Myanmar, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang Myanmar v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Burma cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1989, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb V\u1ecbnh Bengal v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Andaman \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, 678.500 km vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t. V\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Naypyidaw c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Yangon, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e1t v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh Myanmar b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai b\u1eafc-nam k\u00e9o d\u00e0i theo r\u00eca ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Rakhine Yoma chia t\u00e1ch d\u1ea3i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba; xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Bago Yoma v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i Shan gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Irrawaddy v\u00e0 Salween th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Hkakabo Razi, \u1edf c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a bang Kachin, cao t\u1edbi 5.881 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau gi\u1eefa d\u00e3y Himalaya ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Hengduan. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng cao n\u00e0y sinh ra c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng Irrawaddy, Salween (Thanlwin) v\u00e0 Sittaung, c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u0169 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 5.000 mm h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong khi v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a d\u01b0\u1edbi 1.000 mm. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 21 \u00b0C nh\u1eb9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao tr\u00ean 32 \u00b0C \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: \u0110\u1ee9t g\u00e3y Sagaing, ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00c1-\u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 8, khi\u1ebfn Myanmar tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Myanmar n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 hai nh\u00e1nh v\u0103n minh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Pyu n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea1ng-Mi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Irrawaddy t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mon th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi V\u1ecbnh Bengal. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bamar v\u00e0o thung l\u0169ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Pagan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i sau khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 l\u00e0m r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Taungoo tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Myanmar ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Konbaung \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Irrawaddy \u0111\u1ebfn Assam, Manipur v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3i Lushai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong ba cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh-Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Myanmar th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 t\u1ebfch cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Yangon (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Rangoon). S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (1942\u201345), sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1948, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Ne Win v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962. \u0110\u1ea3ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady 8888 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (SLORC). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i danh ngh\u0129a sang c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Karen, Kachin v\u00e0 Shan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2010: ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00ec D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (NLD) c\u1ee7a Aung San Suu Kyi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Rohingya theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u1edf bang Rakhine \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. NLD \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2021. Tatmadaw \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Aung San Suu Kyi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i di d\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2024, h\u01a1n 3,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i di d\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 1,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Myanmar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y v\u00f9ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Bamar) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ti\u1ec3u bang (n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh). C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y chia th\u00e0nh 63 qu\u1eadn, 324 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, h\u01a1n 300 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 65.000 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Irrawaddy \u2014 V\u00f9ng Ayeyarwady \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 canh t\u00e1c l\u00faa tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Bang Shan, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, bao g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 15.000 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Cao nguy\u00ean Shan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kho\u1ea3ng 76 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Myanmar, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2014 ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n 51 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u2014 t\u1eeb 4,7 tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 2,2 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 \u2014 do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 25\u201334 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn 135 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 108 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. B\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: H\u00e1n-T\u1ea1ng (bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfng Karen v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Kachin), ti\u1ebfng Tai-Kadai (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Shan), ti\u1ebfng Nam \u00c1 (nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Mon v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Palaung) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n-\u00c2u (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali d\u00f9ng cho nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh). Ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Mon v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bamar (kho\u1ea3ng 68 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ea3nh quan t\u00e2m linh: g\u1ea7n ch\u00edn trong m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u2014 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a Shwedagon \u1edf Yangon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1ea5m v\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u00e9 trai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 phong l\u00e0m tu s\u0129 m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i trong nghi l\u1ec5 shinbyu; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi tu h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt linh v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd c\u00fang nat \u2014 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m 37 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Kachin, Chin v\u00e0 Karen, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Hindu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, trong khi c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c v\u1eadt linh in d\u1ea5u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh ven \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u0103n h\u00f3a Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Yama Zatdaw, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ramayana, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lan, Mon v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1eed thi qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ea1c cong v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n xylophone b\u1eb1ng tre; c\u00e1c v\u0169 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Jataka b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian, \u0111an xen l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch th\u01a1 ca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Myanmar l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. 64 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb r\u1eebng \u1ea9m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf n\u00fai cao. H\u01a1n 16.000 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 1.100 lo\u00e0i chim, 314 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 293 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t \u2014 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c g\u1ed7 \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, Myanmar \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. N\u0103m 2015, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n cho s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 kho b\u00e1u thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, Myanmar s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, g\u1ed7 t\u1ebfch, d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 2013, GDP danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1t 56,7 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 (221,5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 theo PPP) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2019 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 76 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9; tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Yangon, m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c - g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p - v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Myanmar chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m \u1edf Tam gi\u00e1c v\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Afghanistan v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m sau n\u0103m 2015, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba, cho s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u1ea7n 790 t\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, bang Shan \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t methamphetamine, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ecbch thu h\u01a1n 193 tri\u1ec7u vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 2020, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t. Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh t\u1ebf do COVID-19 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Myanmar v\u1eabn thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch th\u00edch phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. Du l\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 ch\u00ednh: c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i qua c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m khu v\u1ef1c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c du l\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngo\u1ea1i vi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Yangon v\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a Shwedagon l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng khu ch\u1ee3 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Bago, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a Twante v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Kyaiktiyo \u2014 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 \u2014 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i trong ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Inle v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng thanh b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Bagan, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 Pyin U Lwin g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e1t m\u1ebb th\u1eddi Anh; c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Ngapali, Ngwe Saung v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Mergui mang \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh n\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Himalaya c\u1ee7a Putao \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a bang Shan, ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i. C\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Mrauk U v\u00e0 Pyay cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Pyu v\u00e0 Rakhine. Tuy nhi\u00ean, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f9ng cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Trang ph\u1ee5c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: che vai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, th\u00e1o gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd n\u00e0o. C\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c longyi, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i x\u00e0 r\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau cho nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm; ngay c\u1ea3 danh thi\u1ebfp c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng tay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi khu\u1ef7u tay tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1; nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u201cbo\u201d (\u201cs\u0129 quan\u201d), m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u2014 U ho\u1eb7c \u201cCh\u00fa\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, Daw ho\u1eb7c \u201cC\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Rohingya, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc: b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chinlone, m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Myanmar, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i chuy\u1ec1n b\u00f3ng m\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thanh l\u1ecbch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra quanh n\u0103m, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn chu k\u1ef3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed7i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua khi\u00eau v\u0169, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Myanmar l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u2014 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u1ea3nh quan v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y minh ch\u1ee9ng cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao thoa thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ea1nh tranh: khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i mong manh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao tr\u00f9m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, Myanmar v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Myanmar, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang Myanmar, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 55 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Myanmar, qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Bangladesh \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lan \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam, v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Andaman v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Bengal \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 t\u00e2y nam.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3074,"parent":24063,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15389","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15389"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15389\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}