Macaristan, Karpat Havzas\u0131'n\u0131n kalbinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 93.000 kilometrekarelik bir alan\u0131 kaplayan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,6 milyonluk bir kara cumhuriyetidir ve Tuna ve Tisza nehirlerinin ana su yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi yedi \u00fclkeyle (Slovakya, Ukrayna, Romanya, S\u0131rbistan, H\u0131rvatistan, Slovenya ve Avusturya) s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusudur. \u00c1rp\u00e1d y\u00f6netimindeki Macar prensli\u011finin dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda kurulmas\u0131ndan modern parlamenter demokrasisine ve 2004'te Avrupa Birli\u011fi'ne kat\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar, Macaristan'\u0131n evrimi ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k yerle\u015fim dalgalar\u0131, imparatorluk hakimiyeti ve ulusal yeniden do\u011fu\u015f taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Macaristan'\u0131n arazisi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ovad\u0131r, konturlar\u0131 bat\u0131da engebeli Transdanubia'n\u0131n ritmik y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve do\u011fuda geni\u015f B\u00fcy\u00fck Ova (Alf\u00f6ld) ile belirlenir. Transdanubia, Avusturya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan do\u011fu Alpleri'nin (Alpokalja) engebeli etekleri, Transdanubia Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Mecsek ve Vill\u00e1ny s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 boyunca uzan\u0131r ve \u00cdrott-k\u0151'da (882 m) zirveye ula\u015f\u0131r. Tisza'n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, ovan\u0131n geni\u015f k\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131 kuzeyde Macaristan'\u0131n zirvesi olan K\u00e9kes (1 014 m) ile ta\u00e7lanan Karpat etekleri ile noktalan\u0131rken, Orta Avrupa'n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tatl\u0131 su g\u00f6l\u00fc olan Balaton G\u00f6l\u00fc ve H\u00e9v\u00edz'in termal sular\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin jeolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder. \u0130klim \u0131l\u0131man karasald\u0131r, y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,7 \u00b0C'dir ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ortalamas\u0131 600 mm'dir. Bu durum, Boreal Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n \u00c7evresel B\u00f6lgesi'nde zengin bir Panoniyen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k orman mozai\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Havzan\u0131n bilinen en eski sakinleri aras\u0131nda Keltler, Romal\u0131lar, Hunlar, Cermen kabileleri, Avarlar ve Slavlar vard\u0131. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u00c1lmos ve \u00c1rp\u00e1d y\u00f6netimindeki Macar ak\u0131nlar\u0131 havzay\u0131 MS 1000 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Stephen'\u0131n kral olarak ta\u00e7 giymesi ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f Macaristan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Hristiyan kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bir prensli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ge\u00e7 Orta \u00c7a\u011f'da krall\u0131k bir Orta Avrupa g\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, etkisi Balkanlar'a ve \u00f6tesine kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1526'da Moha\u00e7'taki yenilgi ve 1541'de Buda'n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ba\u015flayan Osmanl\u0131 fethi, diyar\u0131 Habsburg y\u00f6netimindeki Kraliyet Macaristan, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimindeki eyaletler ve yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk Transilvanya Prensli\u011fi olarak ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fc. 1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131, havzadaki Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetine son vererek, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu Habsburg egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda yeniden birle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
On yedinci ve on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l isyanlar\u0131\u2014en dikkat \u00e7ekeni R\u00e1k\u00f3czi'nin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 (1703-1711)\u20141867 Avusturya-Macaristan Uzla\u015fmas\u0131'yla doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015farak, end\u00fcstriyel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmesi fin-de-si\u00e8cle'\u0131 belirleyen ikili bir monar\u015fiyi ba\u015flatt\u0131. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131'ndan sonra Avusturya-Macaristan'\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve 1920 Trianon Antla\u015fmas\u0131, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi kara k\u00fctlesinin y\u00fczde yetmi\u015f biri kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fc ve derin bir demografik ve ekonomik alt\u00fcst olu\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Sava\u015flar aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Naip Mikl\u00f3s Horthy'nin muhafazakar y\u00f6netimi, toprak irredantizmi ortas\u0131nda istikrar arad\u0131. Macaristan'\u0131n II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131'nda Mihver ile ittifak\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m ve i\u015fgali serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Sovyet destekli Macar Halk Cumhuriyeti kuruldu. 1956 ayaklanmas\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da kademeli bir liberalle\u015fmenin habercisiydi. 1989-1990 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci demokratik parlamenter cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyeli\u011fine, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Schengen'e kat\u0131l\u0131m sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f ekonomi, evrensel sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti ve \u00fccretsiz orta\u00f6\u011fretimle desteklenen y\u00fcksek gelirli olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Hizmetler istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde altm\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, sanayi ve tar\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131yla y\u00fczde otuz ve yediyi temsil ederek sanayi sonras\u0131 bir emek yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Macar forinti ulusal para birimi olmaya devam ederken, ekonomik karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k k\u00fcresel olarak dokuzuncu s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Altyap\u0131 kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r: modern bir otoyol a\u011f\u0131 Budape\u015fte'yi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ba\u011flar; 1896'dan kalma Budape\u015fte Metrosu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski ikinci yer alt\u0131 sistemi olmaya devam etmektedir; Szolnok ve Miskolc gibi demiryolu merkezleri yerel ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Mart 2024 itibar\u0131yla, on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki vatanda\u015flara ve altm\u0131\u015f be\u015f ya\u015f ve \u00fczeri ki\u015filere \u00fccretsiz tren yolculu\u011fu imkan\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130dari olarak Macaristan, on dokuz il\u00e7eye ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak i\u015fleyen ba\u015fkent Budape\u015fte'ye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu yirmi birim, 3.152 belediyeyi kapsayan 174 il\u00e7eye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f NUTS-3 b\u00f6lgelerini olu\u015fturur\u2014346 kasaba (yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 "kentsel il\u00e7e" dahil) ve 2.806 k\u00f6y. Kentle\u015fme y\u00fczde yetmi\u015fi a\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve sakinlerin d\u00f6rtte biri Budape\u015fte metropol b\u00f6lgesinde ikamet etmektedir. Tuna Nehri'nin her iki yakas\u0131na da yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Budape\u015fte'nin kendisi, Barok, Tarihselci ve Art Nouveau miraslar\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden klasik bulvarlar ve an\u0131tlar halkas\u0131yla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik \u00f6nceli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Hint-Avrupa ana ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ural ailesinin bir \u00fcyesi olan Macar dili, n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde doksan dokuzu taraf\u0131ndan yerel olarak konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ngilizce ve Almanca birincil yabanc\u0131 dilleri temsil ederken, tan\u0131nan az\u0131nl\u0131k dilleri aras\u0131nda Ermenice, Bulgarca, H\u0131rvat\u00e7a, Almanca, Yunanca, Rumence, Romanca, Rusyn, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, Slovak\u00e7a, Slovence ve Ukraynaca yer almaktad\u0131r. Etnik olarak, Macarlar n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde doksan\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, Roman, Slovak ve di\u011fer topluluklar, mevcut s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ya\u015fayan iki milyondan fazla etnik Macar taraf\u0131ndan daha da kan\u0131tlanan tarihsel olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli bir sosyal yap\u0131ya katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hristiyanl\u0131k uzun zamand\u0131r Macar kimli\u011fini \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. Kral I. Stephen'\u0131n MS 1000'de Bat\u0131 Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 benimsemesi Katolikli\u011fi devlet dini olarak kutsad\u0131 ve Esztergom Ba\u015fpiskoposu prens-primat olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Lutheran ve Kalvinist gelenekler sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, \u00f6zellikle do\u011fu B\u00fcy\u00fck Ova b\u00f6lgelerinde zemin kazand\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Macaristan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde laik kalmaya devam ediyor ve n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde yirmisinden az\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kilise ayinlerine kat\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Mimari miras, orta\u00e7a\u011f surlar\u0131ndan ve R\u00f6nesans ustalar\u0131ndan, Asya ve ulusal motiflerin senteziyle belirgin bir Macar Art Nouveau'su ba\u015flatan \u00d6d\u00f6n Lechner'in fin-de si\u00e8cle yeniliklerine kadar uzan\u0131r. K\u00e1roly K\u00f3s, Dezs\u0151 Zrumeczky ve B\u00e9la Lajta gibi halefleri, yabanc\u0131 ak\u0131mlar\u0131\u2014Viyana Sezession'\u0131, Bel\u00e7ika ve Frans\u0131z Art Nouveau'su, Alman Jugendstil'i ve \u0130ngiliz ve Fin etkileri\u2014medeni yap\u0131larda ve uygulamal\u0131 sanat m\u00fczelerinde belirgin olan kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011fe uyarlad\u0131. Budape\u015fte'nin \u015fehir merkezi \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir as\u0131rl\u0131kt\u0131r, y\u00fcksek tavanl\u0131 cepheleri ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlere ait yontulmu\u015f madalyalar ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Macar mutfa\u011f\u0131, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda tan\u0131t\u0131lan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 biber ve yo\u011fun tatlar\u0131 yumu\u015fatan koyu ek\u015fi krema (tejf\u00f6l) ile desteklenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7orba veya g\u00fcve\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fitlerinde Guly\u00e1s, \u00fclkenin rahatlat\u0131c\u0131 yeme\u011fini temsil ederken, tavuk paprikash, p\u00f6rk\u00f6lt, hal\u00e1szl\u00e9 ve asil kaz ci\u011feri haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131mlara tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder. Dobos torte, strudel, Gundel krep ve erikli k\u00f6fte gibi pastalar mutfak takvimini vurgular ve kafe k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc cukr\u00e1szd\u00e1k (\u015fekerlemeler) ve eszpressz\u00f3k'ta (kahvehaneler) geli\u015fir. Geleneksel hanlar (cs\u00e1rd\u00e1k) ve \u015farap meyhaneleri (boroz\u00f3k) k\u0131rsal\u0131n ne\u015fesini korurken, kentsel bistrolar ve self-servis b\u00fcf\u00e9k modern zorunluluklara hitap eder.<\/p>\n
Tarihsel olarak canl\u0131 olan turizm, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 24,5 milyon uluslararas\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7iyi \u00e7ekti ve bu ziyaret\u00e7iler Tuna Nehri K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Budape\u015fte'deki Buda Kalesi Mahallesi, bin y\u0131ll\u0131k Pannonhalma Benediktin Manast\u0131r\u0131, geni\u015f puszta's\u0131yla Hortob\u00e1gy Milli Park\u0131, Aggtelek ma\u011faralar\u0131, P\u00e9cs'in erken Hristiyan nekropol\u00fc ve Tokaj ve Vill\u00e1ny \u015farap b\u00f6lgeleri gibi UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 alanlar\u0131na \u00e7ekildi. Balaton G\u00f6l\u00fc, H\u00e9v\u00edz, Hajd\u00faszoboszl\u00f3 ve Hark\u00e1ny gibi termal kapl\u0131ca kasabalar\u0131yla tamamlanan Orta Avrupa'n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen i\u00e7 kesim tatil beldesi olmaya devam ediyor. Mevsimsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olaylar - Haziran ortas\u0131nda Tisza boyunca ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan may\u0131s sine\u011finden (tiszavir\u00e1gz\u00e1s) Moha\u00e7'taki \u015eubat Bus\u00f3j\u00e1r\u00e1s karnaval\u0131na kadar - Macaristan'\u0131n do\u011fa, rit\u00fcel ve topluluk aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131c\u0131 etkile\u015fiminin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor.<\/p>\n
Macaristan, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, NATO, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, Asya Altyap\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bankas\u0131, Avrupa Konseyi ve Visegr\u00e1d Grubu gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlere kat\u0131larak Avrupa i\u015flerindeki stratejik rol\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Macaristan, Avrupa Birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde ulusal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 kolektif y\u00f6netimle dengeleyerek ekonomik modernle\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren mali \u00e7er\u00e7eveler ve altyap\u0131 projeleri m\u00fczakere etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu ulusun yolculu\u011fu\u2014erken orta\u00e7a\u011f devlet y\u00f6netiminin potas\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na, Habsburg ikili\u011fine, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131na ve 1989 sonras\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fa\u2014dil, sanat, mimari ve toplumsal kurumlarda belirgin bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Macaristan'\u0131 gelenek ve yenilik aras\u0131nda yol al\u0131r, \u015fehirleri ve ovalar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ortas\u0131nda y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen s\u00fcreklili\u011fin anlaml\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, jeoloji, tarih ve insan giri\u015fiminin belirgin bir Avrupa kimli\u011fini \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in bir araya geldi\u011fi bir b\u00f6lge olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Orta Avrupa'da denize k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olmayan, derin tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mirasa sahip bir \u00fclke olan Macaristan. Karpat Havzas\u0131'n\u0131n merkezinde bulunan Macaristan, 93.030 kilometrekarelik bir alan\u0131 kaplar ve bir\u00e7ok kom\u015fu \u00fclkeyle s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kuzeyde Slovakya, kuzeydo\u011fuda Ukrayna yer al\u0131r. Romanya, do\u011fuda ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda Macaristan, g\u00fcneyde ise S\u0131rbistan ile s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusudur. G\u00fcneybat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 H\u0131rvatistan ve Slovenya'n\u0131n yan\u0131ndad\u0131r, bat\u0131da ise Avusturya yer al\u0131r.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3550,"parent":24078,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11404","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11404"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11404\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}