{"id":10599,"date":"2025-01-25T23:53:28","date_gmt":"2025-01-25T23:53:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/?post_type=listivo_listing&p=10599"},"modified":"2025-07-07T14:27:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T14:27:17","slug":"kuscenneti-national-park","status":"publish","type":"listivo_listing","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/places-in-turkey\/kuscenneti-national-park\/","title":{"rendered":"Ku\u015fcenneti National Park"},"content":{"rendered":"

Situated on the northeastern shore of Lake Manyas in northwestern Turkey, Ku\u015fcenneti National Park (\u201cBird Paradise\u201d National Park) is one of the country\u2019s premier bird sanctuaries. This reserve\u2014initially only 52 hectares in 1959\u2014comprises willow groves and extensive reed beds along the shallow, warm waters of Lake Manyas. These sheltered wetlands provide critical nesting and feeding areas for waterfowl, herons, storks and many other species. Each spring and autumn this quiet corner of the Marmara region comes alive as millions of migratory birds pour in, turning it into a literal birds\u2019 paradise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Over the decades, Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s importance has become legendary. Researchers record roughly 239 species using the park each year, with total counts of two to three million individual birds during the peak migration seasons. In 1994, the park and adjacent lake were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance<\/strong>, highlighting their global value for waterbirds. Ku\u015fcenneti even earned a Class-A European Diploma from the Council of Europe for its exemplary conservation practices.<\/p>\n

The human story of this landscape is equally rich. Ancient records show that Lydian tribes and later the Persian Achaemenids treated the Manyas region as a royal preserve: after the 6th century BCE Persian conquest it was named Paradeisos<\/em> (meaning \u201cparadise\u201d) because of its abundant game. In modern times, biologist Curt Kosswig and his wife Leonore became Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s champions. In the 1930s and \u201940s they documented the vast pelican and cormorant colonies and set up a field station. Their efforts paid off when, in 1959, the Turkish government officially created Ku\u015fcenneti National Park, initially protecting only about 52 hectares of nest sites.<\/p>\n

In the decades since, the protected area was greatly expanded. By the early 2000s, the park had grown to roughly 24,000 hectares<\/strong> in total, including about 16,400 hectares of Lake Manyas itself. This expansion ensured protection not just for the original reed islands but for the whole surrounding landscape. Today the enlarged park preserves forests, fields and wetlands, ensuring that Ku\u015fcenneti remains a vital link in the chain of migration routes between Asia, Europe and Africa.<\/p>\n

Planning Your Visit to Ku\u015fcenneti National Park: Everything You Need to Know<\/h2>\n

Proper planning is essential for a rewarding trip to Ku\u015fcenneti, since the park\u2019s remoteness and seasonal fluctuations affect what you can see. The park is busiest and most vibrant during the migration periods\u2014roughly March\u2013July and September\u2013October<\/strong>\u2014when bird life is at its peak. Outside those months, the landscape is far quieter and some services (like tours or boat excursions) may be limited. Note that the park\u2019s observation tower and visitor displays are generally open only during the main season; always check current schedules before traveling.<\/p>\n

When is the Absolute Best Time to Visit Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h3>\n

Spring Migration (March\u2013May): A Spectacle of Colors and Sounds<\/h4>\n

Spring is often the most spectacular time to visit. From late March through May the wetlands burst with activity as northbound migrants arrive from Africa and Asia. In full breeding plumage, storks, pelicans and herons gather nesting materials, while the reed beds echo with the songs of warblers and other passerines. The great pelican colonies are established early, and it\u2019s common to see pelicans and cormorants carrying fish back to nestlings. Temperatures are mild and mosquitoes relatively few. Bird guides emphasize that March\u2013July<\/strong> is the period when most species are present in nesting plumage, making spring ideal for birdwatching and nature study.<\/p>\n

Summer Breeding Season (June\u2013August): Witnessing New Life<\/h4>\n

By summer, many of Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s migrants are raising young. June through August remains warm and often sunny. Large heronries of great egrets, cattle egrets and grey herons teem with chicks, and storks are busy on their platform nests. Ducks, shovelers and coots brood along the shores. Many juveniles learn to swim and fish in the warm shallows. Midday on sunny summer days can be hot, however, so bird activity slows; morning and evening are best for sightings. Note also that mosquitoes can be numerous in July and August\u2014bring repellent and long sleeves for late-evening walks.<\/p>\n

Autumn Migration (September\u2013November): A Farewell to Summer Visitors<\/h4>\n

Another wave of migrants passes through in autumn, typically from September through October. As summer species depart, flocks of waterfowl and waders descend on Ku\u015fcenneti one last time before winter. Mallards, shovelers, teal and other ducks gather on the lake, while Black-winged Stilts and Wood Sandpipers probe the mudflats. Many raptors migrate overhead \u2013 Broad-winged Hawks and Short-toed Eagles have been spotted moving along thermals near the lake. Local guides note that September\u2013October<\/strong> can rival spring in terms of bird variety. The light at dawn and dusk is beautiful, and the spectacle of birds gathering is unforgettable. (One common sight: at sunset on migration days, thousands of birds will fly in unison, silhouetted against the sky.)<\/p>\n

Wintering Birds (December\u2013February): A Quieter, Yet Rewarding Experience<\/h4>\n

In winter the park is much quieter, but it still holds interest for the dedicated birdwatcher. Only hearty waterfowl tend to remain: wintering groups of Eurasian Teal, Mallard and other dabbling ducks can be seen on unfrozen water. A few coots, herons and even swans linger on the lake\u2019s edges if conditions allow. Ku\u015fcenneti is also famous as a wintering ground for the Critically Endangered White-headed Duck<\/strong>, which breeds in eastern Europe and Asia but spends winter here. While you will not see millions of birds in January, the silent beauty of the frozen lake and the chance of spotting uncommon wintering species can still make a cold-season trip rewarding. Keep in mind that the visitor center and tower are typically open only March\u2013October.<\/p>\n

Park Opening Hours and Entrance Fees<\/h3>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti National Park operates seasonal hours. During the main visitor months the gates open around 09:00<\/strong> and close around 18:00<\/strong> (6:00 p.m.). (Exact times may vary slightly by month or be curtailed in late autumn and winter, so always verify the current schedule.) Entry is by paid ticket: as of 2024 the fee is 35 Turkish Lira<\/strong> per adult, with a reduced rate (about 20 TL<\/strong>) for students, teachers and children. This modest fee covers the entire park, including the observation tower and any exhibits. (For example, park authorities often provide free binoculars at the tower to help visitors get a closer look.) There are no additional charges for parking or for most park facilities. The fees support park management and conservation.<\/p>\n

How to Get to Ku\u015fcenneti National Park<\/h3>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti lies about 18 km southeast of the city of Band\u0131rma (on the Marmara coast) in Bal\u0131kesir Province. The simplest way to reach Band\u0131rma from Istanbul is by ferry: high-speed catamaran ferries (e.g. IDO or BUDO lines) run daily from Istanbul (Yenikap\u0131 or Kad\u0131k\u00f6y) to Band\u0131rma, a trip of roughly 2.5\u20133 hours. From Band\u0131rma\u2019s docks, Ku\u015fcenneti is a 20-minute drive (about 15 km) along the Bal\u0131kesir\u2013Band\u0131rma highway. Watch for a signed turnoff about 15 km from Band\u0131rma that leads 3 km south into the park. Taxis are available in Band\u0131rma, or one can take the local minibuses (\u201cdolmu\u015f\u201d) that shuttle between Band\u0131rma, Manyas and Sag\u0131rc\u0131k village (the park\u2019s access point).<\/p>\n

If traveling by road, Band\u0131rma is connected by highway to Bursa (east) and Bal\u0131kesir (west). From Bursa it is about a 1.5\u20132 hour drive to Band\u0131rma, then as above to Ku\u015fcenneti. From \u0130zmir or the Aegean, travelers go via Bal\u0131kesir then head north to Band\u0131rma. Long-distance buses service Band\u0131rma from most major Turkish cities; after arriving at the Band\u0131rma bus station you can take the local bus or taxi to the park. In short: make Band\u0131rma your transit hub, then proceed along the turnoff to the southeast. The official signage (in Turkish) points the way once you reach Manyas.<\/p>\n

Accommodation: Where to Stay Near Ku\u015fcenneti National Park<\/h3>\n

There are no lodging facilities inside Ku\u015fcenneti itself, as the core is strictly protected. The closest settlement is the village of S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131<\/strong> (also called S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131atik), about 1 km from the park entrance: it has a few small guesthouses and pensions run by locals who know the area. However, most visitors stay in nearby towns. The city of Band\u0131rma<\/strong> (18 km away) offers a full range of accommodations \u2014 from budget inns to higher-end hotels \u2014 plus restaurants, shops and other services. The coastal resort town of Erdek<\/strong> (about 30 km west) and the spa town of G\u00f6nen<\/strong> (about 35 km southwest) also have comfortable hotels and are within easy driving distance. The small town of Manyas<\/strong> (10 km north) has modest pensions and a \u201cNature Park Lodge.\u201d Some travelers even find rooms on local farms or villas around the lake. In general, plan to stay outside the park (typically in Band\u0131rma or Manyas) and visit Ku\u015fcenneti on day trips.<\/p>\n

The Avian Stars of Ku\u015fcenneti: A Deep Dive into the Park’s Bird Species<\/h2>\n

Ornithologists have identified on the order of 240\u2013266 species<\/strong> of birds at Ku\u015fcenneti, making it one of Turkey\u2019s richest birding sites. About 239 species are recorded each year, and roughly 105 of them breed in the park. This means nearly one-third of Turkey\u2019s bird fauna can be seen here over the course of a year. The list includes representatives of almost every wetland family \u2013 pelicans, herons, storks, ducks, geese, waders, raptors \u2013 as well as migrants from far-away lands. (For context, BirdLife International reports that the park regularly holds millions of waterfowl on migration, and it is classified as an Important Bird Area at the highest threshold.)<\/p>\n

How Many Bird Species Are in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h3>\n

As noted, roughly 240\u2013270 species<\/strong> have been recorded in Ku\u015fcenneti. Field guides often simplify this to \u201caround 250 species.\u201d Every year about 2\u20133 million individual birds pass through or winter here. Among the breeding residents are species typical of Anatolian wetlands \u2013 ducks, grebes, terns, herons \u2013 plus some birds of drier country like turtledoves and wheatears. The exact annual list shifts slightly, but the diversity is assured by the park\u2019s position on major flyways: birds from southern Europe, Siberia, Africa and beyond all converge at Manyas.<\/p>\n

The “Big Five” of Ku\u015fcenneti: Must-See Birds for Every Visitor<\/h3>\n

The Dalmatian Pelican: A Majestic Resident<\/h4>\n

Perhaps the signature bird of Ku\u015fcenneti is the Dalmatian Pelican<\/strong> (Pelecanus crispus<\/em>). These huge birds (wingspans over 3 meters) are unmistakable with their silvery-white plumage and massive orange bill pouches. In spring and early summer they breed on wooded islets and grove edges around the lake. Ku\u015fcenneti is one of the world\u2019s most important breeding sites for Dalmatian Pelicans \u2013 global estimates suggest only about 10\u201314 thousand pairs remain, and many of those breed in Turkey. Visitors in spring can watch pelicans gliding in formation, fishing cooperatively, or tending deep nests of reeds and branches. By late summer the young pelicans venture onto the water under their parents\u2019 watchful eyes. The park\u2019s success in protecting these colonies (and even boosting their numbers) is a highlight of its conservation story.<\/p>\n

The Pygmy Cormorant: A Skillful Diver<\/h4>\n

Lurking beneath the surface is the Pygmy Cormorant<\/strong> (Microcarbo pygmaeus<\/em>), a smaller relative of the common cormorant. Dark and sleek, pygmy cormorants are expert divers in the park\u2019s shallow waters. They often nest in large colonies alongside pelicans, weaving bulky stick nests on the same willow and ash groves. At Ku\u015fcenneti these cormorants can be seen glistening wet on branches or flying in synchronized lines. Their numbers dropped in the 20th century but have rebounded thanks to habitat protection here. For photographers, a pygmy cormorant drying its wings on a sunlit branch can make a beautiful portrait.<\/p>\n

The Eurasian Spoonbill: A Uniquely Adapted Wader<\/h4>\n

The Eurasian Spoonbill<\/strong> (Platalea leucorodia<\/em>) is one of the park\u2019s most elegant waders. Standing over a meter tall with a white body and black legs, its feature is the long, flat, spoon-shaped bill. Breeding adults develop a distinctive yellow breast patch and a crest. Spoonbills feed by swinging their bills side to side in the water, sifting small fish and crustaceans. In Ku\u015fcenneti dozens of spoonbills may nest together on small islands and flats. They are most easily seen late spring through summer when feeding in shallow water. At dusk flocks of spoonbills flying with necks outstretched are a graceful spectacle.<\/p>\n

The Great White Egret: An Elegant Hunter<\/h4>\n

The Great White Egret<\/strong> (Ardea alba<\/em>) is perhaps the most classic symbol of these wetlands. This tall, pure-white heron stalks fish along the lake and marsh edges with slow, deliberate steps. It reaches almost a meter in height, and when breeding can sport delicate head plumes. Great Egrets nest in the same colonies as grey herons, often building their stick nests close to water. Visitors often spot one standing motionless in the shallows, neck retracted in a sharp \u201cS\u201d before it strikes with its yellow bill. In flight, its long neck and trailing legs make it look almost as if suspended. With a bit of luck you might witness an egret catching a large frog or fish and tossing it back to swallow.<\/p>\n

The Glossy Ibis: A Flash of Iridescent Color<\/h4>\n

In summer, look for the Glossy Ibis<\/strong> (Plegadis falcinellus<\/em>) in the reeds and marshes. At first glance it appears dark brown, but in sunlight its feathers shimmer with iridescent greens, purples and blues. The ibis has a long downcurved bill and elegant slow wingbeats. At Ku\u015fcenneti, glossy ibises breed in the same tall willow and reed colonies as herons and spoonbills. They sweep through the mud for insects and snails. Unlike some larger waders, they often feed in deeper water or dense vegetation. To see their dramatic plumage shine, try viewing them with backlight from sunrise or sunset. European conservation lists have noted the Glossy Ibis as a species of concern, so encountering this bird here is extra special.<\/p>\n

Endangered and Threatened Species: A Call for Conservation<\/h3>\n

In addition to the Big Five, Ku\u015fcenneti serves as critical habitat for several globally threatened birds.<\/p>\n

The White-headed Duck: A Critically Endangered Winter Guest<\/h4>\n

Perhaps most famously, Ku\u015fcenneti is vital for the White-headed Duck<\/strong> (Oxyura leucocephala<\/em>). This stocky diving duck (with a stark white head on the males) is globally Critically Endangered. It breeds in only a few places and winters at only a handful of sites. Ku\u015fcenneti is recognized as the most important wintering ground for this species in Turkey. Historically, hundreds of white-headed ducks would arrive each year. Although numbers have fallen worldwide to maybe 8,000\u201313,000 individuals, the lake\u2019s protected shallows still host a significant fraction of them every winter. Birdwatchers may see a few dozen to a hundred together on quiet winter days if the ice is not too thick.<\/p>\n

Other Rare Visitors: Sociable Lapwing and More<\/h4>\n

Occasionally, the park also sees rarer migrants. For example, the Sociable Lapwing<\/strong> (Vanellus gregarius<\/em>) \u2014 a vulnerable wader from Central Asia \u2014 has been recorded passing through, though it is very scarce. In prime migration seasons, birders might also spot species like the Black Stork, Little Bittern or Eastern Imperial Eagle as vagrants. The presence of any of these scarce species underlines the importance of the site. Even common summer birds, such as the collared pratincole and black-headed gull, play important roles. In total, Ku\u015fcenneti regularly hosts several birds listed on global conservation lists, meeting multiple thresholds for endangered species counts.<\/p>\n

Conservation Efforts to Protect These Fragile Populations<\/h4>\n

The survival of these species depends on ongoing conservation. Park authorities and NGOs actively manage Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s habitat. For example, they have re-planted willows and reinforced reed islands to provide stable nesting platforms for pelicans and other waterbirds. Solar-powered camera traps have been installed at nesting colonies to monitor bird activity and deter poachers. Rangers patrol the area, enforcing the hunting ban and educating visitors. Water quality is tested regularly, since keeping Lake Manyas clean is essential for the food web. In recent years the park has also removed non-native carp (which compete with native fish) and worked to regulate water levels. These efforts have paid off; for instance, bird counts peaked at around 126,000 breeding individuals in 2013, a testament to successful habitat management.<\/p>\n

A Seasonal Guide to Bird Watching in Ku\u015fcenneti<\/h3>\n

Spring Arrivals: Warblers, Flycatchers, and More<\/h4>\n

With the first warmth of spring, Ku\u015fcenneti invites a parade of migrants. Keep watch in the reed edges and groves for colorful warblers<\/strong> (Willow Warbler, Eastern Bonelli\u2019s Warbler, Reed Warbler, etc.) flitting between reeds. Shrike species like the Red-backed Shrike may hunt from prominent perches. Flycatchers<\/strong> (e.g. Spotted Flycatcher) catch flying insects along sunny rides and fields. On the water, look for returning grebes and terns fishing the lake. The great flocks of storks<\/strong> will already be pairing up in the treetops. It is common to see a cacophony of bird song in April. The lake hosts dozens of warbler and reed warbler nests by May. Bring a guidebook to note the numerous small passerines; watching a Eurasian Bittern vanish into the reeds is a memorable thrill.<\/p>\n

Summer Nesters: Herons, Storks, and Birds of Prey<\/h4>\n

June through August is prime nesting season. Large trees and reeds are home to heronries<\/strong>: you will see Great Egrets, Grey Herons, Cattle Egrets and Little Bitterns feeding well-grown chicks. Storks<\/strong> (both White and Black Stork) hatch their young in tall nests, and you may observe large white storks shading their chicks from the sun. In open marshes, waders like the Spur-winged Lapwing and Common Redshank tend to chicks along the water\u2019s edge. Raptor activity peaks as well: Marsh Harriers and Eurasian Buzzards patrol the wetlands, and European Honey Buzzards may ride thermals. By late summer many fledglings are winging about, and the air is filled with the flapping of young cormorants and ibis learning to fly.<\/p>\n

Autumn Departures: A Last Glimpse of Migratory Species<\/h4>\n

As autumn arrives, the park sees a second pulse of migration. Many returning waterfowl fill the lake: Tufted Ducks, Northern Pintails, and tens of thousands of Eurasian coots can be present in September. In the marshes, Black-winged Stilts and Wood Sandpipers forage in the shrinking shallows. Raptors head south too: Broad-winged Hawks and Short-toed Eagles have been tracked flying over Manyas in migration. Possibly the most impressive scene is a late September sunset: flocks of storks, cranes and pelicans can be seen flying southward in V-formation, backlit by the orange sky. Local naturalists say that September and October are when the last lingering breeders mingle with first-time migrants. Even small passerine migrants (flying finches, buntings, thrushes) pause in the trees to rest. Autumn afternoons often have great light for photography, illuminating the changing reeds and fluttering leaves.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Winter Residents: Ducks, Geese, and the Hardy Few<\/h4>\n

Winter in Ku\u015fcenneti is quiet and introspective. Only the hardiest species remain. Mallards, Teal and Coots dominate the water, huddling on ice-free patches. Occasionally you may spy a Ruddy Shelduck or a few Common Pochards lingering. The distinctive silhouettes of Greater Spotted Eagles or Marsh Harriers can still be seen cruising on sunny winter days, searching for rodents in the grass. Gulls (Black-headed, Yellow-legged) often form rafts on open water. Although bird counts drop dramatically, the real reward is the park\u2019s serenity. Frost may still coat the reeds at dawn, and the reflected light over the glassy lake at sunset is hauntingly beautiful. Just remember: the observation tower and facilities are usually closed in the dead of winter, so plan for crisp day trips, not overnight park camping.<\/p>\n

Exploring the Park: Activities and Experiences for Every Visitor<\/h2>\n

The Best Bird Watching Spots in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park<\/h3>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti is admirably equipped for visitors. The centerpiece is the Observation Tower<\/strong>, a 17.5-meter wooden platform built in 2001. The tower (one of the world\u2019s tallest birdwatching hides) can hold about 40 people and provides sweeping views across the lake and marsh. From the tower\u2019s upper deck you can scan thousands of waterbirds at once \u2013 pelicans on nests in the distance, cormorants drying on logs, ducks forming tight flocks, and even distant mountains. The park provides free binoculars at the tower to enhance this view. Dawn and dusk watches here are spectacular, as feeding flocks pass low overhead.<\/p>\n

Another excellent location is the Lakeside Trail<\/strong>. A wooden boardwalk weaves through the reeds along the north shore, ending near a small observation blind hidden in the vegetation. Walking this trail brings you into the heart of the bird habitat: you may flush a hidden Water Rail or hear a Bittern boom nearby. Side platforms let you quietly watch marsh waders probing the mud. The trail also passes through floodplain woods and fields, so keep an eye out for woodland species like Woodpeckers or Hoopoes just off the path.<\/p>\n

Beyond those, birders favor the Sag\u0131rla Hill<\/strong> to the south (outside the formal park boundary). From this small hill, you get an expansive panorama of Lake Manyas. It\u2019s a classic spot to see flocks arriving and departing. On spring mornings, thousands of storks and pelicans can sometimes be seen circling and crossing the sky toward these fields. The incline also offers a pleasant hill walk. In autumn it\u2019s a sunset viewpoint: binoculars trained here often pick up distant flocks silhouetted against the light.<\/p>\n

Guided Tours and Educational Programs<\/h3>\n

For those new to Ku\u015fcenneti, guided tours can greatly enrich the experience. The park administration organizes interpretive walks and talks during peak season (especially bird migration periods). These tours are led by knowledgeable naturalists who explain the birds\u2019 biology, show nesting sites and sometimes carry spotting scopes. Local nature clubs and birding societies in Bal\u0131kesir often host group tours, and English-language guides can be arranged through them. Private tour operators and birdwatching companies also offer half-day and full-day birding excursions in Ku\u015fcenneti, complete with transport and food. Hiring a guide is worthwhile if you want in-depth information on species identification or wish to see hidden spots that an expert knows well.<\/p>\n

Nature Photography in Ku\u015fcenneti: Tips and Tricks for Stunning Shots<\/h3>\n

Photography is a major draw here. To capture the wildlife, a telephoto lens<\/strong> (at least 300 mm) is very helpful; the park\u2019s free-position tower and hides mean you can set up a tripod for stability. The best light is generally in the golden hours \u2013 dawn and dusk when birds are active and water reflects warm tones. Avoid shooting into the sun if possible. When photographing, try to include some context: a Great White Egret feeding among reeds or a pelican nest with foliage in the frame. This conveys habitat rather than a bird cutout.<\/p>\n

Bring a polarizing filter if you have one \u2013 it can manage glare on the water and make skies pop. For landscapes, the Sag\u0131rla plateau at sunrise yields misty lake vistas. Macro photographers can find dragonflies, frogs and wildflowers along the trails. Ethics tip:<\/strong> never approach nesting areas on foot; always use hides or the tower. Respect limits \u2013 do not wave cameras at alarmed birds or feed wildlife. The park staff discourages playback calls. In all cases, the subject\u2019s welfare is more important than any shot. Clean your gear of any food residue to avoid attracting animals.<\/p>\n

Beyond Bird Watching: Other Activities in and Around the Park<\/h3>\n

Although Ku\u015fcenneti is best known for birds, it offers other recreational experiences. A network of nature trails<\/strong> leads through the surrounding hills and forests. For example, a pleasant walk follows forest paths up to panoramic viewpoints over the wetlands. Some trails are used by locals for hiking or cycling (bikes are allowed only on marked forest roads, not inside the core wetland). The quietly meandering paths are good for exercise and provide a chance to see land animals and wildflowers.<\/p>\n

Families should check out the park\u2019s visitor center, which has educational exhibits on local ecology. There is even a small playground with nature-themed equipment near the entrance. School groups sometimes have workshops on bird ecology or crafts. For a relaxing break, designated picnic areas (outside the main nesting zones) let you have a quiet lunch under the shade of tamarisks or oaks.<\/p>\n

Finally, don\u2019t overlook the charms of the wider region. The village of S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131<\/strong> just outside the park is a quaint spot to stroll and try local tea. A short drive away is the Band\u0131rma Museum<\/strong>, housed in a lovely Ottoman building, which has exhibits on the region\u2019s history. In nearby G\u00f6nen, baths and a snake museum await (for something completely different). For families, swimming or beach outings at Erdek on the Marmara coast can round out the day.<\/p>\n

The Ecology of Ku\u015fcenneti: A Delicate and Thriving Ecosystem<\/h2>\n

Lake Manyas (Ku\u015f G\u00f6l\u00fc): The Heart of the National Park<\/h3>\n

The centerpiece of Ku\u015fcenneti is Lake Manyas<\/strong> itself. This shallow freshwater lake covers about 162 km\u00b2 (roughly 16,200 hectares). Its greatest depth is only 3\u20135 meters, which makes its summer waters quite warm. Warm, shallow waters promote high productivity: algae blooms and plankton support abundant fish populations (bass, carp, mullet and others). In turn, these fish feed the park\u2019s piscivorous birds and otters. One conservation report notes that the success of Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s breeding colonies depends directly on the lake\u2019s hydrology.<\/p>\n

Seasonally, the lake\u2019s water level fluctuates: it rises in late winter and spring, flooding the edges and protecting nests from land predators. By summer, levels drop to expose shorelines for feeding. Park managers now carefully monitor this cycle with dams and flow regulators (especially at the outlet, the Karadere channel). Maintaining the right water regime is crucial; if spring rains are too low or if excessive runoff carries pesticides, the bird habitat suffers. In recent years, authorities have implemented measures to improve water quality: they have dredged channels, planted wetlands vegetation to absorb nutrients, and controlled invasive fish. The result has been generally healthy wetland conditions, though issues remain during drought or flooding events.<\/p>\n

The Flora of Ku\u015fcenneti: More Than Just a Bird Haven<\/h3>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s plant communities are both practical habitat and scenic spectacle. Reed beds<\/strong> (primarily Phragmites australis<\/em>) dominate the lakeshore. In spring they sprout tall and dense, providing nesting platforms for many waterbirds and reed-dwelling songbirds. These reeds cover many square kilometers and sway in the wind, their seed heads rippling. Intermingled are stands of white willow<\/strong> (Salix alba<\/em>) and ash<\/strong> (Fraxinus<\/em>), which form small wooded islets. Pelicans and herons build bulky stick nests in these trees above the water.<\/p>\n

The surrounding higher ground has Mediterranean vegetation: scattered oaks, pines and scrub. These trees are home to woodland birds and also serve as vantage points for raptors. In summer the floodplains burst with grasses, bulrushes and wildflowers \u2013 yellow iris, marsh marigold and lotus, for example. Autumn brings foliage colors and provides berries for passerines. In total, over a hundred plant species have been recorded in the park area. This biodiversity of plants creates the intricate web of food and shelter that each bird species relies upon.<\/p>\n

The Other Inhabitants of Ku\u015fcenneti: Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians<\/h3>\n

While the birds steal the spotlight, Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s ecosystem includes a variety of other wildlife. Small mammals like field mice<\/strong>, voles<\/strong> and shrews<\/strong> scurry in the grass, providing prey for owls and foxes. The Eurasian otter<\/strong> (a fish-eating mustelid) still swims in the lake, although it is shy and rarely seen. Foxes and martens hunt along the fringes at night. On the lake\u2019s islands and in caves, you might find bats and hedgehogs nesting.<\/p>\n

Aquatic life is rich. Native fish (beyond the aforementioned carp and bass) include species like northern pike and zander, plus eels in the tributaries. These fish support both human fisheries and wildlife. Amphibians like tree frogs and green toads are common in the wetland, and their spring choruses fill the night air. Turtles also inhabit the area: the European pond turtle often basks on logs, and in very rare cases Caspian (or even loggerhead) turtles have been reported drifting into the marsh.<\/p>\n

Even the insect world here is fascinating. Dragonflies and damselflies patrol the water; each summer, dozens of colorful species can be seen patrolling the reeds (the emperor dragonfly is a prize catch). Butterflies and bees feed on the profusion of marsh flowers. All of these creatures play roles in the food web \u2013 for example, fish eat mosquito larvae while birds eat the fish, linking every level. Observant visitors will appreciate how this whole community (birds, mammals, fish, insects and plants) is interconnected; every creature you see is part of the park\u2019s story.<\/p>\n

The History and Conservation of Ku\u015fcenneti National Park<\/h2>\n

A Timeline of Ku\u015fcenneti: From Ancient Times to National Park Status<\/h3>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s story is a thread through history. The Lake Manyas basin was inhabited as far back as the Bronze Age, but it gained historical fame in classical times. Lydian kings built towns along its shores in the 1st millennium BCE. In the Persian period (6th century BCE) it became known as Paradeisos<\/strong>, reflecting its status as a royal game preserve. It remained a wild and sparsely populated area through the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.<\/p>\n

The modern conservation chapter began in 1939, when zoologist Curt Kosswig published detailed observations of the bird colonies. He and his wife fought to protect the habitat against hunters. Their advocacy succeeded in 1959 when the Turkish government established Ku\u015fcenneti as a national park, covering 52 hectares of swamp. Further additions in the 1970s increased it modestly. In 1976, the park received a Class-A European Diploma for Protected Areas, renewed several times, underscoring its international importance.<\/p>\n

In 1994, Turkey embraced the Ramsar Convention, and Ku\u015fcenneti and Lake Manyas were registered as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. In the 2000s, Turkish authorities formally updated the park boundaries to include more wetlands; by 2005 the park\u2019s area was legally set at about 24,000 hectares. Thus Ku\u015fcenneti became Turkey\u2019s first wetland to achieve both European Diploma and Ramsar status \u2013 a testament to its unique legacy.<\/p>\n

The Role of Professor Curt Kosswig in the Park’s Establishment<\/h3>\n

German zoologist Curt Kosswig<\/strong> (1903\u20131982) and his wife Leonore deserve special credit in Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s history. In 1939, while on a research expedition, Kosswig documented the enormous flocks of pelicans and herons at Manyas. Realizing the area\u2019s importance, in 1952 he established a field research station at the lake\u2019s edge. From there, the Kosswigs oversaw the site, raised awareness and even acted as guards. Their tireless work \u2013 collecting data, publishing papers, lobbying officials \u2013 paved the way for protection. When Turkey declared Ku\u015fcenneti a national park in 1959, it was largely due to their initiative. Curt Kosswig continued to visit the park for years afterward, nurturing its development into a center of ecological research.<\/p>\n

The Challenges Facing Ku\u015fcenneti: Threats and Conservation Efforts<\/h3>\n

Even today, Ku\u015fcenneti faces serious environmental challenges. Water pollution<\/strong> is a prime concern. Lake Manyas receives agricultural runoff and industrial effluent via rivers like the Sigirci (which flows from the industrial area of Band\u0131rma). Nutrient overload (especially nitrogen and phosphorous) can cause algal blooms that deplete oxygen. Park managers combat this with regular water quality monitoring and by working with farmers to reduce fertilizer use. They have also built reed-filter systems at inflow points. In recent years, unusually dry winters have reduced the inflow from rivers, stressing both fish and birds. The authorities adjust dam gates on the outflow to help maintain adequate water levels for breeding.<\/p>\n

Another threat is habitat loss<\/strong> around the park. While the reserve itself protects its core, surrounding wetlands and fields have been drained for agriculture in some areas. To buffer the park, expansion of farmland is now restricted by law within a certain radius. The government\u2019s 2005 designation of a Wetland Protection Area around Lake Ku\u015f helps prevent new development. Invasive species pose a subtler risk: for example, non-native carp in the lake can outcompete native fish. The park has initiated catch-and-remove campaigns to restore balance.<\/p>\n

Human disturbance is also carefully managed. Although ecotourism is encouraged, measures are in place to minimize impacts on wildlife. The observation tower and trails confine visitors to specific points. Signage warns against loud noise or straying off-path. In 2020 the park reorganized its guard staff to focus exclusively on Ku\u015fcenneti, improving enforcement of the no-hunting rule. The new solar-powered cameras monitor key breeding sites, deterring poachers and providing researchers with data. Educational programs inform guests and local children about proper behavior in the park.<\/p>\n

Finally, the looming specter of climate change<\/strong> cannot be ignored. Recent climate patterns have been dryer and more unpredictable in the Marmara region. If spring rains fail or summers become very hot, water levels in Lake Manyas could drop drastically, reducing fish habitat and nest sites. A particularly dry year already led to a noticeable drop in waterfowl numbers in 2019\u20132020. In response, local managers have begun experimental interventions: building artificial nesting mounds above projected water lines, replanting trees to create more shaded cover, and potentially even small-scale irrigation in key nesting zones. All such measures are being studied as the park adapts to a changing climate.<\/p>\n

How You Can Contribute to the Conservation of Ku\u015fcenneti<\/h3>\n

Visitors can play a positive role in Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s future. First, follow all park guidelines carefully<\/strong>. Stay on the designated paths and observation platforms at all times, and do not disturb any wildlife. Keep noise to a minimum, especially during spring when birds are nesting. Always carry out your trash \u2013 even food scraps can attract non-native animals or insects. Do not attempt to feed the birds, as human food can upset their natural diets.<\/p>\n

Learn about the ecosystem as you visit: the more you appreciate how each species relies on the others, the more respectful you will be. Consider donating to or volunteering with conservation organizations active in the area. For example, the Manyas branch of BirdLife Turkey (Yuvac\u0131k Bird Society) works on projects like reed bed restoration and educational outreach. Supporting them helps fund real on-the-ground efforts. Hiring a local guide, staying at local guesthouses and eating in village cafes also gives economic incentive to protect the park.<\/p>\n

When you share your experiences \u2013 on social media, travel blogs or photo sites \u2013 do so with accuracy and a conservation message. Let others know that Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s wildlife is precious and fragile. In these ways, visitors can help ensure that this bird paradise remains healthy. Every small act of care or awareness contributes to the lasting conservation of Ku\u015fcenneti.<\/p>\n

Beyond the Park: Exploring the Band\u0131rma Region<\/h2>\n

The Ku\u015fcenneti area is rich not only in nature but also in cultural and regional attractions. The city of Band\u0131rma<\/strong> serves as the main gateway. A lively port on the Marmara Sea, Band\u0131rma has an attractive waterfront promenade and historic wooden Ottoman houses in its old quarter. Take a stroll along the bay to see fishing boats and ferries. The local museum (Band\u0131rma M\u00fczesi) has archaeological finds from the Manyas region, including artifacts from Lydian and Roman times. East of Band\u0131rma you can visit the Manyas Bird Sanctuary Museum<\/em> (Ku\u015fcenneti Milli Park\u0131 Ku\u015f M\u00fczesi<\/em>), which has taxidermied bird exhibits and information about the wetlands. Further afield, the spa town of G\u00f6nen<\/strong> offers hot springs, and the ruins of a Roman bath at Hersek (south of Band\u0131rma) connect to the region\u2019s ancient heritage.<\/p>\n

Local cuisine is a highlight. Lake Manyas and the Marmara provide excellent freshwater and sea fish. In Band\u0131rma and the surrounding villages you can try local specialties like grilled carp, bass and mullet served with simple salads. The Manyas area is also known for its fresh dairy: a white cheese similar to ka\u015far is made here, and yogurt dishes are common. In spring, villagers might serve m\u0131hlama<\/strong> (a cheesy fondue often with cornmeal) or kokore\u00e7<\/strong> (seasoned lamb intestines) at street carts. For dessert, a local curiosity is tavuk g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fc<\/em> \u2013 a milk pudding with finely shredded chicken breast \u2013 a legacy of Ottoman cuisine still made in some Band\u0131rma caf\u00e9s. Naturally, you will find all the staples of Turkish cuisine: b\u00f6rek<\/em>, kebabs, fresh pide<\/em> bread, and of course \u00e7ay<\/em> (black tea) and Turkish coffee. Sampling these local foods is a delightful way to round out a day of nature-watching.<\/p>\n

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Ku\u015fcenneti National Park<\/h2>\n

What is Ku\u015fcenneti National Park famous for?<\/h4>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti is world-famous for its vast bird populations. Its name means \u201cBird Paradise,\u201d and it truly lives up to that moniker \u2013 over 2\u20133 million migrating and nesting birds use the park each year. It is especially noted for its pelican and cormorant colonies, heronries, and as a refuge for rare species like the White-headed Duck. The sheer spectacle of birds arriving en masse in spring and autumn makes Ku\u015fcenneti a celebrated destination for nature lovers and ornithologists.<\/p>\n

Where is Ku\u015fcenneti located?<\/h4>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti National Park is in northwest Turkey, within Bal\u0131kesir Province on the southern Marmara Sea. It lies on the northeastern shore of Lake Manyas (Lake Ku\u015f) in Band\u0131rma district, about 18 km south of the city of Band\u0131rma. The park is rural and flat, bordered by fields and forests, at the edge of the Marmara lowlands. The nearest major highway runs from Band\u0131rma toward Bal\u0131kesir, with a turnoff to the park about 15 km outside Band\u0131rma.<\/p>\n

How many bird species are in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

Roughly 240\u2013270 species<\/strong> have been recorded in the park. About 239 species visit each year, and around 105 of those breed in the wetlands. This means nearly one-third of Turkey\u2019s bird species have been documented here. The list includes everything from common ducks and herons to rarities like the Dalmatian Pelican, Glossy Ibis, and White-headed Duck. Migratory warblers and shorebirds pass through on their journeys, bringing the total species count high.<\/p>\n

When is the best time to visit Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

Generally, spring and autumn<\/strong> are the best seasons. Spring (March\u2013May) brings the arrival of colorful migrants and breeding activity, while autumn (September\u2013October) sees large flocks gathering before migrating. The park\u2019s own information highlights March\u2013July and September\u2013October as the most interesting periods. Summer is still rewarding for observing nesting birds and their young. Winter is quieter but can be good for watching hardy ducks and the beautiful landscape. (Note: For the very best birdwatching, many experts point to April and May, when numbers and diversity peak.)<\/p>\n

Are there any endangered species in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

Yes. Ku\u015fcenneti is crucial for several endangered or vulnerable birds. Notably, it is the most important Turkish wintering site for the Critically Endangered White-headed Duck<\/strong>. The park also supports breeding of Dalmatian Pelicans<\/strong> and Eurasian Spoonbills<\/strong>, which are vulnerable species. The Glossy Ibis, considered endangered in Europe, nests here as well. Rare migrants like the Sociable Lapwing<\/strong> (Vulnerable) have been recorded passing through. Overall, the park\u2019s role as a haven for these fragile populations is one reason for its international protected status.<\/p>\n

What are the opening hours of Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

In the busy season (typically spring through early fall), the park is generally open from around 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM<\/strong> daily. Closing may occur earlier in winter, and facilities like the tower or visitor center are not guaranteed to be open outside the peak months. It\u2019s best to confirm current opening hours with local tourism offices or the park\u2019s administration before your visit.<\/p>\n

Is there an entrance fee for Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

Yes. The park charges a small entrance fee to help with maintenance. As of 2024 it is about 35 TL<\/strong> per adult. Students and children pay a reduced fee (around 20 TL). No extra charge is required for the observation tower or exhibits\u2014everything is included in the admission. Keep in mind fees can change year to year, so check a reliable source before traveling.<\/p>\n

Can you camp in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

No. Camping is not allowed<\/strong> inside the park. Ku\u015fcenneti is a sensitive protected area, and setting up camps would disturb the wildlife. You should plan to stay in nearby towns (Band\u0131rma, Manyas, etc.) or at approved campgrounds outside the park. Picnic areas are provided at designated spots, but open fires and random camping are prohibited.<\/p>\n

What activities can you do in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

Birdwatching is the main activity here. Visitors spend hours scanning the lake from the tower or hides, identifying species and listening to dawn choruses. Aside from birding, many enjoy wildlife photography and sketching. The park has a small natural history museum near the entrance, which families often explore. There are short walking trails (some wheelchair-accessible) and a nature playground for children. Guided bird walks and educational talks may be available during peak seasons. Some visitors hike or cycle on nearby country roads (bikes are only allowed outside the protected core). A popular pastime is simply relaxing and soaking in the natural beauty \u2013 the peaceful reed marshes and gentle lapping water.<\/p>\n

How do you get to Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

The park is most easily reached via Band\u0131rma<\/strong>. From Band\u0131rma, drive south on the Band\u0131rma\u2013Bal\u0131kesir highway; at about 15 km you will see signs for Manyas and Ku\u015fcenneti. Turn east onto the park road (3 km). Band\u0131rma itself can be reached by daily ferry from Istanbul (or by bus). From Bursa<\/strong>, head west to Band\u0131rma then follow the same route. From Izmir<\/strong> or Ankara<\/strong>, travel via Bal\u0131kesir to Band\u0131rma and proceed. If using public transport, take a bus to Band\u0131rma or Manyas and then a minibus or taxi the remaining distance. Detailed directions: Ku\u015fcenneti lies at the lake\u2019s northeast, just off the main road to Bal\u0131kesir.<\/p>\n

Are there guided tours available?<\/h4>\n

Yes. The park\u2019s management office occasionally offers guided nature walks and birdwatching tours, especially during migration seasons. These guided tours usually require advance booking. In addition, local birding and tour groups in Bal\u0131kesir and Istanbul organize trips to Ku\u015fcenneti. Private guides with expertise in Turkish birdlife are also available. Booking a guided tour is recommended for first-time visitors or non-birders, as guides can point out camouflaged species and explain ecological details.<\/p>\n

What kind of accommodation is available near the park?<\/h4>\n

There are no hotels inside<\/strong> the park. Nearest lodgings are in the adjacent villages and towns. The village of S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131 has a couple of simple pensions. Band\u0131rma<\/strong> (18 km away) is the main center: it offers everything from economy guesthouses to modern hotels. The seaside resort Erdek<\/strong> and the spa town G\u00f6nen<\/strong> (both within 30\u201335 km) also have comfortable hotels and are popular bases. The village of Manyas has a few guesthouses as well. Essentially, you will sleep outside the park and visit by day. Camping gear can be set up at campsites near Band\u0131rma or Erdek, but never inside the park gates.<\/p>\n

What should I bring with me to the park?<\/h4>\n

Essential items include binoculars<\/strong> (for birding) and a telephoto lens<\/strong> if you want to take close-up photos. A camera with a good zoom or a spotting scope will yield great wildlife shots. Wear sturdy walking shoes or boots \u2013 trails and marshy areas can be muddy. Dress in layers: mornings may be cool, but midday sun can be strong. Sun protection (hat, sunglasses, sunscreen) and insect repellent are highly recommended, especially in summer. Bring plenty of water and some snacks; there are no food vendors inside the park (there is a small cafe near the entrance). A field guide to Turkish birds can enhance your experience. Also carry a park map and possibly a GPS or offline maps on your phone, as cell coverage can be unreliable.<\/p>\n

Is Ku\u015fcenneti National Park suitable for families with children?<\/h4>\n

Yes, with a few considerations. Families with school-age children often enjoy the park\u2019s easy boardwalks and the excitement of spotting large birds. The observation tower, in particular, is fun for kids. The short trails are generally safe, but adult supervision is important near water and nests. The visitor center and its exhibits can entertain youngsters. There are no playgrounds inside the park, so parents should come prepared with other activities (bird guides, notebooks, etc.) to keep children engaged. Snack breaks should be taken at designated picnic sites to avoid littering. In short, it can be an excellent outdoor learning experience, but maintain constant watch over children, especially during nesting season when parent birds can dive-bomb if disturbed.<\/p>\n

Are drones allowed in Ku\u015fcenneti National Park?<\/h4>\n

No. The use of drones is strictly forbidden<\/strong> in all Turkish national parks and reserves, including Ku\u015fcenneti. This is both to protect wildlife and for security reasons. Flying a drone over the wetlands could startle or disturb birds, especially during breeding season. Violators can face heavy fines. Visitors should plan to use conventional cameras or binoculars for observation instead.<\/p>\n

What are the rules and regulations of the park?<\/h4>\n

Ku\u015fcenneti\u2019s rules are designed to protect the wildlife. Key regulations include:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Stay on marked paths and observation areas.<\/strong> Do not venture into off-limit zones or trample the reeds.<\/li>\n
  • No feeding or disturbing animals.<\/strong> Never chase or try to touch the birds or other wildlife.<\/li>\n
  • No hunting, fishing or collecting.<\/strong> All wildlife and plants are protected.<\/li>\n
  • No littering.<\/strong> Take out whatever you bring in. Picnicking and campfires are allowed only in designated spots outside the core wetlands.<\/li>\n
  • No drones or motorized vehicles<\/strong> inside the reserve.<\/li>\n
  • No fires or barbecues<\/strong> on the marshes or trails (smokeless fires are only in official picnic areas).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Anyone breaking these rules can be fined by park rangers. In essence, visitors should behave as stewards of the wetland \u2013 leaving nothing behind and respecting the animals\u2019 space.<\/p>\n

    The management encourages visitors to report any unusual problems (oil spills, fallen nests, injured animals) to the park office. By cooperating, each person can help keep Ku\u015fcenneti safe for future generations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"template":"","listivo_14":["National Parks"],"listivo_2723":[],"listivo_8964":["Bal\u0131kesir"],"listivo_8976":[],"class_list":["post-10599","listivo_listing","type-listivo_listing","status-publish","hentry","listivo_14-national-parks","listivo_8964-balikesir"],"listivo_145":["https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-7.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-5.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-1.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-2.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-6.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-3.jpg","https:\/\/travel-turkey.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Kuscenneti-National-Park-4.jpg"],"listivo_8965":"","listivo_8966":[],"listivo_8967":{"address":"Band\u0131rma, Ku\u015fcenneti, 10200 Band\u0131rma\/Bal\u0131kesir, T\u00fcrkiye","location":{"lat":40.2319463,"lng":28.0401289}},"listivo_8968":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8969":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8970":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8971":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8972":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8973":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_8974":["Open 24 Hours"],"listivo_344":[],"listivo_345":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_3411":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_26941":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_26924":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_26978":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_26979":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_26999":{"url":"","embed":""},"listivo_27018":{"url":"","embed":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listings\/10599","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listings"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/listivo_listing"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listings\/10599\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18253,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listings\/10599\/revisions\/18253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"listivo_14","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listivo_14?post=10599"},{"taxonomy":"listivo_2723","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listivo_2723?post=10599"},{"taxonomy":"listivo_8964","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listivo_8964?post=10599"},{"taxonomy":"listivo_8976","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/listivo_8976?post=10599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}