{"id":1218,"date":"2024-08-07T16:11:01","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T16:11:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1218"},"modified":"2026-02-27T00:42:11","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T00:42:11","slug":"ho-tu-than-chi-can-1-gio-o-day-la-ban-se-chet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/unusual-places\/the-lake-of-death-just-1-hour-here-will-kill-you\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ed3 t\u1eed th\u1ea7n \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 1 gi\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Karachay trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Ural ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Nga, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (Mayak) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951 tr\u1edf \u0111i. <em>ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi<\/em> H\u1ed3 Karachay t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p cao. Theo th\u1eddi gian, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 4,44 exabecquerel (EBq) ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (kho\u1ea3ng 120 tri\u1ec7u curie) \u2013 g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n trong th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Chernobyl n\u0103m 1986. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd theo d\u00f5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ed3 Karachay (ti\u1ebfng Nga) <em>Ozero Karachay<\/em>H\u1ed3 Karachay (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ed1i \u0111a 1 km\u00b2) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Chelyabinsk, Nga, g\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium Mayak. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940-1960, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Stalin \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Techa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 Kyzyl-Tash v\u00e0 Kyzyltash, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Khi ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i th\u1ea3i h\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951, Mayak b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o Karachay, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Trong h\u01a1n 17 n\u0103m (1951-1968), tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 4,44\u00d710^18 Bq ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, khi\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f3ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1990 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1edd h\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t ra kho\u1ea3ng 600 roentgen m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd - \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra li\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u00f2ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 1957, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea1i Mayak (th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Kyshtym) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i bay h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m petabecquerel ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Ural ph\u00eda nam. N\u0103m 1968, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e3o gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n Karachay, th\u1ed5i bay kho\u1ea3ng 185 PBq b\u1ee5i v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u (h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1edbi cesium v\u00e0 strontium c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian b\u00e1n r\u00e3 d\u00e0i. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 cao h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak v\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ven s\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i h\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t (ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015\u20132016), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh hay ch\u01b0a. Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (Becquerels, Sieverts, v.v.) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so s\u00e1nh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp (t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo nh\u00f3m) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1ed3 Karachay (ti\u1ebfng Nga: <em>Ozero Karachay<\/em>H\u1ed3 Karachay n\u1eb1m \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Ural ph\u00eda Nam, g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ozersk (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Chelyabinsk-65), t\u1ec9nh Chelyabinsk, Nga. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf, n\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean (ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng 0,5\u20131 km\u00b2 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t) \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 620 m\u00e9t. N\u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i tr\u0103m m\u00e9t do vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u201cH\u1ed3 Karachay\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh g\u00e1c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t xung quanh Mayak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cN\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Karachay earned a grim reputation. As early as 1990, U.S. nuclear watchdogs called it \u201cthe most polluted place on Earth\u201d. The lake\u2019s sediment contained massive deposits of long-lived radionuclides (notably cesium-137 and strontium-90) from nuclear fuel reprocessing. Government reports and retrospective studies made staggering claims: by the late 1960s, 100% of Karachay\u2019s volume had absorbed about 120 million curies (4.44\u00d710^18 Bq) of radioactivity. For comparison, the 1986 Chernobyl reactor accident released roughly 2.5\u00d710^7 curies (85 petabecquerels) of Cs-137&nbsp;\u2013 an order of magnitude less. Critics noted that at Karachay\u2019s peak the shoreline dose rate was about 600 R\u00f6ntgen per hour, \u201csufficient to kill a person in an hour\u201d. (600 R\/h is roughly 6 sieverts\/hour \u2013 a dose that causes acute radiation syndrome and death in under an hour.) Those figures cement Karachay\u2019s label as possibly the deadliest body of water ever used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950-1960, h\u1ed3 t\u00edch l\u0169y kho\u1ea3ng 4,4 exabecquerel (EBq) ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Cs-137 (~3,6 EBq) v\u00e0 Sr-90 (~0,74 EBq). (M\u1ed9t exabecquerel = 10^18 Bq.) \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung, li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i microsievert m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u2013 trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng: tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 120 tri\u1ec7u Ci (curie) c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. N\u0103m 1968, l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee5i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 185 petabecquerel (PBq) (kho\u1ea3ng 5 MCi) c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n l\u00ean, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ea7n b\u1edd h\u1ed3 v\u1eabn ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c ~600 R\/h. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Worldwatch, NRDC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra sau n\u00e0y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 Karachay l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c (xem B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mayak v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1945, ngay sau khi M\u1ef9 n\u00e9m bom Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t Mayak (<em>Chemkombinat-817<\/em>Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak, n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch Moscow 900 d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt (ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1948) \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium cho v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Mayak. Khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u2013 nay thu\u1ed9c Ozersk \u2013 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n an to\u00e0n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u01afu ti\u00ean h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Stalin: T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Stalin, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn\" b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t plutonium. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i (ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecdc\") t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m b\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u0103ng n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ra bi\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7: c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng xung quanh Mayak tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed5 r\u00e1c?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Mayak s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf: ch\u00fang l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 Kyzyltash v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Techa r\u1ed3i th\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng, b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o hai ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3 h\u1ed3 Kyzyltash (m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean n\u00fai cao) v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Techa nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nguy hi\u1ec3m do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1951, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ed3 Karachay n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u201cthu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n\u201d cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1951 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Mayak ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u01a1m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng c\u1ea5p cao ch\u01b0a qua x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 Karachay. \u0110\u00e1y h\u1ed3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i; n\u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u1ed3 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Mayak ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t kh\u00e9p k\u00edn ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u2013 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u2013 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Kyzyltash v\u00e0 Techa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua l\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1edbi \u201ckh\u00f3a v\u00f2i\u201d v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn Karachay. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, h\u1ed3 Karachay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00f9n si\u00eau n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Mayak m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef an to\u00e0n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: khi Techa v\u00e0 Kyzyltash \u0111\u1ea7y, \u201cvi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 Karachay, nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u2018\u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u2019\u201d. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o ra di s\u1ea3n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Karachay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cesium-137: Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cesium-137 (chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 \u224830 n\u0103m) l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay. Cs-137 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3. Theo m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, h\u1ed3 Karachay ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3,6\u00d710^18 Bq (3,6 EBq) Cs-137. \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t ra tia gamma xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u, g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu nu\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Cs-137 (chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 30 n\u0103m) l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i; ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1nh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cesium t\u00edch tr\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strontium-90: K\u1ebb t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm x\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Strontium-90 (chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 \u224828,8 n\u0103m) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Karachay. Sr-90 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u00f4 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1ebb em. T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sr-90 trong h\u1ed3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 7,4\u00d710^17 Bq (0,74 EBq). \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Mayak, v\u00e0 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 c\u1ea3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Sr-90 ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u \u00edt h\u01a1n Cs-137, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m: c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Karachay sau \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng cao li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 Sr-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1ch 4,44 Exabecquerels t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u2013 4,44 EBq \u2013 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 15 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ea3i. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1968, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng xu\u1ed1ng Karachay. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1eb7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, 2,5\u00d710^8 curie (~9,25 EBq) ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Mayak trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950; \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng trong tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Karachay. (Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.) C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 (b\u01a1m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y, xem ph\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3), nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1990, NRDC \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn 120 tri\u1ec7u curie ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Karachay v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cs\/Sr t\u00edch t\u1ee5 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t\" tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So s\u00e1nh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Karachay v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Chernobyl n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 5\u201312 EBq t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn) v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng ~0,085 EBq Cs-137 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. 4,44 EBq c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Cs\/Sr) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Chernobyl, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong di\u1ec7n t\u00edch &lt;1 km\u00b2. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Karachay <em>t\u1eadp trung<\/em> h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u: h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 Bq tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng ngay t\u1ea1i Mayak, trong khi Chernobyl ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn km\u00b2. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Karachay v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o do Chernobyl t\u1ea1o ra. Theo m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u1edf Karachay kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Chernobyl. (Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Chernobyl mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00f2n thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Karachay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Kyshtym n\u0103m 1957<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u1ea7m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1957, m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Kyshtym) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Mayak, l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Karachay. M\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u1ed5. <em>v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u00ean trong (kho\u1ea3ng 70-80 t\u1ea5n) n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 350\u00b0C. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m nitrit v\u00e0 axetat. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1ng 9, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ea5n TNT. N\u1eafp b\u00ea t\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng 160 t\u1ea5n b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i bay, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o b\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng (h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u00e0i ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 sau khi chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u1ee5 ph\u00f3ng 800 PBq v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam d\u00e3y n\u00fai Ural. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 800 petabecquerel (20 tri\u1ec7u curie) h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 (kho\u1ea3ng 90%) nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Techa li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ch\u1ee9a 2 MCi (80 PBq) \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 300\u2013350 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \"V\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0110\u00f4ng Ural\" (EURT). V\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng stronti \u22652 Ci\/km\u00b2 \u2013 bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 km\u00b2; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi \u00edt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n (0,1 Ci\/km\u00b2) c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m 23.000 km\u00b2 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 270.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0110\u00f4ng Ural (EURT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m EURT tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m nguy hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t g\u1eaft gao, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng 217.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i: c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m Cs-137\/Sr-90. R\u1eebng th\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u b\u1ecb \"v\u00e0ng l\u00e1\" v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. (\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00ec v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5.) H\u1ed3 Karachay, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 20 km, c\u0169ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1; khi gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 800 PBq t\u1eeb Kyshtym \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Karachay, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 che \u0111\u1eady c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m EURT tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m nguy hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t g\u1eaft gao, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng 217.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i: c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m Cs-137\/Sr-90. R\u1eebng th\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u b\u1ecb \"v\u00e0ng l\u00e1\" v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. (\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00ec v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5.) H\u1ed3 Karachay, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 20 km, c\u0169ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1; khi gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 800 PBq t\u1eeb Kyshtym \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Karachay, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u0103m 1967\u20131968<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tr\u1eadn h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, h\u1ed3 Karachay b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3. C\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec7 tinh) cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1963, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Mayak, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1967, gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Karachay th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ee5i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">185 PBq B\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o gi\u00f3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1968, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o gi\u00f3 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i qu\u00e9t qua l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a tin, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sau n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 185 petabecquerel b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee5i n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn Cs-137 v\u00e0 Sr-90 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i lan truy\u1ec1n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 tr\u00ean qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ki-l\u00f4-m\u00e9t, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh. B\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Kyshtym. V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng trong tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y... <em>\u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam<\/em> T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n n\u00f3 ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi cho bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Chelyabinsk \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3 v\u00e0i km. Gia s\u00fac ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng giai tho\u1ea1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m millisievert v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968 \u2013 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u201cNh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Techa\u201d c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0 th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Alexander Shlyakter (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NRDC tr\u00edch d\u1eabn) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 100 rem (&gt;1 Sv) c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong do ung th\u01b0 l\u00e0 8,1%, so v\u1edbi 4,3% \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Trong khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh (m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a c\u01a1 quan do ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e3n t\u00ednh), r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p (do I-131 trong s\u1eefa) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 chuy\u00ean gia, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Mira M. Kosenko, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u201cn\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1\u201d t\u1eeb Ozersk, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 d\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u1ea9m sinh cao l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy t\u00ecm tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn Karachay, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo nh\u00f3m x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950-1960 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi: m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Anh l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng Mayak t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \"s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u00e3n t\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ion h\u00f3a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong DNA. Sievert (Sv) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o li\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc (1 Sv l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u2013 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng). \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u0169 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 r\u00f6ntgen (R) d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o s\u1ef1 ion h\u00f3a trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (\u22480,0093 Gy trong m\u00f4). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tia gamma\/tia X, 1 R t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 0,009 Gy (9 milligray) trong m\u00f4, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 0,009 Sv (v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tia X \u03b3, 1 Gy \u2248 1 Sv). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, 600 R\/h t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 600\u00d70,009 = 5,4 Sv\/h trong m\u00f4. V\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u00e2n (~6\u20137 Sv) t\u00edch l\u0169y ch\u1ec9 trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 4 Sv nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf. L\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kho\u1ea3ng 600 R\/h n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n trong 1 gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m li\u1ec1u g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p \u0111o 600 R\u00f6ntgen\/gi\u1edd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Con s\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201c600 R\/h\u201d xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1960 c\u1ee7a NRDC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a WISE. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1eed l\u00fd). 600 R\/h t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6 Sievert m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y 1 Sv trong 10 ph\u00fat \u2013 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y kho\u1ea3ng 6 Sv: th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong tr\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong khu v\u1ef1c Mayak b\u00ed m\u1eadt). (Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee5p X-quang ng\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 0,0001 Sv.) T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 600 R\/h. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00ean t\u1edbi 700 R\/h t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e3i c\u00e1t n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 li\u1ec1u cao (tr\u00ean v\u00e0i sievert) g\u00e2y suy t\u1ea1ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e1u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c ru\u1ed9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft, n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u ~6\u201310 Sv s\u1ebd b\u1ecb n\u00f4n m\u1eeda, r\u1ee5ng t\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea7n kinh trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. Li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (1\u20134 Sv) g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u00e3n t\u00ednh v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee5c th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3, v\u00f4 sinh, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, li\u1ec1u tr\u00ean ~100 Gy\/kilogram trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 100 Gy trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (~10.000 R) trong kho\u1ea3ng 16 ph\u00fat v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf Karachay. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Karachay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh (ARS). \u1ede li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean ~3 Sv, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u (bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n, n\u00f4n m\u1eeda) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i gi\u1edd. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 6 Sv, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n. 600 R\/h (~6 Sv\/h) s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra ARS to\u00e0n ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ee5ng t\u00f3c, suy gi\u1ea3m mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. (Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n tin, ch\u00f3 hoang v\u00e0 chim g\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.) Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat b\u00ean h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh nh\u1eb9. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xa khi h\u1ed3 c\u1ea1n \u2013 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao l\u00ednh canh kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Karachay l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m s\u00f4ng Techa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u01a1n 96 PBq b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng (1949\u20131956)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Karachay kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1956, Mayak li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p cao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Techa. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 96 tri\u1ec7u m\u00b3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Techa (kho\u1ea3ng 115 PBq ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1) trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Techa mang theo strontium-90 v\u00e0 cesium-137 xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c phong t\u1ecfa d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 sau n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean d\u1ecdc theo ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u00f4ng Techa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Techa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec Karachay \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \"chu\u1ed7i h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a\" l\u1edbn (c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a R-3 \u0111\u1ebfn R-11) v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Kyzyltash \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u01a1n 30 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Techa. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Mayak \u0111\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1eefa b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng Techa. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c millisievert (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 &gt;100 mSv). Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi Strontium-90 trong s\u1eefa v\u00e0 Cesium-137 trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Techa \u0111\u1ea1t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 15\u201350 Bq\/L I-131 v\u00e0 Cs-137 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, g\u00e2y ra li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p v\u00e0i gray cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh.) D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 d\u1ecb t\u1eadt thai nhi \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng Techa v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cao. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u1edf Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eadp trung \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Techa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Riverside<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00f4ng Techa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay, cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y theo d\u00f5i kho\u1ea3ng 28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o... <em>c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/em> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0 r\u1eafn (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa, gan, ph\u1ed5i) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 Techa so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i gray li\u1ec1u t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u00eam s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh l\u00fd\") v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Ozersk), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ec7 trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak (v\u00e0o Techa v\u00e0 Karachay) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ed3 Karachay<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Karachay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Techa. Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Techa l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p (phong t\u1ecfa c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, ng\u1eebng x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Mayak, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0: ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng \u201ctrong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, khi Techa chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u t\u00edm v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m, Mayak ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cng\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn Karachay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0u tr\u1eef s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i\u201d \u2013 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u1ee7i ro sang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. H\u1ed3 Karachay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ed3 Karachay so v\u1edbi Chernobyl<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So s\u00e1nh t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Karachay v\u1edbi th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl n\u0103m 1986 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u1ed5ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong>L\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u1edf Karachay ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 4,44 EBq h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Chernobyl ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kho\u1ea3ng 5\u201312 EBq c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 0,085 EBq (85 PBq) Cs-137 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cesium t\u00edch l\u0169y \u1edf Karachay l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cesium th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Chernobyl.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>M\u1ee9c su\u1ea5t li\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong>: T\u1ea1i Karachay, su\u1ea5t li\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 (600 R\/h) cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u1edf Chernobyl (ngay c\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi 300 R\/h).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong>Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Karachay ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf (~1 km\u00b2), trong khi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Chernobyl lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Karachay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cho t\u1edbi n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, trong khi vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Chernobyl cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 116.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 220.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Chernobyl \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; c\u00f2n Karachay, do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, n\u00ean \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Karachay n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Chernobyl \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n: s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng\" theo n\u0103m kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch s\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\/n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m. Chernobyl l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha lo\u00e3ng theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t l\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa Chernobyl c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i sievert trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd (2\u20133 R\/ph\u00fat = 120\u2013180 R\/gi\u1edd tr\u00ean m\u00e1i l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng). T\u1ea1i Karachay n\u0103m 1967, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong \u1edf m\u1ee9c 600 R\/gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So s\u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n. Chernobyl khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn km\u00b2 xung quanh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n; Karachay g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c km\u00b2 (c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Techa). Tuy nhi\u00ean, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Karachay bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m xung quanh Karachay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Chernobyl c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m (Cs-137) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (Sr-90, Pu). Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \"s\u1ea1ch\" trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u2013 nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Karachay mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, trong khi s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Chernobyl \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (th\u00f4ng qua IAEA) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00ec sao Karachay l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tin t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 bao tr\u00f9m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 g\u00e2y hoang mang cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Karachay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tin t\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \"h\u1ed3 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c\" \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi Karachay l\u00e0 \"Chernobyl b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean\" hay \"em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Kyshtym\". S\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 hay \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-1980. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, Karachay v\u1eabn \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean gia. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a Karachay l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Chernobyl, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, b\u00ed m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 (1978\u20132016)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng (1978\u20131986)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1986, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ed3 Karachay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ecfi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 kh\u1ed1i h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i n\u1eb7ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m kg) xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1eef c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng gia c\u1ed1 s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 2 m\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp theo. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ch\u00ecm d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m ra, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o b\u00f9n ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cao, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sau khi h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu h\u1eb9p di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo chi\u1ec1u ngang. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00e1o c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 85.000 m\u00b3 b\u00f9n \u01b0\u1edbt, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong h\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u00e0y h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c centimet l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y tr\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000, h\u1ed3 c\u0169 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00f9n, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y (Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2015)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The final phase came under a modern federal program (2008\u20132015) to eliminate \u201cradon sources\u201d at Mayak. By 2015 the plan was to fully backfill the basin and cap it. In the months before closure, Rosatom reports indicate 650 m\u00b3 of special concrete was injected into the lake\u2019s bottom through 38 boreholes. Then heavy equipment dumped thick layers of rock and concrete across the bed. According to the Nuclear Safety Institute (IBRAE), by late 2015 the entire former lakebed was covered with a reinforced layer of stone and concrete. On November 2, 2015, Russia announced that Karachay had been \u201csealed off\u201d&nbsp;\u2013 meaning the waste was now physically isolated from the atmosphere. In effect, the polluted mud was buried under several meters of inert fill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2016)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2016, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Theo Rosatom, 10 th\u00e1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t sau khi ni\u00eam phong (th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015 \u2013 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2016) cho th\u1ea5y \u201cs\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1\u201d tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t bentonit (\u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n n\u01b0\u1edbc), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 h\u1ed9c l\u1edbn, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1t\/\u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t n\u00e9n d\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ecfi\/\u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u00f2 \u201cl\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4\u201d: h\u1ed3 c\u0169 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn. Rosatom v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lan truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ed3 Karachay ng\u00e0y nay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cC\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017, h\u1ed3 Karachay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa \u2013 l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ecdi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cv\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n\u201d; th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n cho ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Mayak. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m Mayak, v\u1edbi an ninh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ozersk b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u do Rosatom ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (th\u00f4ng qua ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Mayak).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m: V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Karachay n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m t\u1eeb 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 m\u00e9t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m v\u1eabn ch\u1ea3y b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda s\u00f4ng Techa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c megabecquerel tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Sr-90) trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Rosatom th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra: h\u1ecd b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng xung quanh h\u1ed3 c\u0169 v\u00e0 b\u01a1m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"ni\u00eam phong\", n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u1eabn t\u1eeb t\u1eeb di chuy\u1ec3n. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Do s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Rosatom, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 IBRAE (Moscow) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Theo tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Rosatom n\u0103m 2016, 10 th\u00e1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi ni\u00eam phong \u201ccho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u201d. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (tr\u1ebb em Ozorski v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak) v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m h\u1ed3 Karachay kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KH\u00d4NG.<\/strong> Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0o. H\u1ed3 n\u1eb1m trong \"v\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ly v\u1ec7 sinh\" xung quanh Mayak. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111o li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9) m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Karachay, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Ng\u00e0y nay, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 canh g\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh \u0111ai an ninh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Ozersk. Lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tour du l\u1ecbch hay chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. <em>khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f3ng<\/em> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nga, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u00f3m 26.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 25.757 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n (c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef) l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Mayak t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1982. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 cao (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 plutonium n\u1ed9i sinh). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chung c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng plutonium v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i, gan v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \"s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\". Kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do ung th\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u1ed9i sinh v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Karachay chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tr\u1ebb em Ozersk v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m i\u1ed1t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ozersk g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Chelyabinsk-65, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn tr\u1ebb em l\u1edbn l\u00ean gi\u1eefa b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 i\u1ed1t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1: s\u1eefa v\u00e0 rau l\u00e1 xanh \u1edf Ozersk b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m I-131 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1949\u20131951). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd AI Bezborodov) \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p u tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 suy gi\u00e1p \u1edf tr\u1ebb em trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950\u20131970. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ec7 \u1edf Ozersk (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Techa) cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p t\u0103ng nh\u1eb9 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng I-131 th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u00fa \u00fd. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh trong khu v\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef B\u1ec7nh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh (CRS) cho c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, \u0111a tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng Techa v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n xung quanh khu v\u1ef1c Mayak. CRS bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, d\u1ec5 x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee5c th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 MM Kosenko (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ng\u00e0nh y h\u1ecdc ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 Nga \u1edf Chelyabinsk) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p CRS trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-1980 cho th\u1ea5y CRS ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u t\u00edch l\u0169y &gt;0,5 Sv (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950) v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u &gt;1 Sv. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n CRS tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n do ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 g\u00e2y ra. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh (ARS) ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Karachay), CRS ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u00e3n t\u00ednh v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p. T\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, nh\u01b0ng trong khu v\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 y t\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do ung th\u01b0 g\u00e2y ra. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Techa (28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0 th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i CLL c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Techa c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p cao h\u01a1n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i, gan v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng plutonium. Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 3% tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i mGy b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 alpha. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u1ee7i ro ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf: kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ung th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung tr\u00ean 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i sievert. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \"n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\" n\u00e0o). Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u1edf con ch\u00e1u (c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf). Do \u0111\u00f3, chi ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Karachay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea - h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i do ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh m\u00e3n t\u00ednh - ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ural ng\u00e0y nay<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec7t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 Kyshtym \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0110\u00f4ng Ural (EURT), m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Mayak. Theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a IAEA, kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 km\u00b2 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng (Sr-90 \u2265 2 Ci\/km\u00b2) v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ly. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00ean t\u1edbi 23.000 km\u00b2. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1957 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u1eebng. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c EURT v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 s\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng). EURT bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Chelyabinsk v\u00e0 Kurgan, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 Muslyumovo v\u00e0 Yanichkino, n\u01a1i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Karachay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u00f4ng Techa v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (H\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a 3, 4, 10, 11, 17) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5, H\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a R-9 = H\u1ed3 Kyzyltash v\u1eabn c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cs-137 kho\u1ea3ng ~10^5\u201310^6 Bq\/m\u00b3, cao g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n.) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Mayak c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. \u1ede h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u, s\u00f4ng Iset v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Tavatuy cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e1, \u1ebfch) trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Cs-137 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, di s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 \u1edf Nam Ural \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Kyshtym v\u00e0 Karachay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 lan truy\u1ec1n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 r\u1eebng xung quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1958, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 g\u00e2y ra trong c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng: l\u00e1 kim chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecb c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 &gt;500 Ci\/km\u00b2. Tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh h\u1ed3 c\u0169, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t g\u1ea7n l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch. (C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n b\u1edd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb teo t\u00f3p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cao.) V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, chim di c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadu xu\u1ed1ng b\u00f9n r\u1ed3i bay \u0111i, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m l\u00e2y lan \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m (nai, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng) v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cs-137 cao, \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m s\u0103n b\u1eafn khi ch\u00fang \u0111i l\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 xa. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y sinh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5: \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n Karachay, ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft c\u00e1 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7). V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 s\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n trong h\u1ec7 sinh v\u1eadt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m t\u00edch t\u1ee5 Cs-137 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t), do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u1eabn b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u01a1n 60 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c EURT v\u00e0 Karachay ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 xung quanh Chernobyl). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb EURT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ea5t xung quanh Karachay v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c EURT c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 r\u1ea5t cao. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 cho th\u1ea5y Cs-137 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u 1-3 m\u00e9t trong \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n Kyshtym v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u01a1n 3,4 m\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa v\u00e0 than b\u00f9n c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u01b0a l\u1edbn v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Cs v\u00e0 Sr. Trong ch\u00ednh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Karachay, sau khi l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng d\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \"n\u00f3ng\" (cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n). C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xung quanh b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi b\u1ee5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968 v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Cs-137 h\u01a1i cao trong 15-20 cm \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 (chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 30 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Cs-137), nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng duy tr\u00ec l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecbt th\u00fa s\u0103n t\u00edch l\u0169y ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 Karachay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 sai t\u1ea1i Mayak?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3 Karachay v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 che gi\u1ea5u th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ea1i Mayak, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m: thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i k\u00e9m, s\u1ef1 pha lo\u00e3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt: l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf, b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra (nh\u01b0 Kyshtym), vi\u1ec7c che \u0111\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng khai. Ngay c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 Nikitin l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf\" v\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ni\u00eam phong an to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Karachay x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \"pha lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n\", \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Kyshtym v\u00e0 Karachay, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a an to\u00e0n. Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Kyshtym (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Chernobyl) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y IAEA ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn an to\u00e0n cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. Ng\u00e0y nay, thang INES (Thang S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m m\u00e1t chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7y tinh h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ea5p cao (bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i th\u1ee7y tinh) hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o S\u1edbm c\u1ee7a IAEA) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Karachay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. T\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 Kyshtym (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ea5p cao b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 s\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7y tinh h\u00f3a (tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o th\u1ee7y tinh borosilicate) v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng th\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 kho ch\u1ee9a s\u00e2u Onkalo c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n Lan cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i (v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p) \u1edf m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf Nga, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m Mayak hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh b\u00ea t\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed3. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Karachay (v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) c\u1ee7a Nga v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ao \"l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi\", \u0111ang b\u1ecb xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng sau th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Fukushima. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho ch\u1ee9a s\u00e2u, kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o - ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Karachay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u201cH\u1ed3 Ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c\u201d trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng r\u00fat ra cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. <em>minh b\u1ea1ch<\/em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Karachay cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a an to\u00e0n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng). Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Bellona, \u200b\u200bNils B\u00f8hmer, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, ngay c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp b\u1ecbt k\u00edn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Karachay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i; \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng trong 20-30 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n: ngay c\u1ea3 sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: cho d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u (nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc xa x\u00f4i), b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u2013 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/td><td>M\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u1edf Nga, t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 4,44 EBq ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u1edbn<\/strong><\/td><td>V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a Kyshtym n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 800 PBq tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 km\u00b2, l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. N\u0103m 1968, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 185 PBq b\u1ee5i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/td><td>Li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf m\u1ee9c ~600 R\/h (\u22486 Sv\/h), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/td><td>H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo d\u00f5i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Chernobyl<\/strong><\/td><td>T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Karachay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Chernobyl nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Chernobyl, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. C\u1ea3 hai th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td><td>T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n do nguy c\u01a1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> A: H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u00eda nam d\u00e3y n\u00fai Ural, g\u1ea7n khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Mayak \u1edf Chelyabinsk, Nga. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1968, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9a l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean cho ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p cao. L\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 4,44 exabecquerel (EBq) ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay, \"h\u1ed3\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ni\u00eam phong ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t?<\/strong> A: B\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, h\u1ed3 Karachay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e1y \u0111o t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 600 R\u00f6ntgen\/gi\u1edd \u1edf ven h\u1ed3 \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 6 Sv\/gi\u1edd \u2013 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c cao n\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong b\u00f9n, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: H\u1ed3 Karachay n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong> A: N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Chelyabinsk, c\u00e1ch Moscow kho\u1ea3ng 1200 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Nga. T\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng 55,67\u00b0N, 60,80\u00b0E, g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ozersk (Mayak) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng Karabolka v\u00e0 Permiak. Hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Mayak (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Chelyabinsk-40).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: H\u1ed3 Karachay c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> A: C\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 120 tri\u1ec7u curie h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (4,44\u00d710^18 Bq). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Cs-137 v\u00e0 Sr-90. \u0110\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 85 PBq Cs-137; ri\u00eang h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3.600 PBq Cs-137. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 600 R\/h.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: H\u1ed3 Karachay c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi Chernobyl?<\/strong> A: H\u1ed3 Karachay <em>t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng<\/em> L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u00edch l\u0169y (~4,44 EBq) \u1edf Karachay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Chernobyl (5\u201312 EBq), nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eadp trung cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng cesium-137 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf Karachay cao h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cs l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng \u1edf Chernobyl. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tai n\u1ea1n Chernobyl ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Karachay chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968) trong khi Chernobyl bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Chernobyl tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tin t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986; Karachay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Karachay c\u00f3 li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd lan r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Kyshtym n\u0103m 1957?<\/strong> A: V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1957, m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea1i Mayak ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ea5n TNT. V\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 800 PBq ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Cs-137 v\u00e0 Sr-90) v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m s\u00f4ng Techa v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y (D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0110\u00f4ng Ural, EURT) lan r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ki-l\u00f4-m\u00e9t. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m Karachay (v\u00e0 Techa), v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 270.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 Karachay?<\/strong> A: S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ri\u00eang v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o b\u1ee5i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng xung quanh h\u1ed3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Mayak (h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: kho\u1ea3ng 28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Techa (h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Mayak) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 25.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak. C\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 cao h\u01a1n do nh\u1eefng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: H\u1ed3 Karachay c\u00f3 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> A: Kh\u00f4ng. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. L\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 (nay l\u00e0 b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea5p cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o). Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua v\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m. Kh\u00e1ch tham quan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o; ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch h\u1ed3 Karachay?<\/strong> A: M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2016. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, Rosatom b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m sau khi ni\u00eam phong. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang theo ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn?<\/strong> A: C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m (c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak v\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng Techa) cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 t\u0103ng cao. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u00f4ng Techa b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i u r\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mayak, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng plutonium v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i, gan v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n trong khu v\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nga c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p \u1edf tr\u1ebb em do s\u1eefa b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb s\u1edbm. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb Karachay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n li\u00ean quan d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ung th\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ecfi: T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Karachay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> A: Hi\u1ec7n nay khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ea t\u00f4ng\/\u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 c\u0169. T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Rosatom g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u201d cho tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Mayak. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ch\u1ea3y b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh (1945\u20132016)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>Ng\u00e0y\/N\u0103m<\/td><td>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1945\u20131948<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/em> \u2013 Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ural ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t chu tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1949\u20131956<\/strong><\/td><td><em>\u0110\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i s\u00f4ng Techa<\/em> \u2013 Kho\u1ea3ng 96 tri\u1ec7u m\u00b3 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 v\u00e0o Techa. C\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1951<\/strong><\/td><td><em>H\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed5 r\u00e1c.<\/em> \u2013 Mayak b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3ng xu\u1ed1ng Karachay (\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cho Techa b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng)<em>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1957 (29 th\u00e1ng 9)<\/strong><\/td><td><em>V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Kyshtym<\/em> \u2013 B\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i Mayak ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3ng 800 PBq (20 MCi) ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ra khu v\u1ef1c.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1963\u20131968<\/strong><\/td><td><em>H\u1ed3 c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\/b\u1ee5i bay ra<\/em> \u2013 H\u1ed3 Karachay b\u1ecb r\u00fat c\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1968, gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n \u0111i kho\u1ea3ng 185 PBq ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 ra. Kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Chelyabinsk b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 do \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i n\u00e0y.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1978\u20131986<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> \u2013 Kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean trong h\u1ed3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat \u0111i.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/em> \u2013 C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 r\u1ea5t cao trong l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c; m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ~600 R\/h \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2008\u20132015<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p li\u00ean bang<\/em> \u2013 T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Rosatom b\u01a1m 650 m\u00b3 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2015<\/strong><\/td><td><em>H\u1ed3 b\u1ecb ni\u00eam phong<\/em> \u2013 T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Rosatom th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y; l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 Karachay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2016 (Th\u00e1ng 12)<\/strong><\/td><td><em>K\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/em> \u2013 Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t cho th\u1ea5y \u201cs\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t\u201d l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong 10 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ed3 Karachay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ural c\u1ee7a Nga, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i. Qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, h\u1ed3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 4,44 exabecquerel ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi Cs-137 c\u1ee7a Chernobyl \u2013 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nguy hi\u1ec3m. L\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t ra kho\u1ea3ng 600 R\u00f6ntgen\/gi\u1edd (kho\u1ea3ng 6 Sv\/gi\u1edd), v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u1edf ven h\u1ed3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch Karachay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ed3 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d: t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf Mayak v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 xe t\u0103ng n\u0103m 1957, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Chernobyl, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3629,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1218","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-unusual-places","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1218"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1218\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}