Agra, Hindistan'\u0131n Uttar Pradesh eyaletinde Yamuna Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda geni\u015f ve d\u00fcz bir ovada yer almaktad\u0131r. Delhi'nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 230 km g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda ve Lucknow'un 330 km bat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan \u015fehir, deniz seviyesinden ortalama 170 m y\u00fckseklikte yer almaktad\u0131r. 1,6 milyona yak\u0131n n\u00fcfusuyla Uttar Pradesh'te d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, \u00fclkede ise yirmi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Agra'n\u0131n arazisi, yak\u0131nlardaki tepelerin Vindhya kollar\u0131n\u0131 ve Fatehpur Sikri \u00e7evresindeki kumta\u015f\u0131 s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faretledi\u011fi Indo-Ganj ovas\u0131yla birle\u015fmektedir. B\u00f6lge, hem Rabi hem de Kharif mevsimlerinde dar\u0131, arpa, bu\u011fday ve pamuk yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini destekleyen Yamuna, Chambal ve Agra Kanal\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eehrin kay\u0131tl\u0131 tarihi erken orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flar, ancak \u00f6nemi 1506'da Agra'y\u0131 Delhi Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti yapan Sultan Sikandar Lodi d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Halefi \u0130brahim Lodi, Bab\u00fcr'den \u00f6nce 1526'da Panipat'ta d\u00fc\u015ferek Bab\u00fcr y\u00f6netimini ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u015eer \u015eah Suri ve ard\u0131ndan Hindu general Hemu'nun k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre egemen oldu\u011fu 1540-1556 y\u0131llar\u0131 hari\u00e7, Bab\u00fcr hanedan\u0131, \u015eah Cihan'\u0131n 1658'de ba\u015fkenti \u015eahcihanabad'a ta\u015f\u0131ma karar\u0131na kadar Agra'y\u0131 siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel merkezi olarak korudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bab\u00fcr'\u00fcn torunu Ekber, mevcut surlar\u0131 yeniledi ve saray\u0131 ve ikametgah\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kumta\u015f\u0131ndan seksen sokakl\u0131k Fatehpur Sikri'yi kurdu. Agra'n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine "Akbarabad" olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. B\u00fcy\u00fck torunu \u015eah Cihan, 1632 ile 1648 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda e\u015fi M\u00fcmtaz Mahal i\u00e7in bir mezar olarak Tac Mahal'i yapt\u0131rd\u0131; beyaz mermeri ve kakmal\u0131 pietra dura's\u0131, Fars-\u0130slam ve Hint motiflerinin bir sentezini \u00f6rnekliyor. T\u00fcrbe, Yamuna'n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Ekber taraf\u0131ndan 1565'te ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k imparatorlar taraf\u0131ndan geni\u015fletilen Agra Kalesi'nden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,6 km uzakl\u0131kta yer almaktad\u0131r. Kalenin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kumta\u015f\u0131 surlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 km boyunca uzan\u0131r, bir hendekle \u00e7evrilidir ve bat\u0131da Delhi Kap\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00fcneyde Amar Singh Kap\u0131s\u0131 ile noktalan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7eride, mermer saraylar, camiler ve idari odalar kendi kendine yeten bir \u015fehir olu\u015fturur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde terk edilmi\u015f olan Fatehpur Sikri, yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 km g\u00fcneybat\u0131da yer al\u0131r ve kumta\u015f\u0131 an\u0131tlar\u0131, \u015fehrin Ekber \u015eah d\u00f6nemindeki k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Bab\u00fcrl\u00fclerin gerilemesiyle Agra \u00f6nce Marathalar\u0131n eline, sonra da Do\u011fu Hindistan \u015eirketi'nin eline ge\u00e7ti. \u0130ngiliz idaresi alt\u0131nda Agra askeri ve idari bir merkez olarak kald\u0131 ancak eski itibar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Hindistan'\u0131n 1947'deki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra Agra bir sanayi kasabas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Deri e\u015fya at\u00f6lyeleri, ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcreticileri ve demir d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneleri merkez kentsel alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli end\u00fcstrilerin say\u0131s\u0131 7.000'i a\u015f\u0131yor ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck 150.000'den fazla ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretiliyor. Pietra dura, mermer kakma, hal\u0131lar ve zari i\u015flemelerinde kraliyet el sanatlar\u0131 devam ediyor. Turizm ekonominin bir ba\u015fka sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc de besliyor: 2019'da yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,5 milyon ziyaret\u00e7i Agra'n\u0131n an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 gezdi ve tek ba\u015f\u0131na Tac Mahal o y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 6,9 milyon ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2011 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fehir n\u00fcfusu 1.585.704, metropol n\u00fcfusu ise 1.760.285'tir. Cinsiyet oran\u0131 1.000 erke\u011fe 875 kad\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmektedir; okuryazarl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 ,11'dir (erkekler i\u00e7in ,81, kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in ,74). Hinduizm sakinlerin ,68'ini, \u0130slam ,37'sini, ard\u0131ndan Jainizm (%1,04), Sihizm (%0,62), Hristiyanl\u0131k (%0,42) ve Budizm (%0,19) gelmektedir; %1,66's\u0131 belirli bir dine mensup oldu\u011funu iddia etmemektedir. Dilsel olarak ,80'i Hint\u00e7e, %2,34'\u00fc Braj Bhasha ve %1,86's\u0131 ana dilleri olarak Urduca konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Braj k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Mathura ve Vrindavan'a paralel olan Agra mutfa\u011f\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yerel yemekler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da formda k\u00fcll\u00fc kabak tatl\u0131s\u0131 olan petha; f\u0131nd\u0131k ve kuru \u00fcz\u00fcmle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f baharatl\u0131 mercimek at\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan dalmoth; ve aloo bhaji ve yo\u011furtla servis edilen baharatl\u0131 patatesle doldurulmu\u015f derin ya\u011fda k\u0131zart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kachori olan bedai bulunur. Sokak yemekleri aras\u0131nda chaat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri\u2014dahi bhalla, raj kachori, samosas ve gol gappa\u2014\u00e7atney ve tur\u015fu e\u015fli\u011finde doldurulmu\u015f parathalar bulunur. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda vejetaryen olmayan yemekler men\u00fclerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130klim tropikal ve subtropikal bozk\u0131r kategorisine girer (K\u00f6ppen BSh). K\u0131\u015flar \u0131l\u0131mand\u0131r; yazlar nisan ay\u0131ndan hazirana kadar s\u00fcrer, s\u0131cak ve kurakt\u0131r, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl u\u00e7 noktalara \u00e7\u0131karabilen kuru bir bat\u0131 r\u00fczgar\u0131 olan Loo ile noktalan\u0131r. Agra, 28 May\u0131s 2024'te kaydedilen en y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan 48,6 \u00b0C'ye ula\u015ft\u0131. Muson genellikle temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u015flar ve eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrer; ya\u011f\u0131\u015f do\u011fu Hindistan'dakinden daha az \u015fiddetlidir. Ekim ortas\u0131na kadar ko\u015fullar \u0131l\u0131manla\u015f\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck r\u00fczgar, serin s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, nem ve kirlili\u011fin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan yo\u011fun sis s\u0131kl\u0131kla demiryolu trafi\u011fini aksat\u0131r. Hava kalitesi Hindistan'\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r; D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc'n\u00fcn (2010-2016) bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 Agra'y\u0131 ulusal olarak en kirli sekizinci s\u0131raya yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Altyap\u0131, Agra'y\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere karayolu, demiryolu ve hava yoluyla ba\u011flar. Ulusal Karayollar\u0131 NH 19 ve NH 21 s\u0131ras\u0131yla Delhi ve Jaipur'u birbirine ba\u011flar; Yamuna Otoyolu\u2014165 km'lik kontroll\u00fc eri\u015fimli, alt\u0131 \u015feritli bir rota\u2014Delhi'den seyahati yakla\u015f\u0131k iki saate k\u0131salt\u0131r. Agra-Lucknow Otoyolu da alt\u0131 \u015feritli 302 km'dir. NH 509, Aligarh \u00fczerinden Moradabad'a ba\u011flan\u0131r; NH 44, Gwalior'a bir rota sa\u011flar; ISBT, Idgah, Taj ve Fort depolar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezleri olan otob\u00fcsler kuzey eyaletlerine hizmet verir. \u015eehir i\u00e7inde, ana cadde olan Mahatma Gandhi Marg'da oto-rik\u015falar ve e-rik\u015falar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Hindistan Hava Kuvvetleri kontrol\u00fcndeki Kheria'daki Agra Havaalan\u0131, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bhopal ve Bangalore'a u\u00e7u\u015flar d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yedi tren istasyonu\u2014Agra Cantonment, Raja-Ki-Mandi, Agra Kalesi, Idgah, Agra \u015eehri, Jamuna K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ve Billochpura\u2014Kuzey Merkez Demiryolu'na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Hizmetler aras\u0131nda posta ve ekspres trenler, Rajdhani ve Shatabdi s\u00fcper h\u0131zl\u0131 hizmetleri ve Agra-Delhi rotas\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 dakikada kat eden Gatimaan Express bulunur. L\u00fcks Maharajas' Express, Agra'y\u0131 di\u011fer miras destinasyonlar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kentsel ula\u015f\u0131m art\u0131k \u00d6ncelikli Koridoru 6 Mart 2024'te a\u00e7\u0131lan Agra Metrosunu da i\u00e7eriyor. Tac Do\u011fu Kap\u0131s\u0131 ile Jama Mescidi aras\u0131ndaki bu 6 km'lik mesafe, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f istasyondan (Tac Do\u011fu Kap\u0131s\u0131, Basai ve Fatehabad Yolu) ve Tac Mahal, Agra Kalesi ve Jama Mescidi'nde \u00fc\u00e7 yer alt\u0131 dura\u011f\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor. 1. A\u015fama, 2026'da tamamlanmas\u0131 beklenen Sar\u0131 Hat (14,25 km, alt\u0131 istasyon y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f, yedi yer alt\u0131) ve Aral\u0131k 2025'e kadar tamamlanmas\u0131 beklenen Mavi Hat (15,40 km, tamamen y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f, 15 istasyon) olmak \u00fczere iki hatla in\u015fa edilmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Agra'n\u0131n ekonomisi yakla\u015f\u0131k \u20b940.210 crore (2018-19) Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i Has\u0131la'y\u0131 dengeledi ve Uttar Pradesh'in i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131raya yerle\u015fti. Tar\u0131m n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k '\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7indirirken, geri kalan\u0131 imalat ve turizmle u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olan \u015fehrin miras an\u0131tlar\u0131 kimli\u011fini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. 1983'te belirlenen Tac Mahal, giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131, bah\u00e7eler, cami, \u015fad\u0131rvan ve t\u00fcrbeyi k\u0131rk iki d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck bir alana entegre eden bir tasar\u0131mda Fars, \u0130slam ve Hint zanaat\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getiriyor. Daha \u00f6nce 1565'te onaylanan Agra Kalesi ve 1585'te ba\u015fkent olarak terk edilen Fatehpur Sikri, birlikte Agra'n\u0131n Bab\u00fcr d\u00f6nemindeki merkezi rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Agra, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcren sanat ve giri\u015fimcilikle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f sokaklar\u0131 ve \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131yla bu mirasla tan\u0131mlanmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tarihi \u00f6neme ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginli\u011fe sahip bir \u015fehir olan Agra, Hindistan'\u0131n kuzeyindeki Uttar Pradesh eyaletinde Yamuna Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsl\u00fcyor. Ulusal ba\u015fkent Yeni Delhi'nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 230 kilometre g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda ve eyalet ba\u015fkenti Lucknow'un 330 kilometre bat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Agra, Hindistan'\u0131n merkezinde birinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir konuma sahiptir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,6 milyon sakine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan Agra, Uttar Pradesh'te \u00f6nemli bir kentsel merkez olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve eyaletin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc en kalabal\u0131k \u015fehri ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkenin yirmi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak s\u0131ralan\u0131yor.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4979,"parent":15052,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15140","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15140"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15140\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15052"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}