Kolkata, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 Calcutta cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean b\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Hooghly, c\u00e1ch Bangladesh ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 80 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. L\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Bengal, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 4,5 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, trong khi Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Kolkata r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 15 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 khi t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, Kolkata k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p di s\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ecdi ng\u00f5 h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 m\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ba ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Bengal khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n\u2014Gobindapur, Sutanuti v\u00e0 Kalikata\u2014d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nawab Bengal. N\u0103m 1690, C\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh Sutanuti th\u00e0nh Fort William, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c Nawab Siraj ud\u2011Daulah chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1756 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng: Robert Clive \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nawab t\u1ea1i Plassey v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1757 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Calcutta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn New Delhi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau London trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u00f2a \u00e1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 - th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t qua nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Bengal - \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bi\u1ebfn Calcutta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft Bengal n\u0103m 1947 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea9y Kolkata v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Hindu t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Bengal tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang tho\u00e1i lui. N\u0103m 1971, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Bangladesh, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 "th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111ang ch\u1ebft". K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0a Kolkata l\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ba n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1edbi GDP theo PPP \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb 150 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn 250 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1eb1m trong \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, Kolkata ch\u1ec9 cao h\u01a1n m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Kolkata c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 khu Ramsar v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ph\u00f9 sa d\u00e0y - s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 7.500 m\u00e9t - n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c b\u1eadc ba c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n III, Kolkata ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh tr\u0169ng th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu xavan nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c, m\u01b0a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong ph\u1ea1m vi 206 km vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Kolkata, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi km t\u1eeb b\u1edd s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam. B\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn\u2014B\u1eafc, Trung, Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng\u2014ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\u2014c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n 1.900 km2\u201472 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 527 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean n\u0103m qu\u1eadn: B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly v\u00e0 Nadia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kolkata nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi S\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Calcutta, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea3ng Kolkata, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870 v\u00e0 do Kolkata Port Trust qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u00e0 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn Port Blair v\u00e0 t\u00e0u ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u00e2n bay c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Dum Dum, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 r\u00fat v\u1ed1n, l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Kolkata. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u01b0 d\u00e2n\u2014d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Calcutta hay Kolkata\u2014ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2011 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 4,49 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 14 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00e0 87 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch do nam gi\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ti\u1ebfng Bengal chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Hindi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Urdu trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hindu chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o Jain, \u0111\u1ea1o Sikh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng nhanh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kolkata\u2014xe \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2014t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ba tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba hi\u1ec7n do T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i T\u00e2y Bengal \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Kolkata, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 ga, v\u00e0 Kolkata Metro, tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (n\u0103m 1984), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Tuy\u1ebfn Xanh lam b\u1eafc-nam chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2020, Tuy\u1ebfn Xanh l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y n\u1ed1i Salt Lake v\u1edbi Howrah. Tuy\u1ebfn T\u00edm v\u00e0 Cam c\u0169ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1ede m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn\u20141.850 km trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 4.000 km tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb\u2014c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 2.400 xe tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t km. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn g\u00e2y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u1eadp \u00fang c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong m\u00f9a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a. Xe lam, taxi Ambassador m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, xe x\u00edch l\u00f4 v\u00e0 xe k\u00e9o tay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m nh\u00e0 ga ch\u00ednh\u2014Howrah (khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ea5t), Sealdah, Kolkata, Shalimar v\u00e0 Santragachi\u2014trong khi c\u00e1c xa l\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed3m Golden Quadrilateral v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 12 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. C\u00e1c xa l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Belghoria v\u00e0 Kona \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u1edbi Kalyani \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ebfn Patna v\u00e0 Varanasi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bangladesh qua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Jessore, \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Myanmar qua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Trilateral v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Nepal v\u00e0 Bhutan b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Kolkata tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Calcutta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1857 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam \u00c1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1784) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (1814) v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia, trong khi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i C\u1ee5c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, C\u1ee5c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, H\u1ed9i To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Calcutta, C\u1ee5c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Nobel v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Kolkata, m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u2014Tollywood\u2014ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh ti\u1ebfng Bengal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Mughal, Indo-Saracenic v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb: d\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1 granit r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u1ea7u Howrah, s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Victoria b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n theo phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Grand. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khu ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0u duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1edbi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a khu ph\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i, Armenia, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Anh-\u1ea4n. Trong m\u1ed7i para\u2014khu ph\u1ed1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd\u2014c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Adda, hay cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n phi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n tr\u00e0, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01a1 ca. Graffiti ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e8 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, Durga Puja l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i Kolkata. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a thu, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng phu, m\u1ed7i ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, t\u00f4n vinh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c Kolkata \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m vui\u201d, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c chung c\u01b0 cao t\u1ea7ng - tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p t\u1ea7ng - gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y cao t\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Nam Kolkata. H\u00e0nh lang \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim sang tr\u1ecdng. New Town, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 Khu v\u1ef1c 5 c\u1ee7a Bidhannagar l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty CNTT v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb: c\u00e1c khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u2014cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng chia c\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf\u2014Kolkata v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t, ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p duy nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi: \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an xen v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Trong \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfng t\u1ee5ng kinh trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng adda \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kolkata, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3\u2014v\u00e0 v\u1eabn\u2014v\u1eeba ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kolkata, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Calcutta, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang T\u00e2y Bengal c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Hooghly. Kolkata c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 4,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 15 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, khi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Bangladesh kho\u1ea3ng 80 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2726,"parent":15052,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15067","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15067","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15067"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15067\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15052"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2726"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15067"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}