Poland sits at the very heart of the European continent, a nation of just over 38 million people spread across roughly 312 700 km\u00b2 of territory stretching from the sandy shores of the Baltic Sea in the north to the rugged heights of the Carpathian and Sudetes Mountains in the south. Nestled between Germany to the west, Lithuania and Russia\u2019s Kaliningrad Oblast to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, and Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, its landscape is a patchwork of flat plains, rolling hills, dense forests, thousands of lakes, and soaring peaks\u2014all set within a temperate climate that shifts from gentle oceanic breezes in the northwest to crisp continental air in the southeast.<\/p>\n
From the first flickers of human activity in the Lower Paleolithic to the glow of streetlamps in modern Warsaw, Poland\u2019s story is inseparable from the broader currents of European history. After the Last Glacial Period, successive waves of settlers made these lands home, but it was in the early medieval era that the West Slavic Polans coalesced into a polity under the Piast dynasty. In 966, Duke Mieszko I embraced Christianity\u2014a decision that laid the spiritual and political foundations of what would become the Kingdom of Poland in 1025. Centuries later, the elective monarchy of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, forged by the Union of Lublin in 1569, became renowned for its relative religious tolerance and pioneering constitution of 1791, yet the splendor of the Golden Age could not stem the tide of the late-18th-century partitions by neighboring empires, which erased Poland from the map for 123 years.<\/p>\n
Khi ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1914 im b\u1eb7t, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i im b\u1eb7t khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918, Ba Lan t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp mong manh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939, khi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ba Lan. Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Holocaust \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ba Lan th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n s\u1eaft cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi phong tr\u00e0o \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u0103m 1989 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do\u2014do \u0111\u00f3, Ba Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, Ba Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n\u2014m\u1ed9t Sejm v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong EU theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngang h\u00e0ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p dao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kho\u1ea3ng 3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00e1c c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Warsaw, Krak\u00f3w v\u00e0 Wroc\u0142aw, trong khi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe to\u00e0n d\u00e2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cao v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con s\u00f4ng - trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng Vistula h\u00f9ng v\u0129, s\u00f4ng Oder, s\u00f4ng Warta v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Bug - v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Baltic tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 770 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t do gi\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecbnh l\u00f5m - \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Hel v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1 Vistula, chung v\u1edbi Nga. Trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, Qu\u1eadn H\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Masuria t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn h\u1ed3 trong v\u1eaft, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u015aniardwy v\u00e0 Mamry, trong khi c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Ha\u0144cza s\u00e2u h\u01a1n 100 m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. \u1ede r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam, Sudetes v\u00e0 Carpathians v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi N\u00fai Rysy (2 501 m) v\u00e0 \u015anie\u017cka (1 603 m) mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng leo d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. \u0110\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ba Lan l\u00e0 173 m khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean n\u00fai cao \u1edf Tatras. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 20 \u00b0C v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng -1 \u00b0C v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9\u2014m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00ean tr\u00ean 9 \u00b0C trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u voivodeship (t\u1ec9nh) ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Mazowieckie t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Warsaw v\u00e0 \u0141\u00f3dzkie xung quanh khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Lod\u017a; Lesser Poland bao g\u1ed3m Krak\u00f3w v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai; Lower Silesia tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Wroc\u0142aw. \u1ede m\u1ed7i voivodeship, m\u1ed9t voivode do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng do h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea7u ra chia s\u1ebb th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, trong khi b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 380 qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 2.477 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn\u2014c\u00e1c n\u00fat s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng mang c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
S\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ba Lan t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y: hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, khu r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 r\u1eebng bizon t\u1ef1 do; C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Tatra, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 b\u0103ng nh\u01b0 Morskie Oko l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1; S\u0142owi\u0144ski, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; v\u00e0 Karkonoski v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh quan v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n kayak v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm chim, trong khi c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 Masurian v\u1eaby g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Oder v\u00e0 Vistula, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du ngo\u1ea1n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u00e0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n
C\u1ea3nh quan th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Ba Lan \u0111an xen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p Gothic, m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n Baroque v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u00ean phong. Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Warsaw - b\u1ecb san ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef - neo gi\u1eef Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trung t\u00e2m th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Krak\u00f3w s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea xung quanh Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u1ee3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Wawel g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ba Lan. Gda\u0144sk, c\u1ea3ng Hanseatic tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc S\u00f4ng Mot\u0142awa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n m\u00e0u h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch; Wroc\u0142aw n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc "l\u00f9n" th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng Gothic nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a Toru\u0144, l\u01b0\u1edbi "th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng" c\u1ee7a Zamo\u015b\u0107 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c g\u00e1c x\u00e9p di s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5p nh\u00f4. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Malbork \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n T\u1ed5 chim \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y qua Orla Per\u0107\u2014c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Krzy\u017ctop\u00f3r n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng\u2014trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Lesser Poland v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Jawor v\u00e0 \u015awidnica ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh di s\u1ea3n t\u00e2m linh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean tu vi\u1ec7n Jasna G\u00f3ra t\u1ea1i Cz\u0119stochowa, n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u0110en thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng trong m\u00e0u \u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf, khi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Horde k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n
\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ba Lan, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Pierogi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi khoai t\u00e2y, ph\u00f4 mai ho\u1eb7c n\u1ea5m d\u1ea1i; bigos ninh v\u1edbi d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1i, th\u1ecbt th\u00fa r\u1eebng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n; \u017curek\u2014s\u00fap l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en chua\u2014\u1ea5m v\u1edbi x\u00fac x\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c ch\u00edn. Oscypek, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f4 mai n\u00fai hun kh\u00f3i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi m\u1eadt ong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; makowiec, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n h\u1ea1t anh t\u00fac, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra c\u1ee7a Vodka di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\u2014ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u201cvodka\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec th\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5\u2014nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay bia v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb bia Grodziskie m\u00e0u h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y. Gi\u1edd tr\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n th\u01a1m ng\u00e1t gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t theo phong c\u00e1ch baroque.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf Ba Lan quanh n\u0103m r\u1ed9n r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh\u2014Wigilia\u2014di\u1ec5n ra quanh m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c chay g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u00f3n d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n tr\u1ea3i b\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 r\u01a1m, chia nhau nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh quy op\u0142atek v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc paczki c\u1ee7a Fat Thursday l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u M\u00f9a Chay; l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m dyngus \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9 Hai Ph\u1ee5c Sinh kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc vui nh\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. V\u00e0o Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1eafp n\u1ebfn tr\u00ean bia m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\u2014t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 13 ng\u00e0y\u2014\u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ng\u00e0y Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng N\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh, h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Ba Lan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng theo l\u1edbp: C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 tr\u00f2n theo phong c\u00e1ch Romanesque nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf; C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n theo phong c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u00dd n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m theo phong c\u00e1ch Mannerist c\u1ee7a Ba Lan; C\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n theo phong c\u00e1ch Baroque v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n theo phong c\u00e1ch T\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Phong c\u00e1ch Zakopane\u2014xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng Goral \u1edf ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3i Tatra\u2014k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e2n gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 g\u1ed7, kho th\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111an xen khi 97 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ba Lan nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p Slav\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng phong ph\u00fa. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3\u2014trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Kashubian\u2014ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, trong khi bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o song ng\u1eef t\u00f4n vinh di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Litva. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ba Lan c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00ednh \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngay c\u1ea3 khi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 1,33 tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean 42\u2014m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c E30 v\u00e0 E40 chia c\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, trong khi h\u01a1n 5.000 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ba Lan - g\u1ea7n 19.400 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba trong EU v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i - k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u1ee7a PKP v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u00e2n bay Warsaw Chopin, Krak\u00f3w-Balice v\u00e0 Gda\u0144sk Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong khi LOT Polish Airlines \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i d\u1ecdc theo bi\u1ec3n Baltic - Gda\u0144sk, Gdynia, Szczecin - qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e0 l\u0103n xe c\u1ed9 v\u00e0 toa t\u00e0u qua bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Scandinavia.<\/p>\n
Du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Ba Lan \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m u\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. N\u0103m 2021, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Ba Lan l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9 th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 12 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi du l\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 4 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m GDP v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n. Du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u0103ng qua b\u1edd k\u00e8 s\u00f4ng Vistula, \u0111i d\u1ea1o b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Wawel, \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh lang h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef th\u1eadp trong m\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i Wieliczka ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Bieszczady. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, du kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi, s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Warsaw ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ba Lan ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, mang theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1eebng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 c\u1edd tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf tung bay tr\u00ean ban c\u00f4ng, tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u00ean g\u1ed7, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c. Trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n bia, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i vang l\u00ean b\u00ean \u0111\u0129a h\u1ea7m t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft l\u00e0m s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Ba Lan s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n
Trong s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Ba Lan th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u00ean phong, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb trang tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 d\u00e2n gian vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng s\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u00e2n nga trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch, Ba Lan kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m UNESCO v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u2014\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng th\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ebfm th\u1eed \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u1eafp n\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i b\u1eaft tay, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u1ea5m \u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ba Lan, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ba Lan, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Trung \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 38 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ba Lan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1 \u00fd \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Baltic ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3y n\u00fai Sudetes v\u00e0 Carpathian \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ba Lan r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Belarus v\u00e0 Ukraine \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Slovakia v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, Litva v\u00e0 T\u1ec9nh Kaliningrad c\u1ee7a Nga \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2996,"parent":24078,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12137","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12137\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}