Peru chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Nam M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Andes cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Amazon r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Peru, bao g\u1ed3m 1.285.216 km vu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Ecuador v\u00e0 Colombia; bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Brazil; Bolivia n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam; Chile gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam; trong khi Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng bao quanh b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Peru. Lima, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i neo \u0111\u1eadu g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 32 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Peru l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. D\u1ecdc theo v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n h\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Chile \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Ecuador. Ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y, d\u00e3y n\u00fai Andes nh\u00f4 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t: nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai nh\u01b0 Huascar\u00e1n (cao 6.768 m\u00e9t) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. B\u00ean kia v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean, n\u01a1i cao nguy\u00ean Altiplano c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 Titicaca, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh d\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Amazon, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 S\u00f4ng Amazon - b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Peru.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Peru chia th\u00e0nh ba l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 theo m\u00f9a; c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Amazon t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u00eanh thoai tho\u1ea3i khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00fai; m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o H\u1ed3 Titicaca. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ucayali, Mara\u00f1\u00f3n v\u00e0 Huallaga. Nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf, cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4n h\u00f2a, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a \u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao. \u1ede v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean, m\u01b0a m\u00f9a h\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean r\u01a1i trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t. Khu v\u1ef1c Amazon ch\u1ecbu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5m \u00e1p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u\u2014Humboldt l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 El Ni\u00f1o \u1ea5m\u2014l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00eam c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c vi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Peru tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi hai thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Caral\u2013Supe, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp theo\u2014nh\u01b0 Nazca, Wari v\u00e0 Tiwanaku\u2014\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Cusco \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Ecuador ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n trung Chile v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Columbus.<\/p>\n
L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Sau c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do Francisco Pizarro l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Peru v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1542, v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Lima. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao; \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia San Marcos, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1551, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n
Sau g\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Peru tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1821. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar v\u00e0 Bernardo O'Higgins \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong Tr\u1eadn Ayacucho v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1824, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf\u2014\u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u00e2n chim, v\u1ed1n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gieo m\u1ea7m cho xung \u0111\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u1ed5 ra trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (1879\u20131884).<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX mang \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u0169 trang - xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch an ninh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Verde \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Alberto Fujimori. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Vladimiro Montesinos. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i; tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2010, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng COVID-19, b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lan r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2022 tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, Peru ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m v\u00f9ng: hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9nh c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi T\u1ec9nh Callao theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u1ec9nh Lima \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c, do c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh\u2014nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Lima\u2014bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn Lima, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khai kho\u00e1ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1, trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc. D\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Pacific Pumas\u2014m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ven bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2014Peru \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Li\u00ean minh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 v\u00e0 HDI kho\u1ea3ng 0,767 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024, Peru \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t 8,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023 v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p dao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m.<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 175.589 km, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ngh\u00ecn km \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c li\u00ean ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2014n\u1ed1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi hai ngh\u00ecn km. Du l\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay \u1edf Lima, Cusco v\u00e0 Arequipa. S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Jorge Ch\u00e1vez \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng, nh\u00e0 ga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u00e2n bay" c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2024. \u1ede v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean, S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Chinchero m\u1edbi s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf Velasco Astete \u1edf Cusco, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh qua Lima.<\/p>\n
Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 Callao, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 ga c\u1ea3ng Chancay\u2014m\u1ed9t li\u00ean doanh chung gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Peru d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh li\u00ean doanh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latinh. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, bao g\u1ed3m tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng Amazon v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Titicaca, b\u1ed5 sung cho v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng r\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
Du l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 v\u00e0 khai kho\u00e1ng. Du kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng cao, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o GDP v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u1ee6y ban X\u00fac ti\u1ebfn Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 Du l\u1ecbch Peru gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, trong khi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bMarca Per\u00fa ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch chia th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda nam\u2014n\u1ed1i Lima, Ica, Nazca, Arequipa, Puno, Cusco v\u00e0 Thung l\u0169ng thi\u00eang k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i Machu Picchu\u2014v\u00e0 Callej\u00f3n de Huaylas \u1edf \u00c1ncash, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean cao v\u00e0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn tham quan kh\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thung l\u0169ng Mantaro v\u00e0 Tarma, Trujillo v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Chan Chan, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n spa Huanchaco v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 r\u1eebng r\u1eadm nh\u01b0 Iquitos v\u00e0 Puerto Maldonado. Peru c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n Di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc, Peru c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 33,4 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n theo d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o n\u0103m 2022, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n 26 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ven bi\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf r\u1eebng r\u1eadm. \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020, t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 2,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 1,1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m hi\u1ec7n nay, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 giao thoa qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfng Quechua, ti\u1ebfng Aymara v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Peru d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. G\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Inca \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca \u0111\u00e3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng qua ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc thang v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Machu Picchu. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 Baroque, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Andes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Cusco. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o Indigenismo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp theo pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n
\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba\u2014h\u01a1n ba ngh\u00ecn lo\u1ea1i khoai t\u00e2y\u2014c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4, h\u1ea1t di\u00eam m\u1ea1ch, g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadu. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ch\u00e2u Phi, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n nh\u01b0 anticuchos, ceviche v\u00e0 pachamanca. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Central Restaurante c\u1ee7a Lima, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp Gast\u00f3n Acurio, l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo m\u00f9a t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 r\u1eebng r\u1eadm trong c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n chu \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n
Peru th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, n\u00fai non v\u00e0 r\u1eebng r\u1eadm c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c dai d\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Peru, a country tucked away on South America’s western coast, is a tribute to both the diversity of human culture and the wonders of nature. Covering 1,285,216 square kilometers and with a population of more than 32 million, this nation offers researchers and visitors a unique mix of ancient history, cultural variety, and natural beauties.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4270,"parent":24096,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7175","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7175"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7175\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24096"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4270"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}