{"id":1040,"date":"2024-08-06T18:43:57","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T18:43:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1040"},"modified":"2026-02-27T01:30:57","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T01:30:57","slug":"nhung-san-bay-ky-la-nhat-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/magazine\/unusual-places\/the-most-bizarre-airports-in-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng S\u00e2n Bay K\u1ef3 L\u1ea1 Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bizarre airports exist because the sky is a stranger place than many travelers imagine. Beyond the hustle of major hubs, pilots occasionally land on sand dunes, frozen lakes or even atop blasted mountains. From secret military sites to pop-up festival strips, the eight airfields below break every aviation rule. They range from the classified \u201cHomey\u201d runway at Area 51 to Barneo\u2019s shifting ice camp, from celebrity fly-in estates to Namibia-like deserts. Each one challenges the notion of where, when and how a plane can land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secret Runway: The Classified Domestic Airport at Area 51<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch xa b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 ga d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o, S\u00e2n bay Homey (ICAO: KXTA)<\/strong> is nestled in the Nevada desert. Beyond the locked gates of the Nevada Test and Training Range lies Groom Lake, a flat salt pan ringed by mountains. Here, contractors have carved an asphalt runway over 3,650 m (about 12,000 ft) long into the desert. Its official name was unknown until recently \u2013 today declassified U.S. documents refer to it as Groom Lake or Homey Airport. Even its elevation, at around 1,370 m (4,494 ft), was classified until aviation logs and base guides leaked the figure. The result is an American airfield more secret than most international strike strips, hidden in plain sight behind the power of secrecy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pilots must follow the most restrictive approach procedures in the continental U.S. Airspace R\u20114808N, which spans Area 51, is permanently closed to all ordinary flights. Only unmarked government planes \u2013 \u201cJanet\u201d commuter flights from Las Vegas \u2013 touch down. (Janet Airlines tickets are not for sale, and passengers sign oaths never to discuss their missions.) The concrete runway itself has additional dirt extensions on the dry lakebed, just like nearby Edwards Air Force Base \u2013 so in effect it stretches into the flat salt until it peters out. On satellite images one can see the main 14\/32 runway (and smaller crossrunways) protruding across the playa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Striking as the engineering is, Area 51\u2019s aviation oddity is as much political as physical. All details are veiled under national security. Even identification of the airport code \u201cKXTA\u201d only came out in the mid-2000s. For decades, only clues \u2013 occasional radar blips, glimpses of ghostly flat-green C-20s \u2013 hinted that Groom Lake had a runway. According to the official Burning Man airport guide: \u201cBlack Rock City Municipal Airport, FAA identifier 88 NV<\/strong>, serves general aviation and charter flights all the way out to the playa\u201d. This emphasis contrasts sharply with Area 51\u2019s closed nature, where even speaking of what lands is taboo. Information from declassified UFO-busting projects and limited commercial imagery implies that Homey Airport\u2019s concrete is maintained meticulously, yet nothing is open to observers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What makes Area 51 \u201cbizarre\u201d is this extreme secrecy and solitude. Off-duty service members used to joke that their tours were just to test how quietly they could stand guard. The writer\u2019s first impression in satirical memoirs and official statements is always a hush, a wind in the sagebrush. Walk the perimeter fence long enough and you might hear nothing but distant coyotes \u2013 save a far-off military transport on Gulf Center. As one military journalist noted, the airstrip is only used by the U.S. Air Force and is \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d<\/strong>Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a FAA hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00e0i 12.000 feet (v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, even for aviation nerds this field is nearly a phantom. A 2008 Pentagon flyer dubbed the base Homey Airport when plans for a fifth-generation fighter went public, but subsequent briefs only mention the mysterious runway in passing. We do know its dimensions: multiple runways including one 3,657 m asphalt strip. Its elevation is 4,494 ft \u2013 slightly higher than Reno-Tahoe \u2013 and the air feels thin and dry under intense Nevada sun. Winds off the Groom Lake playa can kick up white dust as jets land; altitude tests on ultralights have lifted skydivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 T\u00ean:<\/strong> \u201cHomey\u201d (Area 51\/Groom Lake) Airport, ICAO KXTA.
\u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> H\u1ed3 Groom h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh, Nevada (D\u00e3y n\u00fai T\u00e2y Nam Nova Scotia).
\u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> ~3,650 m (12,000 ft) asphalt + lakebed extensions.
\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong> 1,370 m (4,494 ft).
\u2013 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (m\u1eadt); m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch Janet t\u1eeb Las Vegas.
\u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u1ea5m c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tham quan; to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda (R\u20114808N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1982, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y \u1ee7i tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng g\u1ea7n Dumont d'Urville (xem ph\u1ea7n 6) \u2013 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1i Khu v\u1ef1c 51, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m CIA v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Homey. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2025, c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n qu\u00e9t LIDAR.<\/p>Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Barneo: Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c ph\u00f9 du v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng b\u0103ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"S\u00e2n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u0103ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i... Tr\u1ea1i b\u0103ng Barneo<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, Barneo (89\u00b024\u2032N) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n quanh B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nga l\u1ea1i l\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c eo bi\u1ec3n Fram \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i d\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kho\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t... 1,200 m<\/strong> (\u22483,937 ft) runway on the frozen sea. The strip must be at least 2 km long by 200 m wide so it can support jets; typically it\u2019s about 1.2 km usable for landings. Frigid tractors clear snow, and technicians hand-smooth the surface until it resembles any other ice runway .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Barneo l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng xu\u1ed1ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ba. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0y \u2014 kho\u1ea3ng 1,2\u20131,5 m\u00e9t<\/strong> c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp b\u0103ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t. Ngay c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp b\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ee9t, v\u00ec t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t v\u00e0 u\u1ed1n cong d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t Barents<\/em> Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2017, m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Antonov-74 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i trong khi phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn, ba \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ca 24\/7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i d\u1ecdn tuy\u1ebft) v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ea1i l\u1ec1u. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m l\u1ec1u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n\u201d b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Barneo r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i: tr\u1ea1i n\u00e0y... ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u1ef1c 3-4 tu\u1ea7n<\/strong>Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 4. L\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u2014 sau m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u h\u00e8 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, b\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5, t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n, v\u00ec v\u1eady ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i thu d\u1ecdn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. \"Tr\u1ea1i b\u0103ng Barneo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i g\u1ea7n B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c,\" ExplorersWeb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. (Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f9a tr\u1ea1i b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 mong manh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1i.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3ng Barneo d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Barneo ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u01b0a m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00ean c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay An-74 ho\u1eb7c Mi-8 c\u1ee7a Nga t\u1eeb Longyearbyen, trong khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. (M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 nh\u1ecf.) Sau khi l\u00ean b\u1edd, h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ebd d\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee1 trung, Barneo th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty cho thu\u00ea m\u00e1y bay cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay 49 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c chuy\u1ebfn bay s\u1ebd \u0111i qua; n\u0103m 2020, Barneo \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n... 40 chuy\u1ebfn bay<\/strong> trong m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng (ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u01b0), v\u00e0 khu tr\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng bay \u0111\u1ebfn Barneo nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u1eafng x\u00f3a tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u0103ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y. Trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh, tuy\u1ebft bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u0103ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u \u1edf B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Barneo l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00f9a h\u00e8 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d \u2014 \u0111\u1ee9ng canh g\u00e1c khi m\u00e1y bay C-130 \u00ec \u1ea1ch h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c khi b\u00e1nh xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
\u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> ~300 km north of Svalbard, on drifting pack ice.
\u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> ~1,200 m long, carved each season on frozen Arctic Ocean.
\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng:<\/strong> \u22651.2\u20131.5 m under runway.
\u2013 N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng:<\/strong> Tr\u1ea1i l\u1ec1u v\u1edbi hai m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i An-74 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.
\u2013 M\u00f9a:<\/strong> T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 4 (kho\u1ea3ng 4-6 tu\u1ea7n).
\u2013 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c (c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m).
\u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> Ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Du kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 2025, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ebfn Barneo b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea1i do Nga \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n.<\/p>M\u1eb9o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a John Travolta: Khu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Jumbolair<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"S\u00e2n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng John Travolta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Jumbolair Aviation & Equestrian Estates l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn d\u00e0nh cho m\u00e1y bay \u1edf Ocala, Florida. \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng ri\u00eang. 7.380 feet<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a (18\/36) \u2013 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 Boeing 747, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft). Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u00e2n bay Jumbolair \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 Travolta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. Nam di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Oscar, m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 mua \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim, \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadu chi\u1ebfc Boeing 707 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1964 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u00e1y bay li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay si\u00eau tr\u1ecdng. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Robb<\/em> piece boasts that the 2,300 m runway (the longest private airstrip in the U.S.) cost over $10 million to build. It was made wide and flat to suit a 747 or the actor\u2019s ex-Qantas 707. Today the runway length remains 7,380 ft. Its taxiways connect directly to luxury estates: buyers here custom-build hangar homes so they can pull up under a covered patio. As CNN once noted, Travolta\u2019s house even has a built-in \u201cplane garage\u201d out back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e2n bay Jumbolair kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Travolta. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a r\u1ed9ng 1.400 m\u1eabu Anh, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 Richard Branson v\u00e0 Burt Reynolds \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. Khu \u0111i\u1ec1n trang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u1ef1a u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Florida l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Jumbolair \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong danh b\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a FAA l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 17FL. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn, m\u00e1y k\u00e9o l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ga nh\u1ecf cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ri\u00eang t\u01b0, y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, phi c\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng r\u1eb7ng c\u1ecd thay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng h\u00ed ng\u1ef1a th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng vang l\u00ean b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Travolta (hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Kiwanis \u1edf Florida) th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111am m\u00ea h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tham quan \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfc Boeing 707 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng 18 khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecbt. (N\u0103m 2017, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng chi\u1ebfc 707 c\u0169 cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c Challenger kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
\u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> Ocala, Florida, Hoa K\u1ef3 (khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay).
\u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> 2,250 m \/ 7,380 ft asphalt runway.
\u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu:<\/strong> John Travolta (di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean ki\u00eam phi c\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n.
\u2013 \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ee7 d\u00e0i cho m\u00e1y bay Boeing 707\/747; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a Travolta; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n d\u00e0nh cho c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3.
\u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> Ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u2013 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi.
\u2013 \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd:<\/strong> Chi\u1ebfc Boeing 707 c\u1ee7a Travolta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Jumbolair th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tin t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 2024, m\u1ed9t khu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ea1ng sang v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao b\u00e1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 15 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1i th\u1eed m\u00e1y bay tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Travolta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch bay tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng \u1edf Ocala.<\/p>M\u1eb9o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Lake Doris: Canada\u2019s Ephemeral Ice Rink and Aviation Curiosity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"S\u00e2n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Canada, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0... H\u1ed3 Doris<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u0103ng \u1edf L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc. Khi m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 Great Slave Lake d\u00e0y l\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty m\u00e1y bay th\u1ee7y phi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng theo m\u00f9a tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng. Tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra l\u1edbp b\u0103ng c\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp b\u1edfi tuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed3 Doris kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t... t\u00f9y c\u01a1 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn<\/em> airfield created by local pilots. Its usable length varies each year \u2013 in a mild winter it might be only 800 m; in a deep freeze pilots have measured over 1,000 m. The thick ice can support a De Havilland Otter or Cessna Caravan, but the sight is startling: a white runway stretching across a frozen lake surrounded by taiga. Safety is paramount \u2013 a team constantly checks ice thickness and cracks. When spring returns and the ice melts, the strip vanishes, leaving only faint grooves in the lake\u2019s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ed3 Doris l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t<\/em> Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian trong n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, phi c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 Doris th\u01b0\u1eddng song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng m\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e1y bay th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay thu\u00ea bao ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1 thu\u00ea m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao (m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 la), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt: xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y phi c\u01a1 c\u0169ng \"b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\" nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch khi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng Lake Doris mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Thay v\u00ec h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o s\u00e2n bay hay nh\u00e0 ga, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed9t b\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda xa. C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1: khi m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, \u00e2m thanh duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh xe ma s\u00e1t v\u1edbi b\u0103ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ea7m r\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ai \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c \u0111i b\u1ed9 qua ph\u00eda xa trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u0103ng gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ngay khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. D\u00e2n l\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eaby tay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nh\u1ecf khi m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Canada, bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
\u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, Canada (tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 Great Slave).
\u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> Variable length (typically 0.8\u20131.0 km), on frozen lake ice.
\u2013 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t:<\/strong> M\u1eb7t b\u0103ng trong v\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng.
\u2013 M\u00f9a:<\/strong> Late January through March (when ice > ~1 m thick).
\u2013 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay thu\u00ea bao (v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p) cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u v\u00f9ng xa.
\u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u2013 phi c\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u \u1edf Yellowknife nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf h\u1ed3 Doris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d. \u00d4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00ean b\u0103ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 g\u1ed7. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u2013 nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. Nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201ck\u1ef3 l\u1ea1\u201d trong m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i: ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t theo m\u00f9a, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e2n bay Black Rock City (88NV): \u0110i\u1ec3m giao thoa t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Burning Man<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"H\u00f2n-\u0111\u00e1-\u0111en-trong-sa-m\u1ea1c\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c Black Rock \u1edf Nevada. S\u00e2n bay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Black Rock (88NV)<\/strong> exists only for two weeks around the Burning Man festival. Then it is dismantled, as if it never was. At dawn on build week, volunteer crews flatten and mark two 6,000-foot runways directly on the hard alkaline playa. By late August, these dusty runways help bring thousands of Burners by air to the \u201cmiddle of nowhere\u201d \u2013 and then just as swiftly disappear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e2n bay th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, s\u00e2n bay c\u1ee7a Black Rock City \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng N\u0103m ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i trinh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 san ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc cho b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1ee5i. Trong tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, 350-400 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 san ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng, d\u1ef1ng c\u1edd b\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3, s\u01a1n v\u1ea1ch k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n\u201d b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 (m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thang v\u00e0 b\u1ec7). H\u1ecd v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0m c\u1ea7m tay v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ga t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (xe k\u00e9o v\u00e0 l\u1ec1u) \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u1eafng sa m\u1ea1c. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n,\u201d m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean trang web c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay vi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 n\u00e0y \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Black Rock City trong 13 ng\u00e0y.\u201d Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The technical specs are surprisingly normal-seeming. The playa provides a flat surface 3,900 ft above sea level, and crews drag-level two parallel 6,000 ft (1,829 m)<\/strong> runways. These are unpaved hardpan: the alkali ground is wetted and rolled into a concrete-like surface. A narrower 4,000-ft emergency runway is laid out too. Traffic patterns run at 5,000\u20135,500 ft MSL to stay above other Black Rock City air traffic. In the sky, the airport enters FAA databases as 88NV, but pilots still plug in coordinates manually (the official chart lists two runways on playa with coordinates).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ebfn bay. V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t. 100 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 2019, s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u01a1n 2.700 l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u1edf Denver ho\u1eb7c Orlando v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y v\u1eafng kh\u00e1ch. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba (v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. Burner Express Air thu\u00ea m\u00e1y bay t\u1eeb Oakland, Los Angeles v\u00e0 Reno; m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1; m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa V\u1ecbnh San Francisco, Nam California v\u00e0 BRC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burner Express Air (BxA) th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \"h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng\" ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. H\u00e3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n t\u1eeb Los Angeles v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c V\u1ecbnh San Francisco. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024, v\u00e9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a BxA c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng... 900\u20132.400 \u0111\u00f4 la<\/strong> (Chicago, SF->BRC), trong khi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay thu\u00ea ri\u00eang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb 6.500 \u0111\u1ebfn 18.000 \u0111\u00f4 la cho c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i. Theo D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Burning Man<\/em> b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, 2.184 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch<\/strong> H\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 bay qua Burner Express v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024. Nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 20% \u200b\u200bm\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n 2.700 l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea5t h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019, \u0111\u01b0a BRC tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Nevada (sau Reno v\u00e0 Las Vegas) trong th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. 400 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong> H\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u00e2n bay. H\u1ecd b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf th\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p theo ca 3 ti\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201c\u00d4ng b\u1ed1 r\u00e1c\u201d (Simon Miller) th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tin \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 2019, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1ea3n tin b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201cH\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u00e0o\u2026 T\u00f4i n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t l\u1ea5m lem b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u1edf s\u00e2n bay!\u201d<\/em>C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u, n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111eo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00ec b\u1ee5i ki\u1ec1m ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. M\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm, m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng da c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e2n bay v\u1eabn b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c an to\u00e0n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o: kho\u1ea3ng 10 tai n\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf trong 20 n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9... m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong> N\u0103m 2014 (m\u00e1y bay b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau ng\u00e0y L\u1ec5 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1edf \u0111i nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u00e1n \u00e9p v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u1eafp c\u1ed1ng r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee5i\u201d \u2013 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c trang web c\u1ee7a Burning Man khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n g\u1ecdi 88NV l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi\u201d bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o sa m\u1ea1c Black Rock gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
\u2013 M\u00e3 s\u1ed1 FAA:<\/strong> 88NV (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Black Rock City).
\u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> Two 6,000 ft \u00d7 75 ft compacted-alkali runways (+ one 4,000 ft medevac strip).
\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong> ~1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level.
\u2013 M\u00f9a:<\/strong> 13 ng\u00e0y (trong th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man, cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8\/\u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 9).
\u2013 Giao th\u00f4ng:<\/strong> H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch\/thu\u00ea chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y; h\u01a1n 2.700 chuy\u1ebfn c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh\/h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cao \u0111i\u1ec3m.
\u2013 M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/strong> C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 400 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00f3.
\u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 phi c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 v\u00e9 tham d\u1ef1 Burners; c\u1ea7n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc).
\u2013 H\u1ea5p d\u1eabn:<\/strong> V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9; sau l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec th\u00e1o d\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn BRC: Chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u Burner Express v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Burner Express (BxA):<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay thu\u00ea bao theo l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Oakland, San Diego, Los Angeles v\u00e0 Reno. Gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng 900\u20132.400 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c FAA ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • M\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u00ea chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Reno-Pahrump r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng xe \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3n, ho\u1eb7c bay th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn BRC khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng. Thu\u00ea ri\u00eang gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i (4-10 ch\u1ed7) c\u00f3 gi\u00e1... 6.500\u20138.500 \u0111\u00f4 la<\/strong> T\u1eeb Los Angeles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e9 tham d\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Burning Man h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch. Phi c\u00f4ng n\u1ed9p k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch bay cho Trung t\u00e2m \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh S\u00e2n bay Oakland v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c C\u1ee5c Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai (BLM) cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t sa m\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u v\u1eabn nh\u1edb kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 (n\u0103m m\u00e0 88NV nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh). Anh \u1ea5y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u201cC\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Trung t\u00e2m V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Kennedy c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00fa h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u201d Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (134,7 MHz Th\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, 118,35 MHz M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. M\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a FAA \u2014 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua quanh n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1.<\/p>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    The Abandoned Runway of Dumont d\u2019Urville: Antarctic Ambitions Meet Nature\u2019s Fury<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"Dumontdurville\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    N\u0103m 1982, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Nam C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea1m Dumont d'Urville (V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ad\u00e9lie). H\u1ecd h\u00ecnh dung vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n: m\u00e1y bay l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn Terre Ad\u00e9lie. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 san ph\u1eb3ng ba h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u00cele des P\u00e9trels (\u201c\u0110\u1ea3o S\u01b0 T\u1eed\u201d) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ph\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn. IUCN b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 san ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng d\u00e0i 3000 m\u00e9t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1983.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ghi ch\u00fa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed:<\/em> Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 quan ng\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1984, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng, vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn l\u00fd do l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a chim. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng \"\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\"), m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng m\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 b\u00e3o. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ee9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng; m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u00e2n bay s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1988\u20131989, Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u1ea1m Dumont d'Urville ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay Twin Otter trang b\u1ecb v\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng v\u1eabn d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Terra Nova g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u0103ng theo m\u00f9a (d\u00f9ng chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng Pel\u00e9e des P\u00e9trels n\u1eb1m im l\u00ecm, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn. Du kh\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m giao th\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh: \u0111\u00f4i khi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
    \u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3o Petrel, g\u1ea7n Dumont d'Urville (V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ad\u00e9lie, Nam C\u1ef1c).
    \u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk (th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980):<\/strong> ~3,000 m (10,000 ft) rock platform, constructed by blasting island tops.
    \u2013 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i:<\/strong> B\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang sau thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do b\u00e3o; hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebft.
    \u2013 M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> Gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u0103ng gi\u00e1; m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.
    \u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> M\u00e1y bay c\u00e1nh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e0u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Dumont l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nam C\u1ef1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 katabatic th\u1ed5i xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean c\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u201cH\u00f4m nay b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfc Hercules m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y mai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1.\u201d Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>Ghi ch\u00fa k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00e2n bay T\u1ea5n Th\u00e0nh Giang Hechi: K\u1ef3 quan h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"S\u00e2n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n bay hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng xa x\u00f4i; S\u00e2n bay Hechi Jinchengjiang (ZGHY) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2014 t\u1ea1i Khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Choang Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf... 677 m (2,221 ft)<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 cao n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai. 60 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i<\/strong>Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y x\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 san ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay\" tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The single runway is 2,200 m (7,220 ft) long, surprisingly narrow by international standards. At one end there\u2019s a small drop-off where additional blasting stopped. Local media noted that only \u201cthree passenger flights per hour\u201d are possible, because the runway is narrow and approach must thread between peaks. Like other Chinese mountain airports (Daocheng, Ngari, Qamdo, etc.), Hechi is a testament to high-altitude engineering. The construction cost was on the order of RMB 850 million (~$130M at the time).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng bay \u0111\u1ebfn Hechi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lao xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ef1c: sau khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i leo l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 lao xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u kia. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u00e2n bay n\u1eb1m cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3; \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c video k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1u n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 b\u00f2 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng ph\u00eda xa b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi trong khi m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1edbt nh\u1eb9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
    \u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> Qu\u1eadn T\u1ea5n Th\u00e0nh Giang, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 Tr\u00ec, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c.
    \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong> 677 m (2,221 ft) above sea level.
    \u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> 2,200 m (7,220 ft) asphalt.
    \u2013 Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00eda nam d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng qua cao nguy\u00ean; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc thoai tho\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai.
    \u2013 S\u1ef1 thi c\u00f4ng:<\/strong> H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb san ph\u1eb3ng (b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5).
    \u2013 Giao th\u00f4ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u).
    \u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> S\u00e2n bay khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh san l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u1edf Hechi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngay c\u1ea3 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong ng\u00e0nh ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c san ph\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed5 m\u00ecn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1. Theo b\u00e1o China Daily, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb san ph\u1eb3ng. V\u1ee5n \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng r\u1ee7i ro s\u1ea1t l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t \u2014 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd n\u1ed5 m\u00ecn qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng m\u1edbi. May m\u1eafn thay, s\u00e2n bay v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a l\u1edbn.<\/p>Th\u00f4ng tin chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00e2n bay Matekane \u1edf Lesotho: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u01a1i m\u00e1y bay r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ef1c.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"S\u00e2n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    N\u1eb1m \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean d\u00e3y n\u00fai Drakensberg h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a Lesotho l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u00e2n bay Matekane<\/strong> (also called Koebeneyane Airport) sits at 2,299 m (7,544 ft) altitude, atop a saddle of ridges. Its entire 580 m (1,903 ft)<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng lao th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e9p v\u1ef1c. 500 m (1,600 ft)<\/strong> H\u1ebbm n\u00fai. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 bay v\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i: n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    George Hancock c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Mission Aviation Fellowship, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Lesotho, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh: m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng ga \u1edf m\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n video (v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u danh s\u00e1ch \u201c10 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t\u201d) cho th\u1ea5y m\u00e1y bay nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i PC-6 nghi\u00eang xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e9p v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u1ecf\/\u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n so v\u1edbi gi\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 nh\u1eb9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay tr\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u1edf Matekane nh\u01b0 \u201cb\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 chim\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111i b\u1ed9, v\u00f2ng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng quanh. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 B\u00e1c s\u0129 Bay Lesotho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Matekane \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng khi tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8o n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay Cessna v\u00e0 DHC-6 Twin Otter t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u2013 t\u1eeb th\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u 30 l\u00edt \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng nh\u1ecf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng d\u1ec5 \u0111i h\u01a1n (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u1ee7 c\u1ecf) \u2013 nh\u01b0ng khi tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong n\u00e0o do tai n\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m: nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1y thung l\u0169ng n\u1eb1m r\u1ea5t xa ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. Khi h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u hun h\u00fat. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1ecbp tim t\u0103ng nhanh khi b\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>
    \u2013 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> Matekane, Qu\u1eadn Thaba-Tseka, Lesotho.
    \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong> 2,299 m (7,544 ft).
    \u2013 S\u00e0n catwalk:<\/strong> 580 m (1,903 ft) grass\/dirt.
    \u2013 V\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1:<\/strong> 500 m (1,600 ft) drop off north end.
    \u2013 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: MAF\/B\u00e1c s\u0129 bay Lesotho).
    \u2013 Nguy hi\u1ec3m:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bay v\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn.
    \u2013 Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00f4ng khai (nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi d\u00e1m th\u1eed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Basotho cho bi\u1ebft, c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1eeb Matekane gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi v\u00e1n nh\u1ea3y \u2013 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. \u00d4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi Sir Edmund Hillary v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean n\u00fai. Ng\u00e0y nay, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa tr\u00ean thung l\u0169ng, th\u00ec m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh r\u1ed3i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, Qu\u1ef9 Livingstone c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n \u201cCh\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn Matekane\u201d cho c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so s\u00e1nh: C\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    S\u00e2n bay<\/th>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/th>Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng<\/th>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/th>Th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/th>Nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o<\/th>Truy c\u1eadp c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Khu v\u1ef1c 51 (Homey, KXTA)<\/strong><\/td>Nevada, Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td>~12.000 ft (3.650 m)<\/td>Nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng + l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4<\/td>Quanh n\u0103m (qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i)<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\/h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/td>KH\u00d4NG<\/td><\/tr>
    Tr\u1ea1i b\u0103ng Barneo<\/strong><\/td>B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c (g\u1ea7n NP)<\/td>~1.200 m (~4.000 ft)<\/td>B\u0103ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e9n ch\u1eb7t<\/td>~4\u20136 tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n<\/td>B\u0103ng tr\u00f4i, n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb<\/td>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n (ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn)<\/td><\/tr>
    Khu nh\u00e0 \u1edf Jumbolair<\/strong><\/td>Florida, Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td>7.380 ft (2.250 m)<\/td>Nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>Quanh n\u0103m<\/td>Khu \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 c\u1ed5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng (ri\u00eang t\u01b0)<\/td><\/tr>
    B\u0103ng tr\u00f4i h\u1ed3 Doris<\/strong><\/td>L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, Canada<\/td>Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i (theo m\u00f9a)<\/td>B\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng<\/td>Ch\u1ec9 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng<\/td>b\u0103ng tan<\/td>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n (c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p)<\/td><\/tr>
    S\u00e2n bay Black Rock City (88NV)<\/strong><\/td>Nevada, Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td>2 \u00d7 6.000 ft (1.829 m)<\/td>B\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m n\u00e9n ch\u1eb7t<\/td>Kho\u1ea3ng 13 ng\u00e0y (cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8)<\/td>B\u00e3o b\u1ee5i; v\u00f9ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>C\u00f3 (v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn tham d\u1ef1 Burning Man)<\/td><\/tr>
    Dumont d'Urville<\/strong><\/td>Nam C\u1ef1c<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n (\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y)<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/td>Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3<\/td>KH\u00d4NG<\/td><\/tr>
    S\u00e2n bay T\u1ea5n Th\u00e0nh Giang Hechi<\/strong><\/td>Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/td>2.200 m (7.220 ft)<\/td>Nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>Quanh n\u0103m<\/td>\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai; \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td>\u0110\u00fang<\/td><\/tr>
    S\u00e2n bay Matekane<\/strong><\/td>Lesotho<\/td>580 m (1.903 ft)<\/td>C\u1ecf \/ s\u1ecfi<\/td>Quanh n\u0103m<\/td>V\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 cao 500 m\u00e9t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng<\/td>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o \u2013 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay. Trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ebb cong ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i Burning Man, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng d\u00e0i 2 km trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng x\u1ebbng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng r\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e1y \u1ee7i. T\u1ea1i Barneo, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Hechi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 san ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai. Ngay c\u1ea3 Jumbolair, d\u00f9 \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao Hollywood coi nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t FBO (C\u01a1 s\u1edf D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng T\u01b0 nh\u00e2n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pilots who frequent these fields speak of experiences that would frighten business travelers. A chopper pilot describing Barneo mentioned \u201cears popping at tundra silence.\u201d A medical pilot told us about landing at Matekane: \u201cYou take it 100%; once you\u2019re at the edge, you\u2019re flying or falling.\u201d At Area 51, mechanics discuss rumors of stealth jets taxiing in under the night sky \u2013 experiences no commercial flyer could have.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yet safety engineering always plays a role. Special approaches are written for 88NV in FAA bulletins (5000\u20135500 ft patterns and specific radio frequencies). Barneo operations follow ICAO cold-weather standards: ice strengths are tested, and runways re-dug if cracks appear. Hechi\u2019s flights adhere to China\u2019s mountain-flying regulations, which include shorter final legs and stronger climb gradients. In short, these places require extra skill: only pilots trained for icy, unpaved or short runways are admitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, phi c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Black Rock City ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh sau: \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n.<\/strong> v\u00e0 mang theo v\u00e9 tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00e1ch tham d\u1ef1 Barneo k\u00fd gi\u1ea5y mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng sinh t\u1ed3n. Phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay nh\u1ecf bay qua Matekane ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb C\u1ee5c H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng D\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng Lesotho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u00e1y bay t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, th\u00f9ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ec1u) cho th\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1nh sinh. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u d\u1eabn m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ga; \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u2013 cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n gi\u1eefa sa m\u1ea1c, hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai tr\u01a1 tr\u1ee5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p: tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t m\u00e1y bay nh\u1ecf x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; \u1edf C\u1ef1c Nam, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m n\u1eb1m c\u00f4 l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> V\u00e2ng. S\u00e2n bay Black Rock City (m\u00e3 FAA) 88 NV<\/strong>(\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. M\u00e1y bay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay thu\u00ea bao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng...) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e9 Burning Man h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/strong>C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Trung t\u00e2m Oakland theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00e9 m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/strong> Chi ph\u00ed d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thu\u00ea chuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Burner Express Air t\u00ednh ph\u00ed kho\u1ea3ng... 900\u20132.400 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> (T\u1eeb San Francisco\/LA \u0111\u1ebfn BRC) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay thu\u00ea ri\u00eang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1... 6.500 \u0111\u00f4 la \u2013 18.000 \u0111\u00f4 la<\/strong> V\u1edbi s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 2024, BxA b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n 2.184 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng s\u00e2n bay nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u00e0o?<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng Lesotho... S\u00e2n bay Matekane<\/strong> is often cited for its short runway ending in a 500 m cliff. Other contenders include Lukla (Nepal), Paro (Bhutan) and Princess Juliana (Sint Maarten). In our list, Matekane stands out for requiring a literal drop-off takeoff (pilots say it feels like \u201cjumping off a nest\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Is there really an airport at Area 51?<\/strong> Yes. The remote Groom Lake facility (commonly called Area 51) includes a designated airfield known as S\u00e2n bay Homey (ICAO KXTA)<\/strong>. It has a 12,000 ft paved runway and multiple lakebed runways. Only military and contractor flights (Janet Airlines) land there; it is not open to the public or commercial traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng ph\u1ee7 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp b\u0103ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (kho\u1ea3ng) l\u00e0 1.2\u20131.5 m<\/strong> (\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecdn tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng GPS; c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng (nh\u01b0 Barneo ho\u1eb7c McMurdo Sea Ice) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ngay khi c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n bay Black Rock City.<\/strong> B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 phi c\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c phi c\u00f4ng thu\u00ea chuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0o C\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/em> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u1ebfn Burning Man, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc: phi c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p l\u1ecbch h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, mang theo v\u00e9 Burning Man h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do Trung t\u00e2m Oakland c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00e1y bay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay thu\u00ea bao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Burning Man?<\/strong> V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 2.700 l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh chuy\u1ebfn bay<\/strong> (C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh\/c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh) \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 13 ng\u00e0y. Ri\u00eang chuy\u1ebfn bay Burner Express \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n 2.184 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c chuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay 88NV c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Travolta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eadu m\u00e1y bay t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> Yes. Travolta\u2019s Ocala estate is part of an airpark that connects his home directly to the runway. He famously housed a Qantas Boeing 707 in a hangar by his front lawn. When he sold it in 2017, he arranged for the plane to stay and be displayed there. Travolta still keeps several jets at Jumbolair, and neighbors have reported seeing his aircraft taxi by.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u1eddi k\u1ebft: V\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i thu h\u00fat ch\u00fang ta?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u2013 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian xa x\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh quan (san b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cho s\u00e2n bay Hechi) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t: t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Barneo \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac c\u1ee7a Black Rock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e9p m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd; \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u00e1t, b\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 th\u00fa cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch nghi: qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c bay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Airports: the entry points to adventure, the hive of global travel, the…well, generally rather boring beginning points for our trips. Still, not always. A small number of airports scattered around the world defy convention; each one has a special mix of traits, challenges, and quite strange characteristics that distinguishes them from the usual. These airports pique our interest, set off our sense of adventure, and leave us wondering, “How on earth did they build that there?” So get ready for a whirl around the most unusual and interesting airports worldwide, aviation buffs. buckle up.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4960,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1040","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-unusual-places","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1040"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1040\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1040"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1040"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}