. <strong>Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.<\/strong> C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty du l\u1ecbch \u1edf H\u00f6fn v\u00e0 Skaftafell t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean, trang b\u1ecb m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n pin. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a cao \u0111i\u1ec3m (th\u00e1ng 11-th\u00e1ng 3), du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 2-4 km tr\u00ean b\u0103ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f2 kho\u1ea3ng 50-200 m v\u00e0o trong hang. B\u00ean trong, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u xanh lam r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng (do b\u0103ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u0169 \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 0\u00b0C. Gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111inh b\u00e1m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o hang v\u00ec l\u00fd do an to\u00e0n. Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh r\u1ea5t r\u00f5: m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt hay ti\u1ebfng n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 t\u1eeb xa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe r\u1ea5t to, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>C\u00e1c tour tham quan hang b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng. N\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Gi\u00e1 tour kh\u00e1c nhau (kho\u1ea3ng 100-200 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho tour nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i + tham quan hang b\u0103ng) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u00fd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n s\u00e2u tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u0169ng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea9n \u2013 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1c kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m.<\/p><cite>Th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u tr\u00ean Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng phi\u00eau l\u01b0u d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Leo n\u00fai b\u0103ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean b\u0103ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 2\u20136 gi\u1edd). C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai c\u00f3 gai v\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u1eebng. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull) \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn leo n\u00fai v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leo b\u0103ng:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng v\u00e1ch b\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Skaftafell). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u00ecu b\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2y \u0111ai an to\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u1eeda ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng xe m\u00e1y:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 (xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Stafafell). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i s\u1ebd ph\u00f3ng nhanh qua c\u00e1c cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai ph\u1ee7 tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng b\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh:<\/strong> C\u00e1c tour chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh b\u00ecnh minh\/ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n (hang b\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1, to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec9nh s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng (7-14 ng\u00e0y), ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e1n tr\u1ea1i tr\u00ean n\u00fai. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung t\u00e2m s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng <em>ph\u1ea3i<\/em> H\u00e3y \u0111i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 d\u00e2y th\u1eebng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Glacier Guides, Arctic Adventures) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean b\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean mang theo \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan Vatnaj\u00f6kull (kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y), nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 n\u00ean thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u cho thu\u00ea thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb (gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai, \u0111inh b\u00e1m, d\u00e2y \u0111ai an to\u00e0n). N\u00ean m\u1eb7c \u00e1o l\u00f3t \u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u00e1o kho\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00f3; ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, gi\u00f3 t\u1eeb Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn (\u22642.110 m), n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng say \u0111\u1ed9 cao hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ea3y ra \u2013 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p><cite>Th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tham quan Vatnaj\u00f6kull: K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng (Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1) bao quanh Iceland v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull. T\u1eeb Reykjav\u00edk, l\u00e1i xe v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1: Skaftafell\/Skaft\u00e1rdalur (l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y) c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 330 km (5-6 gi\u1edd) qua V\u00edk. J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (\u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 380 km (5,5-6,5 gi\u1edd) qua H\u00f6fn. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1 (ki\u1ec3m tra trang web c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 Iceland tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh (Skaftafell, H\u00f6fn, v.v.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n nghi:<\/strong><br>\u2013 <em>Skaftafell (Ph\u00eda T\u00e2y):<\/em> Trung t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng tin du kh\u00e1ch, khu c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng b\u0103ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull) \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng leo n\u00fai v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd v\u00e0 khu c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i.<br>\u2013 <em>J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng):<\/em> M\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m du kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf b\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu xe, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n. Ch\u1ed7 \u1edf (kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n\/nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf H\u00f6fn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 (~80 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng).<br>\u2013 <em>C\u1ea3ng:<\/em> Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 t\u00f4m h\u00f9m\u201d, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng (g\u1ea7n Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull). N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng.<br>\u2013 <em>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o:<\/em> C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng F (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ecfi g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1) ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vatnaj\u00f6kull (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: F88, F905) n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho xe 4x4). Nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 b\u1eb1ng xe Super Jeep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9 th\u0103m (theo t\u1eebng th\u00e1ng):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>Th\u00e1ng<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 1-th\u00e1ng 2<\/strong><\/td><td>M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t: nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn (4-6 gi\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng). C\u00f3 c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng; nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 tuy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n theo m\u00f9a (\u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng). Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u1ef1c quang v\u1edbi khung c\u1ea3nh tuy\u1ebft tr\u1eafng.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 3\u2013th\u00e1ng 4<\/strong><\/td><td>Chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. C\u00e1c hang b\u0103ng v\u1eabn m\u1edf c\u1eeda; ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i h\u01a1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u00f9a xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng T\u01b0. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i s\u1edbm (v\u1edbi gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai c\u00f3 gai).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/td><td>Cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n: th\u1eddi gian ban ng\u00e0y t\u0103ng nhanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebft r\u00fat lui. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tour tham quan s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng. Skaftafell c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hoa d\u1ea1i. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 6\u2013Th\u00e1ng 8<\/strong><\/td><td>M\u00f9a cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n: ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i (24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6), l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n th\u1ea5p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tour \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (leo n\u00fai, leo b\u0103ng, ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n qua J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. H\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 9<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu: th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1t m\u1ebb h\u01a1n, \u00edt kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10). C\u1ef1c quang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi m\u00e0n \u0111\u00eam bu\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng. M\u00f9a c\u00e2u c\u00e1 \u1edf v\u1ecbnh h\u1eb9p (H\u00f6fn).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 10\u2013Th\u00e1ng 11<\/strong><\/td><td>Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 (n\u1ebfu th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p). Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty du l\u1ecbch k\u1ebft th\u00fac ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 11. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda sau c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o. S\u1eafc m\u00e0u m\u00f9a thu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p xung quanh r\u00eca s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai<\/strong><\/td><td>M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i t\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c hang b\u0103ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1edf c\u1eeda; ng\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn (4-5 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi b\u00e3o \u2013 h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch:<\/strong> M\u00f9a h\u00e8 (th\u00e1ng 6-th\u00e1ng 8) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1m ng\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m quy m\u00f4 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. <strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.l\u00e0<\/strong> V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i:<\/strong> \u00c1o len\/\u00e1o l\u00f3t gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t, \u00e1o kho\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t, \u00e1o kho\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn (ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n). M\u0169 \u1ea5m, g\u0103ng tay v\u00e0 k\u00ednh r\u00e2m (ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00f3i t\u1eeb tuy\u1ebft). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, h\u00e3y mang theo ba l\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi pin d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng (l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m hao pin). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty du l\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p d\u00e2y \u0111ai an to\u00e0n, \u0111inh leo n\u00fai v\u00e0 m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m; b\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00eam qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u1ea5m m\u1eb7c b\u00ean trong. N\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i xe, h\u00e3y mang theo ch\u0103n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 An to\u00e0n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u0103ng, h\u00e3y thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Vatnaj\u00f6kull kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u2013 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 b\u00e3o tuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tour r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 1-2 gi\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb 100-200 \u20ac\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb 200-300 \u20ac. C\u00e1c tour tham quan hang b\u0103ng (c\u00f3 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 30-50 \u20ac. Ch\u1ed7 \u1edf g\u1ea7n Vatnaj\u00f6kull tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n (~100 \u20ac\/\u0111\u00eam) \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n cao c\u1ea5p (tr\u00ean 200 \u20ac). C\u1ea7n t\u00ednh th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed thu\u00ea xe (khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb xe 4x4 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng), nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng (c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u1edf H\u00f6fn \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn:<\/strong> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng du l\u1ecbch (trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n ng\u1eafn) \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty du l\u1ecbch cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng xe l\u0103n: H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u2013 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m du kh\u00e1ch h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe l\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \u1edf Iceland, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong K\u1ef7 B\u0103ng h\u00e0 nh\u1ecf (kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Iceland \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 17% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1890; ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Vatnaj\u00f6kull v\u00e0 Langj\u00f6kull. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 2010, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tan ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng t\u0103ng nhanh: t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017, b\u0103ng \u1edf Iceland m\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 43 km\u00b2 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. M\u0169 b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang m\u1ecfng \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 1 m\/n\u0103m (v\u00e0 m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c r\u00eca). \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung, Vatnaj\u00f6kull ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 km\u00b3 b\u0103ng (h\u01a1n 90% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Iceland); n\u1ebfu tan ch\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u d\u00e2ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 1 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu h\u1eb9p d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda th\u1ec3 t\u00edch trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi n\u1ebfu kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m l\u00ean th\u00eam v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t b\u0103ng c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch trong s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thu h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, do l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cao v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m \u00e1p ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Iceland. S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m: s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng tan ch\u1ea3y nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Greenland nh\u01b0ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n). T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3) cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Iceland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y (c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh Vatnaj\u00f6kull v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \/ Ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng<\/td><td>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/td><td>Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (km\u00b2)<\/td><td>Ghi ch\u00fa<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Iceland<\/td><td>~8,100<\/td><td>L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Iceland; <em>th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/em> B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ~3.000 km\u00b3.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u0169 b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o Severny<\/strong><\/td><td>Novaya Zemlya, Nga<\/td><td>~20,500<\/td><td>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf (ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) Nga \u2013 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c xa x\u00f4i, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \"ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\".<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Austfonna (\u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc)<\/strong><\/td><td>Svalbard, Na Uy<\/td><td>~8,100<\/td><td>Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull (kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Svalbard). L\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Na Uy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Langj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Iceland<\/td><td>~950<\/td><td>V\u00f9ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Iceland (Cao nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda T\u00e2y).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Hofsj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Iceland<\/td><td>~925<\/td><td>V\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 3 c\u1ee7a Iceland.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Jostedalsbreen<\/strong><\/td><td>Na Uy (\u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c)<\/td><td>~487<\/td><td>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Na Uy (tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Aletsch<\/strong><\/td><td>Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 (D\u00e3y n\u00fai Alps)<\/td><td>~79<\/td><td>S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c) x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i\/di\u1ec7n t\u00edch.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng n\u00fai n\u00e0o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i, Langj\u00f6kull v\u00e0 Hofsj\u00f6kull (&lt;2.000 km\u00b2) c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 25% k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull. (Theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.) Tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Vatnaj\u00f6kull nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi Greenland (1,7 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u0103ng \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng g\u00e3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Iceland v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Nga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><br>A: Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Iceland. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 8.100 km\u00b2, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Iceland v\u00e0 (ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng nh\u00e1nh. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc\" trong ti\u1ebfng Iceland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: Theo c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang: Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea3o Severny thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Novaya Zemlya (Nga) c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (~20.500 km\u00b2) nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c xa x\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Severny, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ~8.100 km\u00b2 c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong><br>A: J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Vatnaj\u00f6kull, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull. Hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 18 km\u00b2. B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00e1t \u0111en ngay c\u1ea1nh J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 ra bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u00e1t \u0111en. C\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, cho ph\u00e9p du kh\u00e1ch chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean Vatnaj\u00f6kull kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: B\u1ea1n <em>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/em> \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng <strong>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia tour c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u00fd \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean b\u0103ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khe n\u1ee9t \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean (v\u1edbi gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai v\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u1eebng) kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Skaftafell, J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n ho\u1eb7c H\u00f6fn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u00e0i gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 ng\u1eafn tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng \u1edf Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m ch\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br>A: C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng m\u00e0u xanh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n\/h\u00e8, ch\u00fang s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c tour tham quan hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m; lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111eo \u0111\u00e8n pin \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan Vatnaj\u00f6kull l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o?<\/strong><br>A: \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u00f4n h\u00f2a, cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu (th\u00e1ng 5-th\u00e1ng 9) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u00e1ng 12-th\u00e1ng 2 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh quan tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c quang (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian ban ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn). C\u00e1c tour du thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. M\u00f9a th\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m (th\u00e1ng 4 ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng 9) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00edt kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u00f4n h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00e1ch Reykjav\u00edk bao xa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: R\u00eca s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Vatnaj\u00f6kull c\u00e1ch Reykjav\u00edk kho\u1ea3ng 330 km theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng quanh. Th\u1eddi gian l\u00e1i xe kho\u1ea3ng 4-6 ti\u1ebfng (c\u00f3 d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f2ng quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ecdc theo r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (xem <em>\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.l\u00e0<\/em>tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i du l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n Vatnaj\u00f6kull kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><br>A: V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1o B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n v\u00e0 B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u c\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u01a1i n\u1eafng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p v\u1ecbt bi\u1ec3n, chim nh\u1ea1n bi\u1ec3n, chim c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim s\u0103n m\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 chim \u01b0ng gyrfalcon ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u0103n m\u1ed3i \u1edf c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c \u1edf v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n l\u1edbn n\u00e0o sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. <em>TR\u00caN<\/em> Ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For millennia, adventurers, scientists, and environmentalists have been enthralled by Europe&#8217;s biggest glacier, Vatnajokull, a magnificent natural wonder. Covering 8,101 square kilometers, it is proof of the unvarnished force and beauty of earthly geological events. Large sheets of ice accumulating in the region marked the start of the story of the glacier 2.5 million years ago Its surface, covered in ice formations with sharp edges and seracs reaching heavens, is always changing masterpiece.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2935,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1285","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-unusual-places","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1285"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1285\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}