Situated on the northeastern shore of Lake Manyas in northwestern Turkey, Kuşcenneti National Park (“Bird Paradise” National Park) is one of the country’s premier bird sanctuaries. This reserve—initially only 52 hectares in 1959—comprises willow groves and extensive reed beds along the shallow, warm waters of Lake Manyas. These sheltered wetlands provide critical nesting and feeding areas for waterfowl, herons, storks and many other species. Each spring and autumn this quiet corner of the Marmara region comes alive as millions of migratory birds pour in, turning it into a literal birds’ paradise.

Over the decades, Kuşcenneti’s importance has become legendary. Researchers record roughly 239 species using the park each year, with total counts of two to three million individual birds during the peak migration seasons. In 1994, the park and adjacent lake were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, highlighting their global value for waterbirds. Kuşcenneti even earned a Class-A European Diploma from the Council of Europe for its exemplary conservation practices.

The human story of this landscape is equally rich. Ancient records show that Lydian tribes and later the Persian Achaemenids treated the Manyas region as a royal preserve: after the 6th century BCE Persian conquest it was named Paradeisos (meaning “paradise”) because of its abundant game. In modern times, biologist Curt Kosswig and his wife Leonore became Kuşcenneti’s champions. In the 1930s and ’40s they documented the vast pelican and cormorant colonies and set up a field station. Their efforts paid off when, in 1959, the Turkish government officially created Kuşcenneti National Park, initially protecting only about 52 hectares of nest sites.

In the decades since, the protected area was greatly expanded. By the early 2000s, the park had grown to roughly 24,000 hectares in total, including about 16,400 hectares of Lake Manyas itself. This expansion ensured protection not just for the original reed islands but for the whole surrounding landscape. Today the enlarged park preserves forests, fields and wetlands, ensuring that Kuşcenneti remains a vital link in the chain of migration routes between Asia, Europe and Africa.

Planning Your Visit to Kuşcenneti National Park: Everything You Need to Know

Proper planning is essential for a rewarding trip to Kuşcenneti, since the park’s remoteness and seasonal fluctuations affect what you can see. The park is busiest and most vibrant during the migration periods—roughly March–July and September–October—when bird life is at its peak. Outside those months, the landscape is far quieter and some services (like tours or boat excursions) may be limited. Note that the park’s observation tower and visitor displays are generally open only during the main season; always check current schedules before traveling.

When is the Absolute Best Time to Visit Kuşcenneti National Park?

Spring Migration (March–May): A Spectacle of Colors and Sounds

Spring is often the most spectacular time to visit. From late March through May the wetlands burst with activity as northbound migrants arrive from Africa and Asia. In full breeding plumage, storks, pelicans and herons gather nesting materials, while the reed beds echo with the songs of warblers and other passerines. The great pelican colonies are established early, and it’s common to see pelicans and cormorants carrying fish back to nestlings. Temperatures are mild and mosquitoes relatively few. Bird guides emphasize that March–July is the period when most species are present in nesting plumage, making spring ideal for birdwatching and nature study.

Summer Breeding Season (June–August): Witnessing New Life

By summer, many of Kuşcenneti’s migrants are raising young. June through August remains warm and often sunny. Large heronries of great egrets, cattle egrets and grey herons teem with chicks, and storks are busy on their platform nests. Ducks, shovelers and coots brood along the shores. Many juveniles learn to swim and fish in the warm shallows. Midday on sunny summer days can be hot, however, so bird activity slows; morning and evening are best for sightings. Note also that mosquitoes can be numerous in July and August—bring repellent and long sleeves for late-evening walks.

Autumn Migration (September–November): A Farewell to Summer Visitors

Another wave of migrants passes through in autumn, typically from September through October. As summer species depart, flocks of waterfowl and waders descend on Kuşcenneti one last time before winter. Mallards, shovelers, teal and other ducks gather on the lake, while Black-winged Stilts and Wood Sandpipers probe the mudflats. Many raptors migrate overhead – Broad-winged Hawks and Short-toed Eagles have been spotted moving along thermals near the lake. Local guides note that September–October can rival spring in terms of bird variety. The light at dawn and dusk is beautiful, and the spectacle of birds gathering is unforgettable. (One common sight: at sunset on migration days, thousands of birds will fly in unison, silhouetted against the sky.)

Wintering Birds (December–February): A Quieter, Yet Rewarding Experience

In winter the park is much quieter, but it still holds interest for the dedicated birdwatcher. Only hearty waterfowl tend to remain: wintering groups of Eurasian Teal, Mallard and other dabbling ducks can be seen on unfrozen water. A few coots, herons and even swans linger on the lake’s edges if conditions allow. Kuşcenneti is also famous as a wintering ground for the Critically Endangered White-headed Duck, which breeds in eastern Europe and Asia but spends winter here. While you will not see millions of birds in January, the silent beauty of the frozen lake and the chance of spotting uncommon wintering species can still make a cold-season trip rewarding. Keep in mind that the visitor center and tower are typically open only March–October.

Park Opening Hours and Entrance Fees

Kuşcenneti National Park operates seasonal hours. During the main visitor months the gates open around 09:00 and close around 18:00 (6:00 p.m.). (Exact times may vary slightly by month or be curtailed in late autumn and winter, so always verify the current schedule.) Entry is by paid ticket: as of 2024 the fee is 35 Turkish Lira per adult, with a reduced rate (about 20 TL) for students, teachers and children. This modest fee covers the entire park, including the observation tower and any exhibits. (For example, park authorities often provide free binoculars at the tower to help visitors get a closer look.) There are no additional charges for parking or for most park facilities. The fees support park management and conservation.

How to Get to Kuşcenneti National Park

Kuşcenneti lies about 18 km southeast of the city of Bandırma (on the Marmara coast) in Balıkesir Province. The simplest way to reach Bandırma from Istanbul is by ferry: high-speed catamaran ferries (e.g. IDO or BUDO lines) run daily from Istanbul (Yenikapı or Kadıköy) to Bandırma, a trip of roughly 2.5–3 hours. From Bandırma’s docks, Kuşcenneti is a 20-minute drive (about 15 km) along the Balıkesir–Bandırma highway. Watch for a signed turnoff about 15 km from Bandırma that leads 3 km south into the park. Taxis are available in Bandırma, or one can take the local minibuses (“dolmuş”) that shuttle between Bandırma, Manyas and Sagırcık village (the park’s access point).

If traveling by road, Bandırma is connected by highway to Bursa (east) and Balıkesir (west). From Bursa it is about a 1.5–2 hour drive to Bandırma, then as above to Kuşcenneti. From İzmir or the Aegean, travelers go via Balıkesir then head north to Bandırma. Long-distance buses service Bandırma from most major Turkish cities; after arriving at the Bandırma bus station you can take the local bus or taxi to the park. In short: make Bandırma your transit hub, then proceed along the turnoff to the southeast. The official signage (in Turkish) points the way once you reach Manyas.

Accommodation: Where to Stay Near Kuşcenneti National Park

There are no lodging facilities inside Kuşcenneti itself, as the core is strictly protected. The closest settlement is the village of Sığırcı (also called Sığırcıatik), about 1 km from the park entrance: it has a few small guesthouses and pensions run by locals who know the area. However, most visitors stay in nearby towns. The city of Bandırma (18 km away) offers a full range of accommodations — from budget inns to higher-end hotels — plus restaurants, shops and other services. The coastal resort town of Erdek (about 30 km west) and the spa town of Gönen (about 35 km southwest) also have comfortable hotels and are within easy driving distance. The small town of Manyas (10 km north) has modest pensions and a “Nature Park Lodge.” Some travelers even find rooms on local farms or villas around the lake. In general, plan to stay outside the park (typically in Bandırma or Manyas) and visit Kuşcenneti on day trips.

The Avian Stars of Kuşcenneti: A Deep Dive into the Park’s Bird Species

Ornithologists have identified on the order of 240–266 species of birds at Kuşcenneti, making it one of Turkey’s richest birding sites. About 239 species are recorded each year, and roughly 105 of them breed in the park. This means nearly one-third of Turkey’s bird fauna can be seen here over the course of a year. The list includes representatives of almost every wetland family – pelicans, herons, storks, ducks, geese, waders, raptors – as well as migrants from far-away lands. (For context, BirdLife International reports that the park regularly holds millions of waterfowl on migration, and it is classified as an Important Bird Area at the highest threshold.)

How Many Bird Species Are in Kuşcenneti National Park?

As noted, roughly 240–270 species have been recorded in Kuşcenneti. Field guides often simplify this to “around 250 species.” Every year about 2–3 million individual birds pass through or winter here. Among the breeding residents are species typical of Anatolian wetlands – ducks, grebes, terns, herons – plus some birds of drier country like turtledoves and wheatears. The exact annual list shifts slightly, but the diversity is assured by the park’s position on major flyways: birds from southern Europe, Siberia, Africa and beyond all converge at Manyas.

The “Big Five” of Kuşcenneti: Must-See Birds for Every Visitor

The Dalmatian Pelican: A Majestic Resident

Perhaps the signature bird of Kuşcenneti is the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus). These huge birds (wingspans over 3 meters) are unmistakable with their silvery-white plumage and massive orange bill pouches. In spring and early summer they breed on wooded islets and grove edges around the lake. Kuşcenneti is one of the world’s most important breeding sites for Dalmatian Pelicans – global estimates suggest only about 10–14 thousand pairs remain, and many of those breed in Turkey. Visitors in spring can watch pelicans gliding in formation, fishing cooperatively, or tending deep nests of reeds and branches. By late summer the young pelicans venture onto the water under their parents’ watchful eyes. The park’s success in protecting these colonies (and even boosting their numbers) is a highlight of its conservation story.

The Pygmy Cormorant: A Skillful Diver

Lurking beneath the surface is the Pygmy Cormorant (Microcarbo pygmaeus), a smaller relative of the common cormorant. Dark and sleek, pygmy cormorants are expert divers in the park’s shallow waters. They often nest in large colonies alongside pelicans, weaving bulky stick nests on the same willow and ash groves. At Kuşcenneti these cormorants can be seen glistening wet on branches or flying in synchronized lines. Their numbers dropped in the 20th century but have rebounded thanks to habitat protection here. For photographers, a pygmy cormorant drying its wings on a sunlit branch can make a beautiful portrait.

The Eurasian Spoonbill: A Uniquely Adapted Wader

The Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) is one of the park’s most elegant waders. Standing over a meter tall with a white body and black legs, its feature is the long, flat, spoon-shaped bill. Breeding adults develop a distinctive yellow breast patch and a crest. Spoonbills feed by swinging their bills side to side in the water, sifting small fish and crustaceans. In Kuşcenneti dozens of spoonbills may nest together on small islands and flats. They are most easily seen late spring through summer when feeding in shallow water. At dusk flocks of spoonbills flying with necks outstretched are a graceful spectacle.

The Great White Egret: An Elegant Hunter

The Great White Egret (Ardea alba) is perhaps the most classic symbol of these wetlands. This tall, pure-white heron stalks fish along the lake and marsh edges with slow, deliberate steps. It reaches almost a meter in height, and when breeding can sport delicate head plumes. Great Egrets nest in the same colonies as grey herons, often building their stick nests close to water. Visitors often spot one standing motionless in the shallows, neck retracted in a sharp “S” before it strikes with its yellow bill. In flight, its long neck and trailing legs make it look almost as if suspended. With a bit of luck you might witness an egret catching a large frog or fish and tossing it back to swallow.

The Glossy Ibis: A Flash of Iridescent Color

In summer, look for the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) in the reeds and marshes. At first glance it appears dark brown, but in sunlight its feathers shimmer with iridescent greens, purples and blues. The ibis has a long downcurved bill and elegant slow wingbeats. At Kuşcenneti, glossy ibises breed in the same tall willow and reed colonies as herons and spoonbills. They sweep through the mud for insects and snails. Unlike some larger waders, they often feed in deeper water or dense vegetation. To see their dramatic plumage shine, try viewing them with backlight from sunrise or sunset. European conservation lists have noted the Glossy Ibis as a species of concern, so encountering this bird here is extra special.

Endangered and Threatened Species: A Call for Conservation

In addition to the Big Five, Kuşcenneti serves as critical habitat for several globally threatened birds.

The White-headed Duck: A Critically Endangered Winter Guest

Perhaps most famously, Kuşcenneti is vital for the White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala). This stocky diving duck (with a stark white head on the males) is globally Critically Endangered. It breeds in only a few places and winters at only a handful of sites. Kuşcenneti is recognized as the most important wintering ground for this species in Turkey. Historically, hundreds of white-headed ducks would arrive each year. Although numbers have fallen worldwide to maybe 8,000–13,000 individuals, the lake’s protected shallows still host a significant fraction of them every winter. Birdwatchers may see a few dozen to a hundred together on quiet winter days if the ice is not too thick.

Other Rare Visitors: Sociable Lapwing and More

Occasionally, the park also sees rarer migrants. For example, the Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) — a vulnerable wader from Central Asia — has been recorded passing through, though it is very scarce. In prime migration seasons, birders might also spot species like the Black Stork, Little Bittern or Eastern Imperial Eagle as vagrants. The presence of any of these scarce species underlines the importance of the site. Even common summer birds, such as the collared pratincole and black-headed gull, play important roles. In total, Kuşcenneti regularly hosts several birds listed on global conservation lists, meeting multiple thresholds for endangered species counts.

Conservation Efforts to Protect These Fragile Populations

The survival of these species depends on ongoing conservation. Park authorities and NGOs actively manage Kuşcenneti’s habitat. For example, they have re-planted willows and reinforced reed islands to provide stable nesting platforms for pelicans and other waterbirds. Solar-powered camera traps have been installed at nesting colonies to monitor bird activity and deter poachers. Rangers patrol the area, enforcing the hunting ban and educating visitors. Water quality is tested regularly, since keeping Lake Manyas clean is essential for the food web. In recent years the park has also removed non-native carp (which compete with native fish) and worked to regulate water levels. These efforts have paid off; for instance, bird counts peaked at around 126,000 breeding individuals in 2013, a testament to successful habitat management.

A Seasonal Guide to Bird Watching in Kuşcenneti

Spring Arrivals: Warblers, Flycatchers, and More

With the first warmth of spring, Kuşcenneti invites a parade of migrants. Keep watch in the reed edges and groves for colorful warblers (Willow Warbler, Eastern Bonelli’s Warbler, Reed Warbler, etc.) flitting between reeds. Shrike species like the Red-backed Shrike may hunt from prominent perches. Flycatchers (e.g. Spotted Flycatcher) catch flying insects along sunny rides and fields. On the water, look for returning grebes and terns fishing the lake. The great flocks of storks will already be pairing up in the treetops. It is common to see a cacophony of bird song in April. The lake hosts dozens of warbler and reed warbler nests by May. Bring a guidebook to note the numerous small passerines; watching a Eurasian Bittern vanish into the reeds is a memorable thrill.

Summer Nesters: Herons, Storks, and Birds of Prey

June through August is prime nesting season. Large trees and reeds are home to heronries: you will see Great Egrets, Grey Herons, Cattle Egrets and Little Bitterns feeding well-grown chicks. Storks (both White and Black Stork) hatch their young in tall nests, and you may observe large white storks shading their chicks from the sun. In open marshes, waders like the Spur-winged Lapwing and Common Redshank tend to chicks along the water’s edge. Raptor activity peaks as well: Marsh Harriers and Eurasian Buzzards patrol the wetlands, and European Honey Buzzards may ride thermals. By late summer many fledglings are winging about, and the air is filled with the flapping of young cormorants and ibis learning to fly.

Autumn Departures: A Last Glimpse of Migratory Species

As autumn arrives, the park sees a second pulse of migration. Many returning waterfowl fill the lake: Tufted Ducks, Northern Pintails, and tens of thousands of Eurasian coots can be present in September. In the marshes, Black-winged Stilts and Wood Sandpipers forage in the shrinking shallows. Raptors head south too: Broad-winged Hawks and Short-toed Eagles have been tracked flying over Manyas in migration. Possibly the most impressive scene is a late September sunset: flocks of storks, cranes and pelicans can be seen flying southward in V-formation, backlit by the orange sky. Local naturalists say that September and October are when the last lingering breeders mingle with first-time migrants. Even small passerine migrants (flying finches, buntings, thrushes) pause in the trees to rest. Autumn afternoons often have great light for photography, illuminating the changing reeds and fluttering leaves.

Winter Residents: Ducks, Geese, and the Hardy Few

Winter in Kuşcenneti is quiet and introspective. Only the hardiest species remain. Mallards, Teal and Coots dominate the water, huddling on ice-free patches. Occasionally you may spy a Ruddy Shelduck or a few Common Pochards lingering. The distinctive silhouettes of Greater Spotted Eagles or Marsh Harriers can still be seen cruising on sunny winter days, searching for rodents in the grass. Gulls (Black-headed, Yellow-legged) often form rafts on open water. Although bird counts drop dramatically, the real reward is the park’s serenity. Frost may still coat the reeds at dawn, and the reflected light over the glassy lake at sunset is hauntingly beautiful. Just remember: the observation tower and facilities are usually closed in the dead of winter, so plan for crisp day trips, not overnight park camping.

Exploring the Park: Activities and Experiences for Every Visitor

The Best Bird Watching Spots in Kuşcenneti National Park

Kuşcenneti is admirably equipped for visitors. The centerpiece is the Observation Tower, a 17.5-meter wooden platform built in 2001. The tower (one of the world’s tallest birdwatching hides) can hold about 40 people and provides sweeping views across the lake and marsh. From the tower’s upper deck you can scan thousands of waterbirds at once – pelicans on nests in the distance, cormorants drying on logs, ducks forming tight flocks, and even distant mountains. The park provides free binoculars at the tower to enhance this view. Dawn and dusk watches here are spectacular, as feeding flocks pass low overhead.

Another excellent location is the Lakeside Trail. A wooden boardwalk weaves through the reeds along the north shore, ending near a small observation blind hidden in the vegetation. Walking this trail brings you into the heart of the bird habitat: you may flush a hidden Water Rail or hear a Bittern boom nearby. Side platforms let you quietly watch marsh waders probing the mud. The trail also passes through floodplain woods and fields, so keep an eye out for woodland species like Woodpeckers or Hoopoes just off the path.

Beyond those, birders favor the Sagırla Hill to the south (outside the formal park boundary). From this small hill, you get an expansive panorama of Lake Manyas. It’s a classic spot to see flocks arriving and departing. On spring mornings, thousands of storks and pelicans can sometimes be seen circling and crossing the sky toward these fields. The incline also offers a pleasant hill walk. In autumn it’s a sunset viewpoint: binoculars trained here often pick up distant flocks silhouetted against the light.

Guided Tours and Educational Programs

For those new to Kuşcenneti, guided tours can greatly enrich the experience. The park administration organizes interpretive walks and talks during peak season (especially bird migration periods). These tours are led by knowledgeable naturalists who explain the birds’ biology, show nesting sites and sometimes carry spotting scopes. Local nature clubs and birding societies in Balıkesir often host group tours, and English-language guides can be arranged through them. Private tour operators and birdwatching companies also offer half-day and full-day birding excursions in Kuşcenneti, complete with transport and food. Hiring a guide is worthwhile if you want in-depth information on species identification or wish to see hidden spots that an expert knows well.

Nature Photography in Kuşcenneti: Tips and Tricks for Stunning Shots

Photography is a major draw here. To capture the wildlife, a telephoto lens (at least 300 mm) is very helpful; the park’s free-position tower and hides mean you can set up a tripod for stability. The best light is generally in the golden hours – dawn and dusk when birds are active and water reflects warm tones. Avoid shooting into the sun if possible. When photographing, try to include some context: a Great White Egret feeding among reeds or a pelican nest with foliage in the frame. This conveys habitat rather than a bird cutout.

Bring a polarizing filter if you have one – it can manage glare on the water and make skies pop. For landscapes, the Sagırla plateau at sunrise yields misty lake vistas. Macro photographers can find dragonflies, frogs and wildflowers along the trails. Ethics tip: never approach nesting areas on foot; always use hides or the tower. Respect limits – do not wave cameras at alarmed birds or feed wildlife. The park staff discourages playback calls. In all cases, the subject’s welfare is more important than any shot. Clean your gear of any food residue to avoid attracting animals.

Beyond Bird Watching: Other Activities in and Around the Park

Although Kuşcenneti is best known for birds, it offers other recreational experiences. A network of nature trails leads through the surrounding hills and forests. For example, a pleasant walk follows forest paths up to panoramic viewpoints over the wetlands. Some trails are used by locals for hiking or cycling (bikes are allowed only on marked forest roads, not inside the core wetland). The quietly meandering paths are good for exercise and provide a chance to see land animals and wildflowers.

Families should check out the park’s visitor center, which has educational exhibits on local ecology. There is even a small playground with nature-themed equipment near the entrance. School groups sometimes have workshops on bird ecology or crafts. For a relaxing break, designated picnic areas (outside the main nesting zones) let you have a quiet lunch under the shade of tamarisks or oaks.

Finally, don’t overlook the charms of the wider region. The village of Sığırcı just outside the park is a quaint spot to stroll and try local tea. A short drive away is the Bandırma Museum, housed in a lovely Ottoman building, which has exhibits on the region’s history. In nearby Gönen, baths and a snake museum await (for something completely different). For families, swimming or beach outings at Erdek on the Marmara coast can round out the day.

The Ecology of Kuşcenneti: A Delicate and Thriving Ecosystem

Lake Manyas (Kuş Gölü): The Heart of the National Park

The centerpiece of Kuşcenneti is Lake Manyas itself. This shallow freshwater lake covers about 162 km² (roughly 16,200 hectares). Its greatest depth is only 3–5 meters, which makes its summer waters quite warm. Warm, shallow waters promote high productivity: algae blooms and plankton support abundant fish populations (bass, carp, mullet and others). In turn, these fish feed the park’s piscivorous birds and otters. One conservation report notes that the success of Kuşcenneti’s breeding colonies depends directly on the lake’s hydrology.

Seasonally, the lake’s water level fluctuates: it rises in late winter and spring, flooding the edges and protecting nests from land predators. By summer, levels drop to expose shorelines for feeding. Park managers now carefully monitor this cycle with dams and flow regulators (especially at the outlet, the Karadere channel). Maintaining the right water regime is crucial; if spring rains are too low or if excessive runoff carries pesticides, the bird habitat suffers. In recent years, authorities have implemented measures to improve water quality: they have dredged channels, planted wetlands vegetation to absorb nutrients, and controlled invasive fish. The result has been generally healthy wetland conditions, though issues remain during drought or flooding events.

The Flora of Kuşcenneti: More Than Just a Bird Haven

Kuşcenneti’s plant communities are both practical habitat and scenic spectacle. Reed beds (primarily Phragmites australis) dominate the lakeshore. In spring they sprout tall and dense, providing nesting platforms for many waterbirds and reed-dwelling songbirds. These reeds cover many square kilometers and sway in the wind, their seed heads rippling. Intermingled are stands of white willow (Salix alba) and ash (Fraxinus), which form small wooded islets. Pelicans and herons build bulky stick nests in these trees above the water.

The surrounding higher ground has Mediterranean vegetation: scattered oaks, pines and scrub. These trees are home to woodland birds and also serve as vantage points for raptors. In summer the floodplains burst with grasses, bulrushes and wildflowers – yellow iris, marsh marigold and lotus, for example. Autumn brings foliage colors and provides berries for passerines. In total, over a hundred plant species have been recorded in the park area. This biodiversity of plants creates the intricate web of food and shelter that each bird species relies upon.

The Other Inhabitants of Kuşcenneti: Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians

While the birds steal the spotlight, Kuşcenneti’s ecosystem includes a variety of other wildlife. Small mammals like field mice, voles and shrews scurry in the grass, providing prey for owls and foxes. The Eurasian otter (a fish-eating mustelid) still swims in the lake, although it is shy and rarely seen. Foxes and martens hunt along the fringes at night. On the lake’s islands and in caves, you might find bats and hedgehogs nesting.

Aquatic life is rich. Native fish (beyond the aforementioned carp and bass) include species like northern pike and zander, plus eels in the tributaries. These fish support both human fisheries and wildlife. Amphibians like tree frogs and green toads are common in the wetland, and their spring choruses fill the night air. Turtles also inhabit the area: the European pond turtle often basks on logs, and in very rare cases Caspian (or even loggerhead) turtles have been reported drifting into the marsh.

Even the insect world here is fascinating. Dragonflies and damselflies patrol the water; each summer, dozens of colorful species can be seen patrolling the reeds (the emperor dragonfly is a prize catch). Butterflies and bees feed on the profusion of marsh flowers. All of these creatures play roles in the food web – for example, fish eat mosquito larvae while birds eat the fish, linking every level. Observant visitors will appreciate how this whole community (birds, mammals, fish, insects and plants) is interconnected; every creature you see is part of the park’s story.

The History and Conservation of Kuşcenneti National Park

A Timeline of Kuşcenneti: From Ancient Times to National Park Status

Kuşcenneti’s story is a thread through history. The Lake Manyas basin was inhabited as far back as the Bronze Age, but it gained historical fame in classical times. Lydian kings built towns along its shores in the 1st millennium BCE. In the Persian period (6th century BCE) it became known as Paradeisos, reflecting its status as a royal game preserve. It remained a wild and sparsely populated area through the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.

The modern conservation chapter began in 1939, when zoologist Curt Kosswig published detailed observations of the bird colonies. He and his wife fought to protect the habitat against hunters. Their advocacy succeeded in 1959 when the Turkish government established Kuşcenneti as a national park, covering 52 hectares of swamp. Further additions in the 1970s increased it modestly. In 1976, the park received a Class-A European Diploma for Protected Areas, renewed several times, underscoring its international importance.

In 1994, Turkey embraced the Ramsar Convention, and Kuşcenneti and Lake Manyas were registered as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. In the 2000s, Turkish authorities formally updated the park boundaries to include more wetlands; by 2005 the park’s area was legally set at about 24,000 hectares. Thus Kuşcenneti became Turkey’s first wetland to achieve both European Diploma and Ramsar status – a testament to its unique legacy.

The Role of Professor Curt Kosswig in the Park’s Establishment

German zoologist Curt Kosswig (1903–1982) and his wife Leonore deserve special credit in Kuşcenneti’s history. In 1939, while on a research expedition, Kosswig documented the enormous flocks of pelicans and herons at Manyas. Realizing the area’s importance, in 1952 he established a field research station at the lake’s edge. From there, the Kosswigs oversaw the site, raised awareness and even acted as guards. Their tireless work – collecting data, publishing papers, lobbying officials – paved the way for protection. When Turkey declared Kuşcenneti a national park in 1959, it was largely due to their initiative. Curt Kosswig continued to visit the park for years afterward, nurturing its development into a center of ecological research.

The Challenges Facing Kuşcenneti: Threats and Conservation Efforts

Even today, Kuşcenneti faces serious environmental challenges. Water pollution is a prime concern. Lake Manyas receives agricultural runoff and industrial effluent via rivers like the Sigirci (which flows from the industrial area of Bandırma). Nutrient overload (especially nitrogen and phosphorous) can cause algal blooms that deplete oxygen. Park managers combat this with regular water quality monitoring and by working with farmers to reduce fertilizer use. They have also built reed-filter systems at inflow points. In recent years, unusually dry winters have reduced the inflow from rivers, stressing both fish and birds. The authorities adjust dam gates on the outflow to help maintain adequate water levels for breeding.

Another threat is habitat loss around the park. While the reserve itself protects its core, surrounding wetlands and fields have been drained for agriculture in some areas. To buffer the park, expansion of farmland is now restricted by law within a certain radius. The government’s 2005 designation of a Wetland Protection Area around Lake Kuş helps prevent new development. Invasive species pose a subtler risk: for example, non-native carp in the lake can outcompete native fish. The park has initiated catch-and-remove campaigns to restore balance.

Human disturbance is also carefully managed. Although ecotourism is encouraged, measures are in place to minimize impacts on wildlife. The observation tower and trails confine visitors to specific points. Signage warns against loud noise or straying off-path. In 2020 the park reorganized its guard staff to focus exclusively on Kuşcenneti, improving enforcement of the no-hunting rule. The new solar-powered cameras monitor key breeding sites, deterring poachers and providing researchers with data. Educational programs inform guests and local children about proper behavior in the park.

Finally, the looming specter of climate change cannot be ignored. Recent climate patterns have been dryer and more unpredictable in the Marmara region. If spring rains fail or summers become very hot, water levels in Lake Manyas could drop drastically, reducing fish habitat and nest sites. A particularly dry year already led to a noticeable drop in waterfowl numbers in 2019–2020. In response, local managers have begun experimental interventions: building artificial nesting mounds above projected water lines, replanting trees to create more shaded cover, and potentially even small-scale irrigation in key nesting zones. All such measures are being studied as the park adapts to a changing climate.

How You Can Contribute to the Conservation of Kuşcenneti

Visitors can play a positive role in Kuşcenneti’s future. First, follow all park guidelines carefully. Stay on the designated paths and observation platforms at all times, and do not disturb any wildlife. Keep noise to a minimum, especially during spring when birds are nesting. Always carry out your trash – even food scraps can attract non-native animals or insects. Do not attempt to feed the birds, as human food can upset their natural diets.

Learn about the ecosystem as you visit: the more you appreciate how each species relies on the others, the more respectful you will be. Consider donating to or volunteering with conservation organizations active in the area. For example, the Manyas branch of BirdLife Turkey (Yuvacık Bird Society) works on projects like reed bed restoration and educational outreach. Supporting them helps fund real on-the-ground efforts. Hiring a local guide, staying at local guesthouses and eating in village cafes also gives economic incentive to protect the park.

When you share your experiences – on social media, travel blogs or photo sites – do so with accuracy and a conservation message. Let others know that Kuşcenneti’s wildlife is precious and fragile. In these ways, visitors can help ensure that this bird paradise remains healthy. Every small act of care or awareness contributes to the lasting conservation of Kuşcenneti.

Beyond the Park: Exploring the Bandırma Region

The Kuşcenneti area is rich not only in nature but also in cultural and regional attractions. The city of Bandırma serves as the main gateway. A lively port on the Marmara Sea, Bandırma has an attractive waterfront promenade and historic wooden Ottoman houses in its old quarter. Take a stroll along the bay to see fishing boats and ferries. The local museum (Bandırma Müzesi) has archaeological finds from the Manyas region, including artifacts from Lydian and Roman times. East of Bandırma you can visit the Manyas Bird Sanctuary Museum (Kuşcenneti Milli Parkı Kuş Müzesi), which has taxidermied bird exhibits and information about the wetlands. Further afield, the spa town of Gönen offers hot springs, and the ruins of a Roman bath at Hersek (south of Bandırma) connect to the region’s ancient heritage.

Local cuisine is a highlight. Lake Manyas and the Marmara provide excellent freshwater and sea fish. In Bandırma and the surrounding villages you can try local specialties like grilled carp, bass and mullet served with simple salads. The Manyas area is also known for its fresh dairy: a white cheese similar to kaşar is made here, and yogurt dishes are common. In spring, villagers might serve mıhlama (a cheesy fondue often with cornmeal) or kokoreç (seasoned lamb intestines) at street carts. For dessert, a local curiosity is tavuk göğsü – a milk pudding with finely shredded chicken breast – a legacy of Ottoman cuisine still made in some Bandırma cafés. Naturally, you will find all the staples of Turkish cuisine: börek, kebabs, fresh pide bread, and of course çay (black tea) and Turkish coffee. Sampling these local foods is a delightful way to round out a day of nature-watching.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Kuşcenneti National Park

What is Kuşcenneti National Park famous for?

Kuşcenneti is world-famous for its vast bird populations. Its name means “Bird Paradise,” and it truly lives up to that moniker – over 2–3 million migrating and nesting birds use the park each year. It is especially noted for its pelican and cormorant colonies, heronries, and as a refuge for rare species like the White-headed Duck. The sheer spectacle of birds arriving en masse in spring and autumn makes Kuşcenneti a celebrated destination for nature lovers and ornithologists.

Where is Kuşcenneti located?

Kuşcenneti National Park is in northwest Turkey, within Balıkesir Province on the southern Marmara Sea. It lies on the northeastern shore of Lake Manyas (Lake Kuş) in Bandırma district, about 18 km south of the city of Bandırma. The park is rural and flat, bordered by fields and forests, at the edge of the Marmara lowlands. The nearest major highway runs from Bandırma toward Balıkesir, with a turnoff to the park about 15 km outside Bandırma.

How many bird species are in Kuşcenneti National Park?

Roughly 240–270 species have been recorded in the park. About 239 species visit each year, and around 105 of those breed in the wetlands. This means nearly one-third of Turkey’s bird species have been documented here. The list includes everything from common ducks and herons to rarities like the Dalmatian Pelican, Glossy Ibis, and White-headed Duck. Migratory warblers and shorebirds pass through on their journeys, bringing the total species count high.

When is the best time to visit Kuşcenneti National Park?

Generally, spring and autumn are the best seasons. Spring (March–May) brings the arrival of colorful migrants and breeding activity, while autumn (September–October) sees large flocks gathering before migrating. The park’s own information highlights March–July and September–October as the most interesting periods. Summer is still rewarding for observing nesting birds and their young. Winter is quieter but can be good for watching hardy ducks and the beautiful landscape. (Note: For the very best birdwatching, many experts point to April and May, when numbers and diversity peak.)

Are there any endangered species in Kuşcenneti National Park?

Yes. Kuşcenneti is crucial for several endangered or vulnerable birds. Notably, it is the most important Turkish wintering site for the Critically Endangered White-headed Duck. The park also supports breeding of Dalmatian Pelicans and Eurasian Spoonbills, which are vulnerable species. The Glossy Ibis, considered endangered in Europe, nests here as well. Rare migrants like the Sociable Lapwing (Vulnerable) have been recorded passing through. Overall, the park’s role as a haven for these fragile populations is one reason for its international protected status.

What are the opening hours of Kuşcenneti National Park?

In the busy season (typically spring through early fall), the park is generally open from around 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM daily. Closing may occur earlier in winter, and facilities like the tower or visitor center are not guaranteed to be open outside the peak months. It’s best to confirm current opening hours with local tourism offices or the park’s administration before your visit.

Is there an entrance fee for Kuşcenneti National Park?

Yes. The park charges a small entrance fee to help with maintenance. As of 2024 it is about 35 TL per adult. Students and children pay a reduced fee (around 20 TL). No extra charge is required for the observation tower or exhibits—everything is included in the admission. Keep in mind fees can change year to year, so check a reliable source before traveling.

Can you camp in Kuşcenneti National Park?

No. Camping is not allowed inside the park. Kuşcenneti is a sensitive protected area, and setting up camps would disturb the wildlife. You should plan to stay in nearby towns (Bandırma, Manyas, etc.) or at approved campgrounds outside the park. Picnic areas are provided at designated spots, but open fires and random camping are prohibited.

What activities can you do in Kuşcenneti National Park?

Birdwatching is the main activity here. Visitors spend hours scanning the lake from the tower or hides, identifying species and listening to dawn choruses. Aside from birding, many enjoy wildlife photography and sketching. The park has a small natural history museum near the entrance, which families often explore. There are short walking trails (some wheelchair-accessible) and a nature playground for children. Guided bird walks and educational talks may be available during peak seasons. Some visitors hike or cycle on nearby country roads (bikes are only allowed outside the protected core). A popular pastime is simply relaxing and soaking in the natural beauty – the peaceful reed marshes and gentle lapping water.

How do you get to Kuşcenneti National Park?

The park is most easily reached via Bandırma. From Bandırma, drive south on the Bandırma–Balıkesir highway; at about 15 km you will see signs for Manyas and Kuşcenneti. Turn east onto the park road (3 km). Bandırma itself can be reached by daily ferry from Istanbul (or by bus). From Bursa, head west to Bandırma then follow the same route. From Izmir or Ankara, travel via Balıkesir to Bandırma and proceed. If using public transport, take a bus to Bandırma or Manyas and then a minibus or taxi the remaining distance. Detailed directions: Kuşcenneti lies at the lake’s northeast, just off the main road to Balıkesir.

Are there guided tours available?

Yes. The park’s management office occasionally offers guided nature walks and birdwatching tours, especially during migration seasons. These guided tours usually require advance booking. In addition, local birding and tour groups in Balıkesir and Istanbul organize trips to Kuşcenneti. Private guides with expertise in Turkish birdlife are also available. Booking a guided tour is recommended for first-time visitors or non-birders, as guides can point out camouflaged species and explain ecological details.

What kind of accommodation is available near the park?

There are no hotels inside the park. Nearest lodgings are in the adjacent villages and towns. The village of Sığırcı has a couple of simple pensions. Bandırma (18 km away) is the main center: it offers everything from economy guesthouses to modern hotels. The seaside resort Erdek and the spa town Gönen (both within 30–35 km) also have comfortable hotels and are popular bases. The village of Manyas has a few guesthouses as well. Essentially, you will sleep outside the park and visit by day. Camping gear can be set up at campsites near Bandırma or Erdek, but never inside the park gates.

What should I bring with me to the park?

Essential items include binoculars (for birding) and a telephoto lens if you want to take close-up photos. A camera with a good zoom or a spotting scope will yield great wildlife shots. Wear sturdy walking shoes or boots – trails and marshy areas can be muddy. Dress in layers: mornings may be cool, but midday sun can be strong. Sun protection (hat, sunglasses, sunscreen) and insect repellent are highly recommended, especially in summer. Bring plenty of water and some snacks; there are no food vendors inside the park (there is a small cafe near the entrance). A field guide to Turkish birds can enhance your experience. Also carry a park map and possibly a GPS or offline maps on your phone, as cell coverage can be unreliable.

Is Kuşcenneti National Park suitable for families with children?

Yes, with a few considerations. Families with school-age children often enjoy the park’s easy boardwalks and the excitement of spotting large birds. The observation tower, in particular, is fun for kids. The short trails are generally safe, but adult supervision is important near water and nests. The visitor center and its exhibits can entertain youngsters. There are no playgrounds inside the park, so parents should come prepared with other activities (bird guides, notebooks, etc.) to keep children engaged. Snack breaks should be taken at designated picnic sites to avoid littering. In short, it can be an excellent outdoor learning experience, but maintain constant watch over children, especially during nesting season when parent birds can dive-bomb if disturbed.

Are drones allowed in Kuşcenneti National Park?

No. The use of drones is strictly forbidden in all Turkish national parks and reserves, including Kuşcenneti. This is both to protect wildlife and for security reasons. Flying a drone over the wetlands could startle or disturb birds, especially during breeding season. Violators can face heavy fines. Visitors should plan to use conventional cameras or binoculars for observation instead.

What are the rules and regulations of the park?

Kuşcenneti’s rules are designed to protect the wildlife. Key regulations include:

• Stay on marked paths and observation areas. Do not venture into off-limit zones or trample the reeds.
• No feeding or disturbing animals. Never chase or try to touch the birds or other wildlife.
• No hunting, fishing or collecting. All wildlife and plants are protected.
• No littering. Take out whatever you bring in. Picnicking and campfires are allowed only in designated spots outside the core wetlands.
• No drones or motorized vehicles inside the reserve.
• No fires or barbecues on the marshes or trails (smokeless fires are only in official picnic areas).

Anyone breaking these rules can be fined by park rangers. In essence, visitors should behave as stewards of the wetland – leaving nothing behind and respecting the animals’ space.

The management encourages visitors to report any unusual problems (oil spills, fallen nests, injured animals) to the park office. By cooperating, each person can help keep Kuşcenneti safe for future generations.