Sierra Nevada chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia: m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 80 km, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 km, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 2.000 km vu\u00f4ng. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Granada v\u00e0 Almer\u00eda c\u1ee7a Andalusia, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai - tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u1edbn t\u1eeb t\u00e2y-t\u00e2y nam \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng-\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc - v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ebft bao ph\u1ee7 trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian trong n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Mulhac\u00e9n, cao t\u1edbi 3.479 m\u00e9t, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u00e1nh n\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c km, bi\u1ebfn Sierra Nevada th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Sierra Nevada \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng c\u01a1n co gi\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc b\u0103ng h\u00e0. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb Ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00fai cao trong K\u1ef7 Tam c\u1ea5p, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn mica m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 2.400 m\u00e9t - tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Holocen - c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef U v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00f2m sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m ph\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Laguna de Aguas Verdes v\u00e0 Laguna de la Mosca khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y n\u00e0y, n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ph\u00eda nam, d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc tan ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Guadalfeo, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh ch\u1ea3y qua c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng: Genil, sinh ra g\u1ea7n Mulhac\u00e9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Guadalquivir; D\u00farcal v\u00e0 \u00cdzbor; Trev\u00e9lez v\u00e0 Poqueira; c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Andarax v\u00e0 Adra.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, Sierra Nevada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi Thung l\u0169ng Lecr\u00edn \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Thung l\u0169ng Guadalfeo \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng B\u00e9tica \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, S\u00f4ng Nacimiento \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Thung l\u0169ng Andarax \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. T\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2014kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 36\u00b055\u2032 \u0111\u1ebfn 37\u00b015\u2032 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafc v\u00e0 2\u00b056\u2032 \u0111\u1ebfn 3\u00b038\u2032 kinh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2y\u2014neo ch\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u1ea7y huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Andalusia. \u1ede ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Granada \u0111\u1ea7y huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ven bi\u1ec3n Motril v\u00e0 Almer\u00eda, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y tuy\u1ebft \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a Sierra Nevada th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng K\u00f6ppen, kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Csa\/Csb \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i; tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean 2.500 m\u00e9t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 10 \u00b0C, mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai cao \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m Dsc c\u1eadn B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 ng\u1eafn, m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Dsa\/Dsb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, trong khi xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p xung quanh. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 quanh n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Pradollano\u2014trung b\u00ecnh 3,9 \u00b0C\u2014kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi 15,7 \u00b0C c\u1ee7a Granada v\u00e0 18,5 \u00b0C c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n M\u00e1laga. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 12 \u00b0C so v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n giao gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban ng\u00e0y cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n 4 \u00b0C trong khi Granada c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 24 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n
Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Sierra Nevada, \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Calar Alto v\u00e0 K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng 30 m c\u1ee7a Institut de Radioastronomie Millim\u00e9trique (IRAM) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 2.800 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u: n\u0103m 1986, UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1989 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1999, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f9ng nhau b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng 169.239 ha \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
Trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n sau b\u0103ng h\u00e0. B\u1ed9 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y Ban Nha ghi nh\u1eadn 66 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu\u2014chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y\u2014v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 80 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2.100 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1eadc cao, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ch\u00f2m sao c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: V\u01b0\u1eddn b\u00e1ch th\u1ea3o Cortijuela tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Trevenque th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1.600 m\u00e9t, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kho\u1ea3ng 100 lo\u00e0i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, bao g\u1ed3m Pinus sylvestris nevadensis; trung t\u00e2m Hoya de Pedraza (kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng n\u0103m 2007) \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1.980 m\u00e9t; v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u1eddn b\u00e1ch th\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hoya de la Mora, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 m\u00e9t, d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Sierra Nevada.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m d\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 canh t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang\u2014nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac borreguiles th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n 2.000 m\u00e9t\u2014v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n gia s\u00fac theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh di c\u01b0 theo m\u00f9a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf n\u00fai cao. C\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u00f4 liu, \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t sang du l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft c\u1ef1c nam \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia. Pradollano, khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.100 m\u00e9t, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Andalusia b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t bao quanh Pyrenees, c\u00e1c thang m\u00e1y tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1ec3 thao m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. N\u0103m 1935, m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Veleta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i xe cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha\u2014v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u2014cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean t\u1eeb Hoya de la Mora l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng xe c\u1ed9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao theo m\u00f9a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe bu\u00fdt nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.500 m\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7 Veleta \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 3.100 m\u00e9t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda nam t\u1eeb Capileira \u0111\u1ebfn Alto del Chorrillo \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.740 m\u00e9t.<\/p>\n
B\u1ed5 sung cho m\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean n\u00fai cao, Puerto de la Ragua\u2014n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Granada v\u00e0 Almer\u00eda \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.000 m\u00e9t\u2014l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh lang Ragua \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 A-337. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng qua Vereda de la Estrella, \u0111i d\u1ecdc theo th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Genil, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Integral of the 3.000 Meter Peaks, m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u1ea7y gian nan t\u1eeb J\u00e9rez del Marquesado qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao h\u01a1n 3.000 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i tuy\u1ebft c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a h\u00e8. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Sulayr, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p d\u00e0i 340 km bao quanh kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai, l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0111i b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ba n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean: Poqueira Refuge \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.500 m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 87 kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Mulhac\u00e9n v\u00e0 R\u00edo Seco; Postero Alto \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1.880 m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 68 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean Loma de Enmedio; v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd Puerto de la Ragua \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.000 m\u00e9t v\u1edbi 32 gi\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c\u2014La Carihuela, Elorrieta, Pe\u00f1a Partida, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c\u2014v\u1eabn \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa kh\u00e1c nhau, trong khi c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 Cueva Secreta v\u00e0 h\u1ed1c Siete Lagunas ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 trong nh\u1eefng con d\u1ed1c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Sierra Nevada. Con d\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb Monachil\u2014l\u00ean 2.627 m\u00e9t trong 45,3 km v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 5,8 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi 15 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m\u2014mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i Pradollano ho\u1eb7c Pico Veleta (3.367 m\u00e9t). Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng G\u00fc\u00e9jar Sierra k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 44,3 km \u0111\u1ebfn Veleta, t\u0103ng 2.557 m\u00e9t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 5,77 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trung gian bao g\u1ed3m V\u01b0\u1eddn b\u00e1ch th\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoya de la Mora v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t IRAM \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2.850 m\u00e9t, m\u1ed7i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai non. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 C\u00e2y ch\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebft l\u1edf do m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 ma qu\u1ef7 g\u00e2y ra, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 qu\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai Alcazaba Peak trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn l\u0169 tuy\u1ebft. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vacares Lagoon k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Moorish v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t t\u1eed h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, l\u1eddi than kh\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 vang v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u b\u0103ng gi\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n c\u1eebu, d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng - truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Sierra Nevada bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed5 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd sinh th\u00e1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb cong v\u00eanh do va ch\u1ea1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 trong s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 tr\u00ean 2.800 m\u00e9t, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ea cung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n lu\u1ed3n l\u00e1ch qua c\u00e1c r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u\u2014v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an xen d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi Andalusia.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u1eb1m \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Sierra Nevada h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng nam T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Tr\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft Sierra Nevada l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. N\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Granada, khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Veleta, ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng Pradollano l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean n\u00fai cao n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1ec3 thao m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean quanh n\u0103m m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo m\u00f9a.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4260,"parent":13090,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13177","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13177","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13177"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13177\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13177"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}