{"id":1102,"date":"2024-08-06T21:57:17","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T21:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1102"},"modified":"2026-02-27T01:39:22","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T01:39:22","slug":"phao-dai-co-cua-serbia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/history-destinations\/ancient-serbian-fortresses\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1eb1m \u1edf ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, Serbia th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1u. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i giao thoa c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Byzantine, Hungary, Bulgaria v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ottoman. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i m\u1ecdc l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, gi\u1eef an to\u00e0n cho gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch xuy\u00ean qua n\u00fai. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u2013 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1242 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ottoman v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u2013 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Serbia th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eebng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Adriatic v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Danube v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Balkan. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 xung quanh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u0169, th\u00eam nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c th\u00e1p ph\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m khi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda thay \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quan r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng im l\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Serbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung: nh\u1eefng th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i<\/em>Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh cao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e1p canh. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o \u2013 c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Serbia \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai (c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 nh\u00f4 ra) v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 sau khi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y qua c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh phong c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Morava b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba: m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ba l\u00e1, n\u0103m m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n xen k\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e3y c\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u00eau phong ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m, \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u2013 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang t\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u00f9ng v\u0129 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Serbia \u2013 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1edd s\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Magli\u010d \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Manasija, t\u1eeb t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Stari Ras \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u0169y Ottoman c\u1ee7a Ni\u0161, v\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Koznik, Petrus, Markovo Kale v\u00e0 Zve\u010dan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Magli\u010d: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh g\u00e1c h\u00f9ng v\u0129 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ibar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Ma<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ecda l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i cao 100 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Ibar g\u1ea7n Kraljevo, Magli\u010d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Serbia. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb... s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9<\/em>Magli\u010d, trong ti\u1ebfng Serbia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u2013 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n ra t\u1eeb m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Magli\u010d v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nemanjic. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do vua Stefan \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Uro\u0161 I ra l\u1ec7nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. D\u00f9 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, Magli\u010d r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Studenica v\u00e0 Sopo\u0107ani ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Serbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, Magli\u010d ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. N\u0103m 1459, qu\u00e2n Ottoman tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng thung l\u0169ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm Smederevo r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Magli\u010d; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Serbia \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (1688\u20131699). Trong Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Serbia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1815, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Radoslav Jele\u010danin, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch t\u1ea1i Magli\u010d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111ang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean hoang t\u00e0n. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Serbia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Magli\u010d l\u00e0 \"Di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979 v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac, Magli\u010d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i. B\u1ea3y th\u00e1p tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111a gi\u00e1c bao quanh khu v\u1ef1c, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn v\u00e0o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng; m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e9t xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i. B\u00ean trong s\u00e2n, t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, doanh tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh George n\u1eb1m l\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e1 (hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1c l\u00ean Magli\u010d m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Jerina\u201d, theo t\u00ean \u201cJerina b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Irene Kantakouzene th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng Jerina l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Magli\u010d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 giam c\u1ea7m (ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00e9m) nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ebfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa t\u1eed \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u00edm n\u1edf r\u1ed9 quanh Magli\u010d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do Vua Uro\u0161 I tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00fang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Helen x\u1ee9 Anjou, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n n\u00e0y h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ebb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 cho Magli\u010d v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Magli\u010d v\u1eabn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. T\u1eeb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng Brusnik, m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ed1c leo l\u00ean s\u00e2n trong ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng \u00f4 c\u1eeda th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn \"Thung l\u0169ng T\u1eed \u0110inh H\u01b0\u01a1ng\" b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. M\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i l\u1ea1i mang m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fac h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh an to\u00e0n<\/em> (\"Cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng vui v\u1ebb\") \u2013 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua b\u00e8 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n kayak xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Ibar k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i Magli\u010d. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kraljevo g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n \u017di\u010da v\u00e0 Studenica (c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO) n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e1i xe d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu vi\u1ec7n Manasija<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Manasija\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tu vi\u1ec7n Manasija n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1eebng c\u00e2y r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Despotovac. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, Despot Stefan Lazarevi\u0107 (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 1389\u20131427), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Serbia th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. Sau khi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Kosovo, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ebfn Manasija th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1406 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1418. Lazarevi\u0107 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Resava) t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ghi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Serbia v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Manasija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Manasija ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u00e0y bao quanh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tu vi\u1ec7n, b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p canh th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai (th\u00e1p canh ch\u00ednh). Th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa<\/em>Nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a th\u00e1p n\u00e0y, ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i t\u00f2a cao s\u00e1u t\u1ea7ng, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c 104 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai (c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang h\u1eb9p nh\u00f4 ra \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111un d\u1ea7u) \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Serbia. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0111i tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng cao n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u00e1p \u1edf t\u1ea7ng b\u1ed1n, cho ph\u00e9p qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 di chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u0169y. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh l\u0169y d\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o (hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n) t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 k\u00e9p. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y \u2013 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 xung quanh m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Serbia \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Smederevo v\u1edbi hai th\u00e0nh l\u0169y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Manasija (d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i), m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Morava. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef th\u1eadp v\u1edbi ba h\u1eadu cung (h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi n\u0103m m\u00e1i v\u00f2m \u2013 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m l\u1edbn \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n m\u00e1i v\u00f2m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c trang tr\u00ed tu\u00e2n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n: c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf xen k\u1ebd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft hoa h\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e3y h\u00e0nh lang gi\u1ea3 trang tr\u00ed ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u \u1edf m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Manasija so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay). C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u201cb\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ktetor\u201d \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh Despot Stefan nh\u1eadn v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u201cChi\u1ebfn binh Th\u00e1nh\u201d \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u00e1c \u2013 trang tr\u00ed ti\u1ec1n s\u1ea3nh. Ph\u00f2ng \u0103n, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hai t\u1ea7ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Serbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, Manasija tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Resava (Manasija) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 16. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p s\u00e1ch mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Byzantine v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Hy L\u1ea1p sang ti\u1ebfng Slav Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Ngay c\u1ea3 Homer v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Lazarevi\u0107 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tri th\u1ee9c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manasija ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong Danh s\u00e1ch D\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a Serbia (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \"Di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\" \u1edf Serbia. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00e1p canh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tranh v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch, Manasija r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. Tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch Despotovac kho\u1ea3ng 2 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Resava; c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu xe ngay t\u1ea1i c\u1ed5ng tu vi\u1ec7n. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y m\u1edf c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (kho\u1ea3ng 9 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 6 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u1eeda mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tu vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0103n m\u1eb7c k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o: \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i v\u00e0 vai n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che k\u00edn. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p (nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm c\u1ea3nh), nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o b\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e8n flash. Tu vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ecf. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m thanh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng tin nhanh:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1406 \u0111\u1ebfn 1418 b\u1edfi Despot Stefan Lazarevi\u0107; g\u1ed3m 11 th\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p canh 5 t\u1ea7ng; t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh k\u00e9p v\u1edbi 104 l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai; nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u1edbi 5 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m theo phong c\u00e1ch Morava; l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Resava th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. N\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch \u0106uprija 14 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stari Ras: M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Stari-Ras\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Stari Ras (Ras C\u1ed5) n\u1eb1m ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Novi Pazar hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Serbia. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12-13, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ra\u0161ka th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia. D\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y l\u00e0... V\u01b0\u1eddn<\/em> N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Byzantine nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tu vi\u1ec7n Sopo\u0107ani g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO \u201cStari Ras v\u00e0 Sopo\u0107ani\u201d (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi danh n\u0103m 1979), l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Ra\u0161ka c\u1ee7a Serbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Stari Ras tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Th\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9, cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ho\u00e0ng gia. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Stefan Nemanja v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, Ras t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u0103ng quang t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i d\u1ea7n suy t\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n gi\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1689, khi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Serbia r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1eb1m b\u00ean kia thung l\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ras l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n Sopo\u0107ani (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1260) v\u00e0 Tu vi\u1ec7n \u0110ur\u0111evi Stupovi (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1160). Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12-13 n\u00e0y \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n UNESCO \u2013 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda theo phong c\u00e1ch Byzantine. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Stari Ras. M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n d\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Ras ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb l\u00e0ng Nov\u043e Pazar d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u00fat leo d\u1ed1c) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ee5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tham quan Stari Ras:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y m\u1edf c\u1eeda mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u00edch ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m du kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf \u1edf l\u00e0ng Ras tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt. V\u00ec Sopo\u0107ani v\u00e0 \u0110ur\u0111evi Stupovi ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i km (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn), n\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft du kh\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tham quan Ras v\u1edbi hai tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thung l\u0169ng n\u01a1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koznik: Di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Koznik\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Koznik n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 920 m\u00e9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Kopaonik g\u1ea7n Brus \u1edf mi\u1ec1n trung Serbia. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Lazar, n\u00f3 t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y d\u1eabn v\u00e0o thung l\u0169ng Morava. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Koznik xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi voivode (th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) c\u1ee7a Lazar, m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c t\u00ean l\u00e0 Radi\u010d, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Milica (g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Lazar) c\u0169ng t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, Koznik r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Despot \u0110ura\u0111 Brankovi\u0107 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang sau n\u0103m 1689.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac, Koznik l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u00e1m theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111a gi\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh l\u0169y \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p tr\u00f2n l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh: \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda b\u1eafc d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng thung l\u0169ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Rasina v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Kopaonik \u1edf ph\u00eda xa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Koznik s\u1eebng s\u1eefng gi\u1eefa r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1 \u00edt kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111i b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 20-30 ph\u00fat t\u1eeb b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng Aleksandrovac (thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Brus). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 \u2013 n\u00ean mang gi\u00e0y leo n\u00fai ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7y b\u00e1n v\u00e9 hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7; ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng gi\u1eefa b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu, vi\u1ec7c leo n\u00fai r\u1ea5t m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi quang, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1eddn nho \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u017dupa (Alexandrovac) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb9o d\u00e0nh cho du kh\u00e1ch:<\/strong> H\u00e3y mang theo n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nh\u1eb9 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u1edf Koznik). V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi n\u00e0o, h\u00e3y l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gh\u00e9 th\u0103m Koznik nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i trong ng\u00e0y qua v\u00f9ng Rasina: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tham quan th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Brus ho\u1eb7c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng Go\u010d trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u1edf Koznik s\u1ebd b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ni\u0161: M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Ph\u00e1o<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u0161 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (t\u00ean c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Naissus, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ottoman. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1719 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1723, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1edbi tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Byzantine b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Ni\u0161ava. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng bao quanh n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 22 ha, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh cao t\u1edbi 8 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 d\u00e0y 3 m\u00e9t. B\u1ed1n c\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ra th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng t\u1eebng ghi t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cNi\u0161\u201d, \u201cStambol\/\u0130stanbul\u201d, v.v.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161, b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ottoman thu nh\u1ecf. Xung quanh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2n c\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ee3p b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t. Ba c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n: nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u th\u1eddi Ottoman (Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Isak Bey), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (hamam) li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed hai t\u1ea7ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u Ottoman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng s\u00f4 c\u00f4 la v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a (n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c Jazz Ni\u0161ville h\u00e0ng n\u0103m). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1p canh h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine v\u00e0 Bulgaria chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y Ni\u0161 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1149. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Serbia d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Stefan Du\u0161an, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Ottoman. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u00e0y xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i v\u00f2m h\u00ecnh m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. \u0110i b\u1ed9 d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc qua nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f9ng Balkan \u2013 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 Ni\u0161 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng tin du kh\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161 m\u1edf c\u1eeda su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111i b\u1ed9 trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111i b\u1ed9 ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u00e9, v\u00ec v\u1eady du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5ng n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu xe d\u1ecdc theo chu vi ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i: c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Petrus: Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng th\u00ec th\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Crnica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Peter\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u1eb1m cao tr\u00ean l\u00e0ng Zabrega g\u1ea7n Para\u0107in, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Petrus ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 trong h\u1ebbm n\u00fai s\u00f4ng Crnica. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latin. Petra<\/em> (\u0111\u00e1), g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 8\u00d76 m\u00e9t (T\u01b0\u1eddng ngang<\/em>(t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y). N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a: ti\u1ec1n xu La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Byzantine t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 10, c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o (theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tu vi\u1ec7n Hilandar tr\u00ean n\u00fai Athos) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0...) N\u00fai Athos nh\u1ecf<\/em> (\u201cNg\u1ecdn n\u00fai Th\u00e1nh Nh\u1ecf\u201d). Ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Zabrega hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m n\u00e9p m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n h\u1ebbm n\u00fai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Petrus m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Serbia trung c\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khe h\u1edf gi\u1eefa thung l\u0169ng Morava v\u00e0 Timok, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Nemanji\u0107. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi Voivode (C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc) \u017dupan Vukoslav v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Crep, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Du\u0161an (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 1331\u20131355). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman chinh ph\u1ee5c Petrus v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1413, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Petrus th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hai khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 L\u1edbn\u201d) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u0111a gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t. Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nh\u1ecf\u201d, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Bula. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e1p h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u2013 th\u00e1p canh c\u1ed5 \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o kh\u00f4. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tranh trong ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n: du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hang \u1ea8n S\u0129 v\u00e0 hai tu vi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t (Th\u00e1nh Gioan T\u1ea9y gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Maria) t\u1eebng t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Petrus c\u0169ng k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec c\u1ea3nh quan n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u1eeda: m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf Lesje, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Stala\u0107 v\u00e0 Kru\u0161evac \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy \u1edf Petrus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ef5 binh \u2013 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 v\u00ec v\u1eady k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft Petrus v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Kosovo: hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Pavle Orlovi\u0107 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tham quan Petrus ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay ph\u00eda tr\u00ean Zabrega. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n leo d\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 200 m\u00e9t th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i (kho\u1ea3ng 30 ph\u00fat \u0111i b\u1ed9). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i leo tr\u00e8o, v\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7; m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m \u1edf Zabrega ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu mang l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ea5t; m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft. T\u1eeb s\u00e2n tr\u00ean, to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ebbm n\u00fai Crnica v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Golija \u1edf xa hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb9o d\u00e0nh cho du kh\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda hay bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Petrus v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9 th\u0103m hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Resava tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p (g\u1ea7n Despotovac) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng \u1edf Para\u0107in. H\u00e3y mang theo n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng c\u00f9ng \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ph\u00eda xa b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Petrus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Markovo Kale: M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i b\u00ed \u1ea9n th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"C\u1ea3i<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Markovo Kale (\u201cPh\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Marko\u201d) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 c\u00e1ch Vranje 4 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Serbia. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Byzantine, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1412, khi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ottoman Musa \u00c7elebi (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bayezid) chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Marko (Kraljevi\u0107 Marko), m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Serbia th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t t\u1eed h\u00f3a trong s\u1eed thi. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng Marko t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Vranje t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y; khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean con ng\u1ef1a bay \u0160arac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 in h\u1eb1n tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di t\u00edch Markovo Kale v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cao nguy\u00ean thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u kia. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 t\u1eebng ch\u1eafn ngang l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e1p cao. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, khu nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean trong t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1a Marko, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft l\u00f5m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Markovo Kale \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Vranje, sau \u0111\u00f3 leo l\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n ng\u1eafn, d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. Kh\u00f4ng thu ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda. Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 phong c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac: t\u1eeb s\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Vranje, d\u00e3y n\u00fai Plja\u010dkovica v\u00e0 Krstilovica. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y to\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u2013 l\u1ed9ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i um t\u00f9m \u2013 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb9o d\u00e0nh cho du kh\u00e1ch:<\/strong> H\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 mang gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi hay bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn n\u00e0o, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y mang theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c GPS n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Vranje: tham quan trung t\u00e2m th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n th\u1eddi Ottoman (nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sinan Pasha th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 khu ch\u1ee3), ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng Vranjska Banja sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng qu\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \"D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Marko\" \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh th\u00fa v\u1ecb g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zve\u010dan: Di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Kosovo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"V\u1ec1\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Zve\u010dan n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 800 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, nh\u00ecn ra s\u00f4ng Ibar v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mitrovica. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong khu v\u1ef1c. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Zve\u010dan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1091, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine v\u00e0 Serbia. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Serbia Vukan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Kosovo t\u1eeb Zve\u010dan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1093. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nemanji\u0107, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng gia: Vua Stefan De\u010danski (Uro\u0161 III) b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1331. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Vuk Brankovi\u0107, v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman sau tr\u1eadn Kosovo n\u0103m 1389.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac, Zve\u010dan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u00e0y (r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 3-4 m\u00e9t) t\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf. B\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u00e2n trong, c\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p canh trung t\u00e2m. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ebbm n\u00fai Ibar v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Kopaonik ph\u1ee7 tuy\u1ebft tr\u1eafng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, Zve\u010dan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Mitrovica (nay l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Mitrovica, Kosovo). Do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kosovo, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch Serbia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Mitrovica qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ven h\u1ed3 Gazivoda g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd t\u00f9y th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Serbia \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n di t\u00edch c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn song ng\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng Serbia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Albania) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu ph\u00ed. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n nghi hay \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a Zve\u010dan v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 che ch\u1edf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n (truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y). Zve\u010dan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf Serbia l\u00e0 Di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed5 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kosovo. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Serbia, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi x\u01b0a: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n di s\u1ea3n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia. Du kh\u00e1ch n\u00ean d\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch mong manh \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so s\u00e1nh: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Serbia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng khi so s\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  • Th\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p canh trung t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh. Khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p Manasija c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e1p cao (m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p xung quanh t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Th\u00e1p Despot); Magli\u010d c\u00f3 t\u00e1m th\u00e1p (m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y th\u00e1p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ottoman, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1p canh \u2013 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Markovo Kale ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Zve\u010dan c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 th\u00e1p canh m\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • T\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong> T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Manasija c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 k\u00e9p: m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng trong cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi h\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Magli\u010d d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 2 m\u00e9t. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Zve\u010dan c\u00f2n d\u00e0y h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Ni\u0161 (Ottoman) cao t\u1edbi 8 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 2 km. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Petrus d\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 1 m\u00e9t. Nh\u00ecn chung, m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng d\u00e0y v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Ni\u0161 th\u1eddi Ottoman so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7:<\/strong> Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Manasija \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 104 l\u1ed7 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u0169y). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Serbia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc: Petrus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o kh\u00f4 xung quanh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia (Magli\u010d, Zve\u010dan, Koznik) c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khe b\u1eafn t\u00ean h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, trong khi Ni\u0161 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t s\u00fang l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh d\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Serbia th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Byzantine: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1i v\u00f2m \u1edf Manasija v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u1edf Stari Ras\/Sopo\u0107ani. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft Byzantine v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u2013 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh hoa h\u1ed3ng \u1edf Manasija gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Gothic ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161 th\u1eddi Ottoman l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m theo phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf s\u1eabm xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n theo phong c\u00e1ch Morava, trong khi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n:<\/strong> Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u2013 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Manasija \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Magli\u010d v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n. Stari Ras ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u00f3ng. Koznik, Petrus v\u00e0 Markovo Kale ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e0n t\u00edch. Zve\u010dan b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    B\u1ea3ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> (Th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i<\/td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/td>Th\u00e1p\/Th\u00e0nh l\u0169y<\/td>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh<\/td>T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
    Maglic<\/td>Nemanji\u0107, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13<\/td>7 th\u00e1p + 1 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 cao kho\u1ea3ng 2 m\u00e9t<\/td>B\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/td><\/tr>
    Manasija<\/td>Lazarevi\u0107, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15<\/td>11 t\u00f2a th\u00e1p + H\u1ea7m ng\u1ee5c<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4i (m\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u1ea3ng 2-3 m)<\/td>Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n; c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/td><\/tr>
    Tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ras<\/td>Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12-13<\/td>Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi (n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng)<\/td>Di v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t\/\u0111\u00e1<\/td>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e0n t\u00edch (m\u00f3ng nh\u00e0)<\/td><\/tr>
    Koznik<\/td>Lazar, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1p canh trung t\u00e2m; th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 ~2 m<\/td>T\u00e0n t\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><\/tr>
    Ni\u0161<\/td>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1720 (\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman)<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i (4 c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1)<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch cao kho\u1ea3ng 3 m\u00e9t<\/td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean.<\/td><\/tr>
    Peter<\/td>Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13-14<\/td>Khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u00e1p th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 ~1 m<\/td>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t<\/td><\/tr>
    C\u1ea3i xo\u0103n Markovo<\/td>th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u1edf \u0111i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5<\/td>Th\u00e1p ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/td>B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t (c\u00f3 r\u00e8m che)<\/td>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e0n t\u00edch<\/td><\/tr>
    Zvecan<\/td>T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 tr\u1edf \u0111i<\/td>Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 canh g\u00e1c.<\/td>T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 cao kho\u1ea3ng 3-4 m\u00e9t.<\/td>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"Ph\u00e1o<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho chuy\u1ebfn tham quan ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Serbia c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00e1ch xa nhau, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c tham quan ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1i xe. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thung l\u0169ng Ibar (T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Magli\u010d):<\/strong> T\u1eeb Belgrade, \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam qua \u010ca\u010dak \u0111\u1ebfn Kraljevo (~200 km). Ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam t\u1ea1i Kraljevo ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, l\u00e1i xe 20 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn Magli\u010d (theo bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Brusnik). Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Magli\u010d (kho\u1ea3ng 1-2 gi\u1edd). Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn Tu vi\u1ec7n \u017di\u010da (10 km), nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u0103ng quang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. T\u1eeb \u017di\u010da, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn Tu vi\u1ec7n Studenica (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 50 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam). Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Kopaonik. Ch\u1ed7 \u1edf: Nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf Kraljevo ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f9ng Morava (Manasija & Petrus):<\/strong> H\u00e3y l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y xoay quanh Despotovac v\u00e0 Para\u0107in. L\u00e1i xe t\u1eeb Belgrade (~150 km) \u0111\u1ebfn Despotovac. Tham quan tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Manasija (tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn hang Resava). Ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam t\u1ea1i Despotovac ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 trong thung l\u0169ng. Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 2, l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn Para\u0107in (25 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc). T\u1eeb l\u00e0ng Zabrega, \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Petrus (kho\u1ea3ng 2-3 gi\u1edd kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i hang Resava ho\u1eb7c tu vi\u1ec7n Djurdjevi Stupovi \u1edf v\u00f9ng Novi Pazar. N\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u00fa: Despotovac ho\u1eb7c Para\u0107in\/\u0106uprija.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda Nam Serbia (Ni\u0161 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn):<\/strong> H\u00e3y \u1edf l\u1ea1i Ni\u0161 \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161, Th\u00e1p S\u1ecd, su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3). T\u1eeb Ni\u0161, l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn Vranje (120 km qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c A4). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, h\u00e3y gh\u00e9 th\u0103m th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 Novo Brdo (Kosovo) ho\u1eb7c \u0110ur\u0111evi\u0107a Tara (Bosnia & Herzegovina), nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c visa. T\u1eeb Vranje, leo l\u00ean Markovo Kale (c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n 4 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc). N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p, h\u00e3y b\u0103ng qua Kosovo qua B\u1eafc Mitrovica \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Zve\u010dan (c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng ph\u00eda nam Serbia nh\u01b0 Surdulica ho\u1eb7c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Devet Jugovi\u0107a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      M\u00f9a \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n (th\u00e1ng 4\u2013th\u00e1ng 6) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu (th\u00e1ng 9) c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i. Hoa t\u1eed \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Magli\u010d n\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng (th\u00e1ng 7\u2013th\u00e1ng 8) nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u00f9a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i: Magli\u010d t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i... Ch\u00fac h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh an to\u00e0n<\/em> V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 7, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c jazz Ni\u0161ville di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebft \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i:<\/strong> N\u00ean thu\u00ea xe t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu xe, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o thu ph\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng b\u00e1n v\u00e9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u2013 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch m\u1edf. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o (nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Ni\u0161) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Koznik ho\u1eb7c Petrus ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c leo l\u00ean v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y. H\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i: mang gi\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kem ch\u1ed1ng n\u1eafng. S\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu di t\u00edch h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      N\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u00fa:<\/strong> C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m Kraljevo (Magli\u010d), Despotovac\/\u0106uprija (Manasija\/Petrus), Para\u0107in, Ni\u0161 v\u00e0 Vranje (Markovo Kale). M\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Kopaonik) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n th\u00fa v\u1ecb, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m xa h\u01a1n. N\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u00f9a cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Serbia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Serbia. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Manasija, Magli\u010d v\u00e0 Zve\u010dan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng Di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch: n\u0103m 2010, \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u0169y th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Magli\u010d. Manasija \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a UNESCO v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u1eeb Serbia v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch v\u1eabn \u0111ang\u9762\u4e34 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p. Du kh\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng: v\u1eefa v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00e2u, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Du kh\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh leo tr\u00e8o l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t. Nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m v\u1ebd b\u1eady v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 r\u00e1c \u2013 h\u00e3y coi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n (Manasija, Sopo\u0107ani, Studenica) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tham gia tr\u00f9ng tu t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u0103m 2016 t\u1ea1i Magli\u010d). Du kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quy\u00ean g\u00f3p cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c tham gia c\u00e1c tour du l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Serbia s\u1eebng s\u1eefng canh gi\u1eef c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 h\u1ebbm n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. C\u1ea9m nang n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u00e1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t: t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a th\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Magli\u010d tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ibar \u0111\u1ebfn tu vi\u1ec7n-ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i hai l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Manasija \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Resava, t\u1eeb kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Ras \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Ottoman \u1edf Ni\u0161. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi ti\u1ebft, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u201cJerina b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a\u201d \u1edf Magli\u010d hay d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Marko t\u1ea1i Markovo Kale \u1edf Vranje. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c m\u1eb9o du l\u1ecbch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c \u2013 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i \u00fd, h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n tham quan v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u2013 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Serbia.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-history-destinations","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}