Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Indonesia bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 17.000 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 6.000 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng) tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1,9 tri\u1ec7u km2. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Indonesia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 14 v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. V\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 280 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Java - b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00fai l\u1eeda - l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Indonesia, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u) v\u1edbi 38 t\u1ec9nh (bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00edn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t). Jakarta, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee5m d\u00e2n c\u01b0, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang d\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn: kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o khi\u1ebfn Indonesia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean "V\u00e0nh \u0111ai l\u1eeda". Nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p che ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 Sumatra, Borneo v\u00e0 New Guinea, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u1eeda m\u1ecdc l\u00ean d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Java b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea7ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (N\u00fai Merapi, N\u00fai Semeru) v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a N\u00fai Bromo. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n m\u01b0a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. R\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Indonesia c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 80.000 km b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o san h\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 (Tam gi\u00e1c san h\u00f4) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 2.000 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, Indonesia n\u1eb1m \u1edf ng\u00e3 ba c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Indonesia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1eeba nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u1eeba g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 - s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u1ea5m \u00e1p, x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Indonesia r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n) cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Srivijaya (Sumatra) v\u00e0 Majapahit (Java) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1edd giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n: \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m Java \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng di t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Borobudur (m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 9) v\u00e0 Prambanan (m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o). Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n "Dharmic" c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Indonesia, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Sufi, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Indonesia k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00e1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111an xen l\u1eabn nhau: \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Bali v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Java, ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn Maluku (Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Gia v\u1ecb). C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan (VOC) sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. S\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Indonesia. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00f3; ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Indonesia cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t "N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o" k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965\u201366, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Sukarno b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Suharto, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb trong "Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi" (Orde Baru). Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Suharto t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lan r\u1ed9ng, Suharto \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0y nay, Indonesia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean (l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Indonesia l\u00e0 Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ("Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111a d\u1ea1ng"), ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u1edd, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i - t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Papua Melanesia \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Indonesia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i: ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi Hindu-Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia (Bahasa Indonesia, ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Indonesia c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 700 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Nam \u0110\u1ea3o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java (kho\u1ea3ng 40% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sunda (15%) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minangkabau \u1edf Sumatra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bali, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Batak, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bugin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dayak, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Papua v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Indonesia (lingua franca) trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c; th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 94% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Indonesia ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: ti\u1ebfng Java, ti\u1ebfng Sunda v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Madura \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Java v\u00e0 Bali c\u00f9ng nhau chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 60\u201370% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 7% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Maluku v\u00e0 Papua c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y: Java v\u00e0 Sumatra c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n, trong khi Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku v\u00e0 Papua v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia Java\u2013Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o ngo\u00e0i) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Indonesia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u00e1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Tin l\u00e0nh, C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Nho gi\u00e1o). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i - kho\u1ea3ng 87% t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2023. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sunni, theo s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng dung h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 kebatinan ho\u1eb7c aliran \u1edf Java) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 10% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Sumatra, Papua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu (1\u20132%) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Bali v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ven bi\u1ec3n, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt (~0,7%) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa-Indonesia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1eadt linh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an xen v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nghi l\u1ec5 Agama Hindu Dharma c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bali kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Indonesia, Pancasila, gi\u00fap g\u1eafn k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Pancasila nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Ch\u00faa, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p: ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t sinh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n \u0111a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a Indonesia. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau: c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Hindu \u1edf Bali, c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Java, c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Papua. Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y - t\u1eeb k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ed1i b\u00f3ng wayang c\u1ee7a Java \u0111\u1ebfn nghi l\u1ec5 tang l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Torajan - l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Indonesia. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Indonesia trong danh s\u00e1ch Di s\u1ea3n phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t r\u1ed1i wayang, nhu\u1ed9m v\u1ea3i batik, nh\u1ea1c angklung tre, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa saman c\u1ee7a Aceh v\u00e0 v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt pencak silat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, Indonesia k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. N\u0103m 2024, GDP danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1,402 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 (tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 16 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u). Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n (kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9), nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng 40% GDP, trong khi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cung c\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 12%. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, du l\u1ecbch, v.v.), h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Indonesia v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd, cao su, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, tr\u00e0, ca cao, g\u1ed7 t\u1ebfch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eadu kh\u1ea5u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (niken, b\u00f4-x\u00edt, \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0ng) v\u00e0 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Indonesia l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u than nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 niken h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u LNG \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng: C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 Riau (d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd) v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kalimantan (kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n) c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Indonesia. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda t\u00e2y (Java, Sumatra) chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn GDP v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa Java\/Sumatra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o xa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Java. Indonesia c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 548.097 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2022), nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java v\u00e0 Sumatra. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, Jakarta t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Xe bu\u00fdt nhanh d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (TransJakarta). B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Java, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u; nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Java v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c (h\u00e0nh lang ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Sumatra, m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn Sulawesi ng\u1eafn) v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023, Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (tuy\u1ebfn Jakarta\u2013Bandung \u201cWhoosh\u201d) - tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Pelni khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a li\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Indonesia, Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u01b0\u1ee3ng container th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Du l\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Indonesia c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m s\u00e2n bay. S\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Soekarno\u2013Hatta g\u1ea7n Jakarta, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 54 tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Ngurah Rai (Bali) v\u00e0 Juanda (Surabaya). Garuda Indonesia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949, l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh SkyTeam. C\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng du l\u1ecbch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u: nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Papua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn - t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu ph\u00ed tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Sumatra v\u00e0 Sulawesi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i - nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du l\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bquan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh 12 Khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c du l\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c gia (Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Nasional) bao g\u1ed3m Borobudur, Labuan Bajo (Komodo), Mandalika (Lombok) v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Toba, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indonesia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u than (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Kalimantan v\u00e0 Sumatra) v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990). T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 84 gigawatt, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 61% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n than. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t (Indonesia n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda) v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (\u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, gi\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i r\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng 0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050. Tuy nhi\u00ean, than v\u1eabn l\u00e0 vua trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Indonesia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - khi\u00eau v\u0169, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, m\u00faa r\u1ed1i, d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c - \u0111an xen v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Java v\u1eabn nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00faa k\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c gamelan, trong khi c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 Hindu c\u1ee7a Bali c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 Barong ho\u1eb7c Kecak. Wayang kulit (nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t m\u00faa r\u1ed1i b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng da) v\u00e0 wayang golek (r\u1ed1i que g\u1ed7) t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u1eed thi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Java v\u00e0 Bali. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng Gamelan bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t. V\u1ea3i batik c\u1ee7a Indonesia (v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1u v\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kris (dao g\u0103m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng). Trang ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: songket v\u00e0 kebaya c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 \u1edf Sumatra v\u00e0 Java, v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t ikat \u1edf Kalimantan v\u00e0 Nusa Tenggara, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i may s\u1eb5n \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 Tongkonan ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Toraja (Sulawesi) \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Dayak (Borneo) v\u00e0 Rumah Gadang h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minangkabau (Sumatra). \u1ede Java, pendopo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t m\u1edf g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java, trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n theo phong c\u00e1ch purusa c\u1ee7a Bali v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng chia \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u00e2n l\u00e0ng. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Jakarta (B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Fatahillah) v\u00e0 Gedung Sate c\u1ee7a Bandung k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n Prambanan v\u00e0 Borobudur (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8\u20139) l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Indonesia. Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u2013 t\u1eeb cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00fap l\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u2013 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (Eid al-Fitr v\u00e0 Eid al-Adha) l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n chung, ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u1ede Bali, N\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bali (Nyepi) mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y im l\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. \u1ede Java v\u00e0 Sumatra, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n vinh t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Hindu-Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1eadt linh. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n gian r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i batik, l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n b\u1ea1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Yogyakarta) v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 (\u1edf Jepara, Bali, Toraja) h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp gia v\u1ecb, n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, trong khi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7y h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 (b\u00e1n nasi goreng, satay, gado-gado) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m mua s\u1eafm hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Indonesia, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u1edbt, d\u1eeba, ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 me, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n Padang \u1edf T\u00e2y Sumatra c\u00f3 v\u1ecb cay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n Java c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ecdt h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Papua bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e2y sago.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00eam s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t thanh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Indonesia, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh ti\u1ebfng Java). \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1ea1c pop v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p phong c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba: dangdut (m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian) c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c rock v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1c pop. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u1edf Indonesia cao (kho\u1ea3ng 97% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam v\u00e0 95% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef) v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u1ebb em theo h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u01a1 s\u1edf) cung c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Indonesia; nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Ambon, Poso ho\u1eb7c Aceh trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua), th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau n\u0103m 1998 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trao cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Indonesia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Aceh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt Sharia). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia - ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3, qu\u1ed1c ca ("Indonesia Raya") v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m - gi\u00fap nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Indonesia bao tr\u00f9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 hai n\u0103m n\u0103m. C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c). Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n sau n\u0103m 1998 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5: c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Indonesia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Indonesia \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ASEAN (Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh ASEAN. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Indonesia l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, G20 v\u00e0 APEC, v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o Phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 2022, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Indonesia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u00f4n h\u00f2a li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y coi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (gi\u1eefa Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ngo\u1ea1i giao. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, Indonesia duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. Sau khi Suharto s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 an ninh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, Indonesia c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p cao. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Aceh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Sharia v\u00e0 Papua c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t \u2013 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indonesia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Conservation International x\u1ebfp Indonesia v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch 17 qu\u1ed1c gia \u201csi\u00eau \u0111a d\u1ea1ng\u201d. Do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, Indonesia l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00dac: c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda t\u00e2y (Java, Sumatra, Borneo) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng (Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea) c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Indonesia (kho\u1ea3ng 83% r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed5, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c (c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i Bali, Java v\u00e0 Sumatra), voi, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i (Borneo v\u00e0 Sumatra) v\u00e0 r\u1ed3ng komodo n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng - lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Komodo, Rinca v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t phong ph\u00fa - ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Papua l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eb9t m\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u1eb9t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, Indonesia n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tam gi\u00e1c San h\u00f4: v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (Bunaken, Raja Ampat, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Komodo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c) c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i san h\u00f4 v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n, khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u01a1n 2.000 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 500 lo\u00e0i san h\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n \u1edf c\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Bali, \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm Kalimantan, ng\u1eafm chim \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Maluku ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i \u1edf Sumatra. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m trong r\u1eebng v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t r\u1eebng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c: \u0111\u1ed9 che ph\u1ee7 r\u1eebng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 87% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 48% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do khai th\u00e1c g\u1ed7, khai hoang \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd) v\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t than b\u00f9n - v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn gi\u00e0u carbon - \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y, t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f3i m\u00f9 trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf Indonesia m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i CO\u2082 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Indonesia hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do m\u1ea5t r\u1eebng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed5 Sumatra v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c Java (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c con \u1edf C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Ujung Kulon). S\u00e1o Bali - m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim tr\u1eafng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi mi\u1ebfng che m\u1eaft m\u00e0u xanh - g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng do b\u1ecb b\u1eaby v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang). Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m khi r\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t: c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Sumatra \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1ed5, voi v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nguy c\u01a1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ea gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c Sumatra. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 san h\u00f4 b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y tr\u1eafng (tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n do bi\u1ec3n \u1ea5m l\u00ean) \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 trong c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indonesia nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n: kho\u1ea3ng 55 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 9% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n (nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Komodo v\u00e0 Ujung Kulon, l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n bi\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. N\u0103m 2023, Indonesia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng 21,3% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y (m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 30% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2045) v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc C\u00f4n Minh-Montreal. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng, cam k\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m n\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng do d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh xanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n r\u1eebng m\u01b0a v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t than b\u00f9n b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1edbi x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o; n\u1ea1n khai th\u00e1c g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn giao th\u00f4ng (c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Java th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb kh\u00f3i m\u00f9 v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9). L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, Indonesia c\u0169ng \u0111ang c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu: c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00faa, v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng cao g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Jakarta (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng khai cam k\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i xanh - m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t (Indonesia c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t n\u00fai l\u1eeda r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn) v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 - nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, than \u0111\u00e1, d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phong c\u1ea3nh ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Indonesia khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh. Du l\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o GDP: n\u0103m 2023, ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng 14 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat kho\u1ea3ng 11,6 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean: n\u0103m 2019, Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n 16,1 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Du l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u: Bali v\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd (nh\u01b0 Tanah Lot v\u00e0 Uluwatu) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i Bali, nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Lombok (c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda Rinjani), qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Gili (khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1eb7n bi\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Raja Ampat (l\u1eb7n bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf T\u00e2y Papua) thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch th\u00edch phi\u00eau l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c: Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ec1n Borobudur \u1edf Trung Java l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9 th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Indonesia. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8\u20139, Borobudur l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Hindu Prambanan, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Sultan \u1edf Yogyakarta v\u00e0 Surakarta, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Java (Trowulan) cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e0 Lan, c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Jakarta ho\u1eb7c Ch\u1ee3 Batik Bandung) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Du l\u1ecbch v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Bali n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 Hindu c\u1ee7a Bali (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec1n Besakih) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2024, Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 22 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd (\u0111i\u1ec3m 4,46\/7). Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y cao (gi\u00fap thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng du l\u1ecbch (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, s\u00e2n bay ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh, v\u1ec7 sinh) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u00e9m xa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2019 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Indonesia l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi (x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 17 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a) nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 75, n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eadn ra l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a du l\u1ecbch, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a du l\u1ecbch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu du l\u1ecbch (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh KSPN \u201cNew Bali\u201d) bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Borobudur, H\u1ed3 Toba (B\u1eafc Sumatra), Komodo\/Labuan Bajo (\u0110\u00f4ng Nusa Tenggara), Mandalika (Lombok) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u00e2n bay, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u tr\u00fa v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Labuan Bajo (c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Komodo) hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. \u1ede Java v\u00e0 Sumatra, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu ph\u00ed m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Indonesia c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y du l\u1ecbch theo c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a (tr\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Tanjung Puting (khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i Borneo) khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng gi\u00fap g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. Du l\u1ecbch m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u2013 \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm Sumatra ho\u1eb7c l\u1eb7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1 m\u1eadp voi \u1edf Sulawesi \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bdu l\u1ecbch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng, cho ph\u00e9p du kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (\u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng) trong khi v\u1eabn mang l\u1ea1i thu nh\u1eadp cho v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u00ecn chung, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba b\u1ed5 \u00edch v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eed th\u00e1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu: ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng b\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o chia s\u1ebb v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c du l\u1ecbch (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1). C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh, nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n (nhi\u1ec1u khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf), nh\u01b0ng du kh\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c quan li\u00eau (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Indonesia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn mi\u1ec5n th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia). \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Indonesia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111i du l\u1ecbch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Eid, N\u0103m m\u1edbi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indonesia v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch; c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 giao thoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean hai ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t, Indonesia mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c: t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 san h\u00f4, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n uy nghi\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i gamelan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bali. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i phong c\u1ea3nh, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Indonesia l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia - r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c du kh\u00e1ch d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd l\u01b0u \u00fd, hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Indonesia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng xa x\u00f4i, ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u1eabn t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, trong khi \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Jakarta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Indonesia l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, Indonesia v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Indonesia, qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 280 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 17.000 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh quan, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Indonesia tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 1.904.569 km2, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 14 theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Borneo v\u00e0 New Guinea. Java l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4553,"parent":24063,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15149","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15149"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15149\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}