\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nam \u00c1, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00f4 ra \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2023, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ngay c\u1ea3 khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng - v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 55.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf, di \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i di truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau ch\u00e2u Phi. Kho\u1ea3ng 9.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc theo r\u00eca ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 theo ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng. Trong v\u00e0i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tinh vi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1200 TCN, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sau n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Dravidian c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i, trong khi \u1edf ph\u00eda nam ch\u00fang v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t TCN, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u2014\u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Maurya v\u00e0 Gupta\u2014th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc; c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Chola v\u00e0 Pallava \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qua V\u1ecbnh Bengal \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 mang theo gia v\u1ecb, h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Indonesia v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edbi. Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, Zoroastrianism v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Delhi\u2014m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111an xen mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Vijayanagara \u1edf ph\u00eda nam kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hindu. \u1ede Punjab, \u0111\u1ea1o Sikh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh xung quanh vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1526, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Mughal \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u00f3 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m, m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7n thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 mua h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1858, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, V\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1947, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh hai v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\u2014\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Pakistan\u2014tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di c\u01b0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1950, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ghi nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951, khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t 361 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u01a1n 1,4 t\u1ef7 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 16,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u00ean 74 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u0103ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 64 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 l\u00ean h\u01a1n 2.600 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1n c\u00e2n thanh to\u00e1n n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n 6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ed7i n\u0103m trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111\u01b0a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u phim v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p phim ti\u1ebfng Hindi\u2014\u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh M\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Gondwana. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 75 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y tr\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi \u00c2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng d\u00e3y Himalaya l\u00ean. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda tr\u00f4i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ea4n-H\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. Xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, d\u00e3y Aravalli c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u01a1i m\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eabn nh\u00f4 ra ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Sa m\u1ea1c Thar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u1ed1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o\u2014\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n\u2014n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3y Satpura v\u00e0 Vindhya. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Cao nguy\u00ean Deccan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi Ghats T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 7.517 km, hai ph\u1ea7n ba d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3o. G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecbnh c\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1edd \u0111\u00e1. Ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o san h\u00f4 Lakshadweep v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Andaman v\u00e0 Nicobar c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, c\u00f3 chung ranh gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Myanmar, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Indonesia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u00e3y Himalaya\u2014s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng Yamuna v\u00e0 Kosi, v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Brahmaputra\u2014ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o V\u1ecbnh Bengal. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ph\u00f9 sa l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. \u1ede b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi v\u00e0 Kaveri ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng; Narmada v\u00e0 Tapti ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ven bi\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc theo m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a Rann of Kutch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 Sundarbans, m\u1ed9t m\u00ea cung r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n chung v\u1edbi Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd: d\u00e3y Himalaya ch\u1eb7n gi\u00f3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c Thar thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1i \u1ea9m. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a t\u00e2y nam cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ch\u00ednh: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4, c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m v\u00e0 n\u00fai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a 8,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 13,7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n l\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y: c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda do m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed5 Bengal, s\u01b0 t\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c1, voi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Keibul Lamjao tr\u00ean H\u1ed3 Loktak n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c phumdis, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 lo\u00e0i h\u01b0\u01a1u Sangai \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Shirui l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hoa loa k\u00e8n tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 n\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c. Ranthambhore v\u00e0 Bandhavgarh cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua nh\u1eefng con h\u1ed5 hoang d\u00e3; Gir b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng con s\u01b0 t\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng; Kaziranga duy tr\u00ec qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1eebng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed3m 28 ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 8 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 li\u00ean bang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ea7u ra c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n; nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p l\u00e0ng, kh\u1ed1i, qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1,43 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u0103ng 17,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, 940 n\u1eef tr\u00ean 1.000 nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n 29 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, cho th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Xanh, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2014Hindu, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, Sikh, Jain, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Zoroastrian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c\u2014c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u1ea4n-H\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2024, GDP danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 4 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c mua, GDP \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 15 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 CNTT v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng; n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 GDP. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi gia nh\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 4.500 n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 (kho\u1ea3ng 1700\u2013500 TCN), c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u2014dharma, karma, yoga, moksha\u2014\u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; th\u01a1 s\u1eed thi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 x\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2014s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o Bhakti, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o\u2014\u0111\u00e3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Vastu Shastra, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Taj Mahal ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Mughal; \u1edf Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, gopuram Dravidian m\u1ecdc l\u00ean theo t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng. Phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Indo-Saracenic pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1eb7c sari, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i qu\u1ea5n quanh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00e1o c\u00e1nh choli v\u00e0 v\u00e1y l\u00f3t. Trang ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi, dhoti, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i kh\u00e2u\u2014pyjama v\u00e0 churidar\u2014sau s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00e1o s\u01a1 mi; nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp trang tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i sherwanis, bandhgalas v\u00e0 sari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c\u2014c\u01a1m ho\u1eb7c chapati\u2014\u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eadu l\u0103ng, rau, th\u1ecbt ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 t\u1ea9m gia v\u1ecb. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p rau m\u00f9i, th\u00eca l\u00e0, ngh\u1ec7, th\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng. B\u1eefa s\u00e1ng Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 idli v\u00e0 dosa; thalis mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1nh m\u00ec, c\u00e0 ri v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e0nh vi thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u00f9y theo khu v\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 \u1edf Mumbai\u2014s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n taxi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n th\u1eeba\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u1edf Delhi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n th\u00edch nghi. Trong giao ti\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn; c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m n\u00f3i tr\u00e1nh c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng (\u201cth\u01b0a \u00f4ng,\u201d \u201cth\u01b0a b\u00e0\u201d) ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u00f4 m\u00e0u cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u da v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u2014nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Siddis g\u1ed1c Phi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh-\u1ea4n\u2014ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c di t\u00edch nh\u01b0 Taj Mahal \u1edf Agra, Qutb Minar v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0110\u1ecf \u1edf Delhi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf Jaipur minh ch\u1ee9ng cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Nalanda g\u1ee3i l\u00ean h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u; ashram c\u1ee7a Gandhi \u1edf Ahmedabad l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Khajuraho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh lang c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Meenakshi Amman \u1edf Madurai. C\u00e1c ghats c\u1ee7a Varanasi d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 sinh t\u1eed ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i\u2014Srinagar, Darjeeling, Shimla, Ooty, Gangtok\u2014gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ven bi\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Goa v\u00e0 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Andaman. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Rajasthan, sa m\u1ea1c Thar c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u0103n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 t\u1eeb Jaisalmer. C\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3\u2014t\u1eeb s\u01b0 t\u1eed Gir \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ea gi\u00e1c Kaziranga\u2014m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ai t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m; \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. H\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u00e1t minh, chinh ph\u1ee5c, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, n\u00f3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 - v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf Nam \u00c1. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2023, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thanh l\u1ecbch, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1,4 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 3,3 tri\u1ec7u km2, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, Bi\u1ec3n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Bengal \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, bao g\u1ed3m Pakistan \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nepal v\u00e0 Bhutan, trong khi Bangladesh v\u00e0 Myanmar n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Andaman v\u00e0 Nicobar c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u1eb1m trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 chung \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan, Myanmar v\u00e0 Indonesia.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3668,"parent":24063,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15052","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15052","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15052"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15052\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15052"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}