Syria, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Syria, chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n 185.180 km2 c\u1ee7a Syria nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 25 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y. T\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn sa m\u1ea1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Syria ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Iraq \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam, Jordan \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, v\u00e0 Lebanon v\u00e0 Israel \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd - \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y - b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, v\u1edbi Damascus \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n
L\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u201cSyria\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ebla c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Ugarit v\u00e0 Mari ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Damascus l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Umayyad, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Mamluk, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m khu v\u1ef1c; sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman trong h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n
Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t Syria d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh t\u1eebng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman n\u1eafm gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. Phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1945, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Syria \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y tr\u1ecb theo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1946 v\u00e0 Syria \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1971, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 1958, Syria v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1961. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1963, m\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Ba'ath X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb theo lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1966 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1970, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Hafez al-Assad l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Trong h\u01a1n ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, Assad \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Alawite c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2000, con trai \u00f4ng, Bashar al-Assad, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2011, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 lan sang Syria. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2015, nh\u00f3m Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Syria, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2017, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do IS n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Syria v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2024, c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Damascus trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ang t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2025, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a Syria \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, Syria bao g\u1ed3m ba v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. D\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u00f4 liu v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y h\u1ecd cam qu\u00fdt. Trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean b\u00e1n kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. S\u00f4ng Euphrates, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Syria, ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, cao nguy\u00ean al-Jazira gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00fai \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng; \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00fai l\u1eeda Hawran cho ra l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n 2.000 m\u00e9t, gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai xanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi sa m\u1ea1c xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
Khi d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956\u2014t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ecf nh\u01b0 Rmelan v\u00e0 al-Suwaydiyah\u2014ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Syria. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n thu ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ecf g\u1ea7n Deir az-Zawr li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Iraq b\u00ean kia bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Jbessa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1940, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2008, GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u0103ng trung b\u00ecnh 2,5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o sang c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o du l\u1ecbch, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n 30 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005.<\/p>\n
Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, doanh thu xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb 12 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 4 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3ng Syria \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n m\u1ee9c t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Iran, Nga v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 EU \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2012 tr\u1edf \u0111i, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng 400 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ecbch thu c\u00e1c m\u1ecf ph\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n doanh thu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t khi\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Syria bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2014Damascus, Aleppo, Latakia v\u00e0 Qamishli\u2014v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 70.000 km, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 1.100 km l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n
D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Syria ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 di c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y; s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 18,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (n\u0103m 2019). Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc), c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Turkic, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Neo-Aramaic t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Ma'loula v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn; ti\u1ebfng Syriac c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Armenia, Circassian v\u00e0 Chechnya duy tr\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp\u2014Levantine \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc\u2014th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u1eddi n\u00f3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alawite v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shia Twelver chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 13 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa g\u1ea7n 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Druze kho\u1ea3ng 3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alawite \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p cao k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o\u2014Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p, C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Syriac, T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Armenia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c\u2014ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n
Phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf Syria xoay quanh gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa Dabkeh v\u00e0 m\u00faa ki\u1ebfm t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aram. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng: C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n Aleppo nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u00f3n th\u1ecbt n\u01b0\u1edbng cay; m\u00f3n \u0103n Damascus nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o rau nh\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 hummus, tabbouleh v\u00e0 labneh \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh m\u00ec d\u1eb9t n\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u0129a Meze gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong b\u1eefa s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch; arak, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n
Di s\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Bosra v\u00e0 Apamea, c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh nh\u01b0 Krak des Chevaliers, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Ottoman, madrasas v\u00e0 caravanserais. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u1edf Damascus v\u00e0 Aleppo v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 t\u1eadp trung xung quanh c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Palmyra t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec sa m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng; sau khi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00e0 ph\u00e1 bom m\u00ecn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2011, du l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng: c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ven bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf sang c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2015. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean du l\u1ecbch t\u1eebng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u2014vi\u1ec7c Israel ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Cao nguy\u00ean Golan hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0102n xin \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean hung h\u0103ng g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trang ph\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c; trang ph\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb gi\u00fap giao ti\u1ebfp d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng chai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau; c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Syria d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t n\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1; tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. Nghi th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 giao kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c v\u1eaby tay b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tr\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00f9ng an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb mong mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i k\u00e8m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n; nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Theo lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft h\u00f4n chia s\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gian ri\u00eang t\u01b0. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh v\u1eabn b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00f2ng cung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Syria v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3nh quan, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp - t\u1eeb t\u00e0n t\u00edch Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm Ottoman - \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u00f4 liu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho qu\u1ea3. Khi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, di s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Syria s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Syria, Syria l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Levant. V\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 17 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2023, Syria c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u di s\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam, Israel v\u00e0 Lebanon; t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam, Jordan; t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam, Iraq; t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3; t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Syria ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3305,"parent":24063,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15631","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15631"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15631\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}