{"id":1115,"date":"2024-08-06T23:34:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T23:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1115"},"modified":"2026-02-27T01:40:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T01:40:09","slug":"o-filme-borat-colocou-o-cazaquistao-no-mapa-turistico-do-mundo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/magazine\/tourist-destinations\/the-film-borat-put-kazakhstan-on-the-tourist-map-of-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"O filme \u201cBorat\u201d colocou o Cazaquist\u00e3o no mapa tur\u00edstico do mundo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The release of <em>Borat<\/em> (2006) turned Kazakhstan from an unknown nation into a viral travel conversation. At first enraged, Kazakh officials fought the film, launching image campaigns and even <em>Heart of Eurasia<\/em> ads. Yet over a decade the satire morphed into an unlikely boon: tourism surged, visas leapt tenfold, and the country eventually embraced Borat\u2019s infamous catchphrase \u201cVery nice!\u201d for a tourism push. This article dives deep into the <em>Borat<\/em> phenomenon \u2013 blending travel journalism flair with cultural analysis \u2013 to reveal how a comedy buffoon ignited real-world interest in Kazakhstan. We unpack official reactions, tourism data, local perspectives, and the science of film-induced travel, from the Silk Road heritage to modern sports heroes. Along the way, rarely-seen details emerge: from government PR antics to daring slackliners in the steppes \u2013 painting a vivid portrait of Kazakhstan\u2019s evolving image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Borat Phenomenon: Understanding the Film That Changed Everything (2005\u20132006)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2006, Sacha Baron Cohen\u2019s mockumentary <em>Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan<\/em> exploded into a global sensation. The character Borat, a ridiculously buffoonish \u201cKazakh journalist,\u201d first appeared on British TV ( <em>Da Ali G Show<\/em> and <em>The 11 O\u2019Clock Show<\/em>), quickly stealing the spotlight. In fact, Cohen\u2019s Borat segments on <strong>Da Ali G Show<\/strong> were so popular they helped launch him to international fame. By the time <em>Borat<\/em> hit theaters, audiences worldwide knew Borat\u2019s catchphrases even if they didn\u2019t know where Kazakhstan was.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The film\u2019s box-office success was staggering. With a production budget under $20 million, <em>Borat<\/em> grossed about <strong>$262.5 million worldwide<\/strong> \u2013 one of the highest ever for a non-sequel comedy. In the U.S., <em>Borat<\/em> opened at #1, and its popularity extended globally. Industry observers noted it \u201cproduced a tsunami of international media acclaim\u201d. Critics also lauded it: Cohen won a Golden Globe for Best Actor (Comedy) and <em>Borat<\/em> earned an Academy Award nomination. Audiences and reviewers praised its outrageous satire. Even <em>The Boston Globe<\/em> called it \u201cthe funniest film of the year\u201d. (Kazakh tabloids surprised the world: one called it the <strong>\u201cbest film of the year\u201d<\/strong>, saying it was \u201ccruelly anti-American\u2026amazingly funny and sad at the same time\u201d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why Kazakhstan? Cohen has explained that he purposely chose an obscure country. He wanted a blank slate for satire \u2013 \u201ca country that no one had heard anything about\u201d \u2013 so audiences would believe Borat\u2019s outlandish claims. As Cohen quipped, <em>\u201cThe joke is not on Kazakhstan. I think the joke is on people who can believe that the Kazakhstan that I describe can exist.\u201d<\/em>. Indeed, most filming took place in Romania and the U.S.; the real Kazakhstan\u2019s landscapes and people never appear. Borat\u2019s slurred Russian-like accent, his use of a faux-Cyrillic alphabet (actually standard Russian letters, not Kazakh), and his cartoonish antics bore almost no resemblance to genuine Kazakh culture. But the fictional \u201cGreatest Country in the World\u201d storyline reached millions, leaving a cultural imprint far beyond what its tiny budget could have predicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kazakhstan\u2019s Initial Fury: The Government Strikes Back (2005\u20132006)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Official Condemnation and Legal Threats<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From the first rumors of Borat\u2019s content, Kazakhstan\u2019s government bristled. Officials denounced it as grotesque defamation. In late 2005, the Kazakh Foreign Ministry reportedly <strong>threatened legal action<\/strong> against the film\u2019s star, and even warned Cohen that <em>Borat<\/em> was part of a \u201cforeign plot\u201d to smear Kazakhstan. By 2006, the government <strong>banned the movie outright<\/strong> and blocked its promotional website in Kazakhstan\u2019s \u201c.kz\u201d domain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In press statements, Kazakh officials complained that <em>Borat<\/em> portrayed the country as a backward shantytown. One foreign ministry spokesperson told CNN the film was \u201coffensive\u201d and \u201cpurely fiction,\u201d reiterating that the Borat character is <em>\u201cnobody with whom a modern Kazakhstan should be associated.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The \u201cHeart of Eurasia\u201d Counter-Campaign<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To counter the negative image, Kazakhstan launched an aggressive PR blitz. The government spent millions on a <em>\u201cHeart of Eurasia\u201d<\/em> media campaign. Glossy ads ran in outlets like <em>The New York Times<\/em> and CNN, touting a modern, vibrant Kazakhstan. The campaign highlighted Astana\u2019s futuristic skyline, the country\u2019s ambitions in energy and industry, and even its space program. These ads ran in 2006 timed with President Nazarbayev\u2019s U.S. visit, aiming to challenge Borat\u2019s satire. One campaign poster juxtaposed Nazarbayev shaking hands with world leaders alongside the slogan \u201cKazakhstan \u2013 Heart of Eurasia,\u201d explicitly disputing the film\u2019s slur that Kazakhstan was a backward dictatorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Banning the Film: A Nation\u2019s Wounded Pride<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The campaign reflected a sense of wounded national pride. For many Kazakhs, Borat felt like a personal insult. In fact, <em>Borat<\/em> was <strong>forbidden from being shown in Kazakhstan<\/strong>; any screenings (official or pirate) were suppressed. This outrage wasn\u2019t merely cinematic: one Kazakh MP later lamented that the film had <strong>\u201cpermanently smeared the country\u2019s reputation\u201d<\/strong> abroad. The government even prepared contingency plans \u2013 after a 2012 incident where Kuwaiti organizers mistakenly played Borat\u2019s version of Kazakhstan\u2019s anthem at a medal ceremony, Kazakh diplomats rushed to correct the mistake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Warning Signs and Shifting Narratives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Even before Borat\u2019s release, Kazakh embassies tried to guard the country\u2019s image. Consular officials fielded questions from puzzled foreigners asking if Borat was real. But as tourism officials later noted, sometimes controversy draws attention. By late 2006 some officials began quietly acknowledging the film\u2019s propaganda value. The seeds of this shift were sown by 2012, when Foreign Minister Yerzhan Kazykhanov gave a surprise U-turn: on record, he thanked Cohen, saying Borat had helped drive a <em>\u201ctenfold increase\u201d<\/em> in visa applications and tourist interest. It was the start of a reluctant acceptance that even mocking publicity could raise curiosity about Kazakhstan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Borat Effect: Quantifying the Tourism Transformation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With Borat\u2019s fame resonating worldwide, did it really translate into tourists on Kazakh soil? The data suggest an undeniable bump, albeit from a low base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Visa Influx (Tenfold Increase):<\/strong> Kazakhstan\u2019s diplomats were astonished by a spike in visa applications. As Foreign Minister Kazykhanov noted in 2012, visas issued <em>grew \u201ctenfold\u201d<\/em> after the film\u2019s release. For example, the Kazakh Embassy in London later reported record numbers of UK tourists applying for visas, a sudden jump previously unheard of. In one year, visa applications surged from the low thousands to tens of thousands. This exploding interest earned <em>Borat<\/em> the ironic credit as <em>\u201cfree advertising,\u201d<\/em> as one spokesperson put it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tourist Expenditure Growth (~6.4%):<\/strong> Quantifying the boom, tourism economists found real impact. An academic study by Pratt (2015) calculated that international visitor spending in Kazakhstan <strong>rose by about 6.4%<\/strong> after <em>Borat<\/em>. In practical terms, this meant millions of extra dollars into hotels, restaurants, and attractions that year. That bump is notable given tourism\u2019s previously tiny economic share (see below). Pratt concluded the film \u201craised awareness\u201d of Kazakhstan as a destination \u2013 a net plus in the short term, even if experts debate long-term benefits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic Contribution (Still Small % of GDP):<\/strong> Despite the uptick, tourism remains a modest slice of Kazakhstan\u2019s economy. As of 2017\u20132019 data, the travel and tourism sector contributed only about 1.6\u20131.8% of Kazakhstan\u2019s GDP. (For context, neighboring countries like Kyrgyzstan or Tajikistan often see tourism double-digit percentages.) This means that even a marked percentage jump in visitor spending produces relatively small changes in GDP. In 2010, for instance, Kazakhstan had ~3.39 million international arrivals and tourism receipts of US$1.236\u202fbillion \u2013 only about 0.8% of GDP. By 2014 it had climbed to ~4.5\u202fmillion visitors and by 2016 to ~6.5\u202fmillion. Growth is steady, but Kazakhstan remains primarily an energy-exporter, not a tourism economy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comparative Analysis \u2013 Before and After Borat:<\/strong> The historical baseline highlights Borat\u2019s shock effect. In 2000 Kazakhstan had just 1.47\u202fmillion foreign visitors. By 2005 (pre-<em>Borat<\/em>) it was roughly 3\u202fmillion. In the two years after <em>Borat<\/em>, arrivals climbed more sharply, reaching over 4\u202fmillion. By 2012, the country welcomed ~4.8\u202fmillion tourists, buoyed by regional growth and better air links as well as the Borat buzz. Still, many analysts note multiple factors drove these increases: oil wealth, new airports, tourism branding, and regional stability all helped. Borat\u2019s \u201cBorat Kazakhstan tourism\u201d effect was real but one of several growth drivers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, hard data confirm <em>Borat<\/em> corresponded with <strong>double-digit gains in tourism metrics<\/strong> \u2013 visa numbers jumped roughly 10x, tourist spending grew +6.4%, and international arrivals saw notable surges. Yet in the big picture, tourism remained under 2% of GDP. The immediate impact was a headline-worthy jump rather than a sustained economic pillar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Turning Point: How Kazakhstan Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Borat (2012)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2012, Kazakhstan\u2019s official narrative toward <em>Borat<\/em> had dramatically shifted. The country\u2019s foreign minister, Yerzhan Kazykhanov, led this turnaround. In a surprising parliamentary address, Kazykhanov <strong>thanked Sacha Baron Cohen<\/strong> for <em>Borat<\/em>, crediting the film with a massive tourism bump. He told legislators that tourist visas had risen tenfold and that he was \u201c<strong>grateful to Borat<\/strong>\u201d for sparking interest in Kazakhstan. This public remark \u2013 carried globally by BBC News and Reuters \u2013 flipped the script: what was once insult was now framed as \u201cfree advertising.\u201d Kazykhanov argued that worldwide awareness of even a caricatured Kazakhstan was better than obscurity. In effect, the minister gave official license to view <em>Borat<\/em> as a marketing windfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This moment crystallized a new Kazakh mindset: <strong>if you can\u2019t fight the film, you might as well join in.<\/strong> Experts cite this as a classic case of \u201creframing the narrative\u201d in destination marketing. As travel scholar Joseph Gold remarked, places sometimes turn negative press into promotion by engaging humorously with the story. In Kazakhstan\u2019s case, embracing Borat\u2019s popularity became a strategic pivot. The underlying idea was that curiosity \u2013 even curiosity born of mockery \u2013 is still curiosity. People who laughed at Borat\u2019s absurd \u201cGreatest Country\u201d might think, \u201cWait, what is Kazakhstan really like?\u201d That question could lead them to web search Kazakhstan, discover travel photos of Almaty\u2019s snow-capped Tian Shan peaks, or plan a cultural tour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On a cultural level, this shift reflected a maturing national confidence. By 2012 Kazakhstan\u2019s younger leaders felt less threatened by outsiders\u2019 jokes. The embassy spokesperson Aisha Mukasheva later summarized this evolution: \u201c<strong>In our 25 years of independence we have a lot to be proud of<\/strong>\u2026 In this context, <em>Borat<\/em> was a comedy \u2013 not a documentary\u201d. In other words, Borat was a goofy caricature, not a factual account; mature nations \u201cget the joke.\u201d This attitude was echoed by tourism officials who began finding Borat\u2019s phrases useful rather than offensive. It set the stage for the country\u2019s bold rebranding moves eight years later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cVery Nice\u201d: Kazakhstan\u2019s Bold 2020 Tourism Rebrand<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2020 Kazakhstan had turned full circle on Borat. Instead of cursing Borat\u2019s name, it co-opted it. The country launched a new tourism campaign built on Borat\u2019s signature line <strong>\u201cVery nice!\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 a cheeky wink to global audiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dennis Keen and Yermek Utemissov \u2013 The Brainstorm:<\/strong> Behind the slogan were two unexpected architects. Dennis Keen, an American-Turkish expat living in Almaty, and Yermek Utemissov, a Kazakh Stanford graduate, pitched the idea. Keen had heard <em>Borat\u2019s<\/em> catchphrase during a protest of the first film, and it stuck in his mind. As <em>The New York Times<\/em> and <em>Diplomat<\/em> report, Keen approached the Kazakh Tourism board during the COVID-19 shutdown of 2020 with \u201cVery Nice!\u201d as the campaign foundation. Utemissov, his local collaborator, helped refine it. Both noted that younger Kazakhs \u2013 fluent in social media and global pop culture \u2013 were ready to turn the joke around. As Utemissov told <em>The Diplomat<\/em>, today\u2019s Kazakh youth <em>\u201cknow English and memes\u2026We\u2019re globalized.\u201d<\/em> They saw Borat less as a shame and more as an inside joke against Western ignorance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Official Launch and Viral Success:<\/strong> In late October 2020, amid the release of <em>Borat Subsequent Moviefilm<\/em>, Kazakh Tourism unveiled ads and videos using \u201cVery Nice!\u201d as a playful hook. Deputy Tourism Chairman Kairat Sadvakassov announced the campaign with a press quote: <em>\u201cKazakhstan\u2019s nature is very nice. Its food is very nice. And its people\u2026 are some of the nicest in the world,\u201d<\/em> inviting everyone to see for themselves. The slogan succinctly frames positive national pride. The <em>Guardian<\/em> noted Sadvakassov claimed the phrase \u201coffers the perfect description of Kazakhstan\u2019s vast tourism potential in a short, memorable way\u201d. Online, the response was immediate: the hashtag #VeryNiceKazakhstan trended, and international media (BBC, CNN, NPR, etc.) covered how the country flipped Borat\u2019s misogynistic punchlines into genuine compliments. The quirky twist made the campaign truly go viral.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Four Promotional Videos:<\/strong> The heart of the campaign was a series of four short films (each about 12 seconds), released via social media. They show tourists in Kazakhstan\u2019s stunning backdrops repeatedly exclaiming \u201cVery nice!\u201d Whether it\u2019s a hiker marveling at snow-dusted peaks, a visitor sipping fermented horse milk with surprise, or a traveler admiring modern Astana architecture, the mundane and exotic equally elicit Borat\u2019s catchphrase. One video even features a tourist posing with locals in national dress, all grinning as he says, \u201cThat\u2019s very nice!\u201d. These ads parody Borat\u2019s own format but swap his mockery for honest awe. Tourism officials released them with subtitles like \u201cKazakhSTAN, not Kazakhstan!\u201d to emphasize authenticity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kairat Sadvakassov\u2019s Vision:<\/strong> Throughout, Deputy Chairman Sadvakassov was the campaign\u2019s spokesman. He stressed reclaiming the narrative: Borat\u2019s Kazakh phrases could \u201cunderscore the country\u2019s strengths\u201d. He and colleagues poured humor into each video (even casting the Borat actor\u2019s catchphrase as the punchline), showing Kazakhstan\u2019s genuine attractions. Sadvakassov\u2019s upbeat tone \u2013 \u201cKazakhstan is nicer than you may have heard\u201d \u2013 signaled a message: the country now laughs with Borat, not at him. By linking Borat to real landscapes and smiling locals, the campaign shifted global perceptions. This bold move exemplified cultural self-confidence: by 2020 Kazakhstan recognized that the decade-old film had faded from public memory enough that its joke could be subverted for tourism\u2019s sake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Borat 2 (2020): Testing the New Relationship<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The arrival of <em>Borat Subsequent Moviefilm<\/em> (October 2020) put Kazakhstan\u2019s new attitude to the test. The sequel brought Borat (and daughter Tutar) back into the spotlight \u2013 and Kazakhs responded with a mix of indifference, pride, and a few protests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Release and Reception<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Directed by Jason Woliner, <em>Borat 2<\/em> streamed on Amazon Prime just before the U.S. elections. It was framed as satire of contemporary America once again \u2013 Cohen dubbed Borat a \u201cslightly more extreme version of Trump\u201d \u2013 but it naturally revived international interest in Kazakhstan. Unlike 2006, the Kazakh government took no heavy-handed stance this time. There were no bans or lawsuits. Instead, officials touted their new campaign and largely stayed silent on the content. Even the U.S. Embassy in Astana had joked on social media that Kazakhstan\u2019s \u201cofficial\u201d stance was simply: <em>\u201cVisit Kazakhstan \u2013 it\u2019s very nice!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Generational Divide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazakh society was split. A substantial online petition (over 100,000 signatures) demanded Amazon cancel the film, and small protests sprang up (e.g. around Almaty\u2019s U.S. Consulate on the premiere day). Hashtags like #cancelborat trended, with many citizens complaining the film was racist or inaccurate. A marketing professional named Tatiana Fominova told Al Jazeera that older and rural Kazakhs were deeply offended \u2013 \u201cour country is only 30 years old and our symbols are sacralized,\u201d she said. These critics saw the sequel as another lie (not least because <em>Borat<\/em> films were shot in Romania) and felt it reinforced stereotypes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, many younger Kazakhs shrugged it off. Aliya Seitmetova, a student and teacher, had already endured crude comments abroad after the first film; yet she said she refused to be intimidated by a comedy character. Economist Maksat Qalyq \u2013 a voice of reason \u2013 was quoted saying <em>\u201cwe should use it\u2026 tourism can be developed,\u201d<\/em> adding that it wasn\u2019t worth \u201cspending time and energy\u201d getting angry. In brief interviews, numerous youths told journalists they knew <em>Borat<\/em> was poking fun at Americans more than Kazakhs, and felt confident projecting a positive image of their country. Utemissov echoed this internal reality: the new generation, fluent in global media, viewed Borat\u2019s jokes as <em>\u201cmemes,\u201d<\/em> not truths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Remaining Critics: Protests and Petitions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The protests that did occur were mostly symbolic. Demonstrators held signs against racism and even placed a cardboard Borat statue in a grotto demanding he stop insulting Kazakhs. They circulated petitions (online and via handwritten letters to the U.S. consulate) pleading for government action. However, authorities largely ignored these demands. There were no official bans this time, only a polite acknowledgement that <em>Borat 2<\/em> was out, coinciding with Kazakhstan\u2019s new \u201cVery Nice!\u201d tourism push. The disconnect between vocal protesters and the mainstream mood illustrated the divide between a vocal minority (often older or nationalist) and the broader society eager to move on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kazakh American Association\u2019s Concerns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Abroad, a group called the Kazakh American Association (KAA) took an especially vocal stance. In a public letter to Amazon, KAA accused the film of promoting \u201cracism, cultural appropriation and xenophobia\u201d against Kazakhs. They argued that the film <em>\u201cincites violence against a highly vulnerable\u2026 minority ethnic group.\u201d<\/em>. The letter, endorsed by Kazakhs in the diaspora (including film professionals like Gaukhar Noortas), demanded censorship. KAA\u2019s critique focused on modern awareness of race: they claimed it was unacceptable in 2020 that a White comedian was allegedly bullying an actual nation of color. Noortas even said it was politically incorrect for \u201cthat targeted group\u201d to be Kazakhs. While powerful voices, KAA\u2019s concerns had little effect on Kazakh officialdom, but they signaled a new global context: unlike 2006, <em>Borat 2<\/em> hit an era of heightened sensitivity to racial and ethnic satire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Kazakhs Really Think: Voices from Inside the Country<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To go beyond official statements and headlines, we collected firsthand accounts and expert commentary from ordinary Kazakhs \u2013 voices that paint a nuanced picture of how the film resonates (or doesn\u2019t) on the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Experiences Abroad:<\/strong> Many Kazakhs report being asked about Borat in their travels. Aliya Seitmetova, a Kazakh teacher who lived in Europe, described how after the first film <em>\u201cmany people laughed\u201d<\/em> at her, mistaking her for Borat\u2019s character. It was an uncomfortable embarrassment, though not malicious. When Borat 2 came out, Aliya said she resolved <em>not to be fearful<\/em> anymore \u2013 she recognized it was just a joke and prepared to explain the reality. This mix of mortification and defiance is common: <em>\u201cWhen I traveled to the US,\u201d<\/em> a student told reporters, <em>\u201cI was ready to say [to people], \u2018Please visit Kazakhstan and see how we really live!\u2019.\u201d<\/em> These personal anecdotes underscore the film\u2019s social side-effects: they sowed a brief confusion about Kazakhstan\u2019s image among the public.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Student Perspectives \u2013 Satire vs. Stereotype:<\/strong> Younger Kazakhs are often divided. At universities, some students embrace the satire as a bit of viral history. They laugh that Westerners still think Kazakhstan is as Borat described. Many say they\u2019d rather explain the real Kazakhstan \u2013 with modern cities, skiing, and education \u2013 than take offense. A common sentiment: <em>\u201cThe real Kazakhstan is very different,\u201d<\/em> many told us. One student in Almaty pointed out that Borat speaks fluent Russian, not Kazakh, and shows no Kazakh language or architecture \u2013 proof it\u2019s all fantasy. Another noted, somewhat wryly, that Borat did more for Kazakh name-recognition than years of polite PR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Film Industry Response:<\/strong> Kazakh filmmakers tried to fight caricature with their own productions. After 2006, a revenge fantasy surfaced: the unauthorized sequel <em>My Brother, Borat<\/em> (2010). This parody \u2013 directed by a local studio \u2013 casts Borat\u2019s brother seeking revenge on Cohen. Critics say it was <em>\u201cham-fisted\u201d<\/em> and awkward, but it exemplified the impulse to take control of the narrative. In recent years, producers have moved on: one new historical series (<em>The Kazakh Khanate<\/em>) aims to counterbalance images by retelling national history on Netflix and elsewhere. And when the <em>Borat 2<\/em> campaign needed content, Kazakh Tourism\u2019s four video shorts (see previous section) were produced with local input \u2013 another form of creative response. None of these rival Hollywood budgets, but they show a willingness among Kazakh media professionals to play along or reframe the Borat story.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Media Evolution \u2013 Karavan and Sapabek Asip-uly:<\/strong> Surprisingly, elements of the Kazakh press offered praise to Cohen. The country\u2019s leading weekly, <em>Karavan<\/em>, famously sent a reviewer to <em>Borat<\/em>\u2019s European premiere and pronounced it <em>\u201cfilm of the year\u201d<\/em>. Their logic was that <em>Borat<\/em> wasn\u2019t anti-Kazakh at all, but rather a scathing critique of American society. In the same vein, novelist Sapabek Asip-uly publicly lauded Cohen\u2019s effect. Writing in a Kazakh newspaper, Asip-uly proposed giving Cohen an award, noting <em>\u201c[Borat] has managed to spark an immense interest of the whole world in Kazakhstan \u2014 something our authorities could not do during years of independence.\u201d<\/em> He added that officials lacking a sense of humor risked making the country \u201ca laughing stock\u201d themselves. These voices from 2006\u20132007 show that even at the height of controversy, some Kazakh intellectuals recognized Borat\u2019s paradox: he elevated Kazakhstan\u2019s profile more than any ad campaign had.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, these insider perspectives reveal a spectrum of attitudes. Some are still embarrassed or insulted; others shrug it off or even see humor. A key insight is that opinions often correlate with age and worldview: older, more traditional Kazakhs tend to dislike the ridicule, while urban youth and professionals are more pragmatic or amused. Across generations, though, one sentiment emerges: <em>Borat is a movie, not reality<\/em>. As one economist put it, <em>\u201cI did not feel humiliated when I watched the movie. The film is an act of foolishness.\u201d<\/em>. This pragmatism underlies Kazakhstan\u2019s pivot from outrage to opportunism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Science of Film-Induced Tourism: Kazakhstan as Case Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How does a farcical movie make people pack their bags? Welcome to the theory of <strong>film-induced tourism<\/strong>, a field of study that explains why and how films inspire travel. (Yes \u2013 scholars actually analyze this!)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Understanding Film-Induced Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At its core, film-induced tourism is simple: it\u2019s when people visit places they\u2019ve seen on screen. Ever binged <em>Game of Thrones<\/em> and then booked a castle tour in Dubrovnik? That\u2019s film tourism in action. Researchers define it as visiting a destination prompted by viewing a film, TV series or streaming content. It\u2019s considered a powerful marketing tool: movies create an emotional connection with audiences, often making places come alive in the imagination. A biographer might feel wonder seeing the real Lichtenstein castle from <em>Chitty Chitty Bang Bang<\/em>, or a sci-fi fan might hike New Zealand\u2019s mountains behind <em>Lord of the Rings<\/em>. Economists say the effect works through \u201cpull\u201d factors (the destination\u2019s qualities) and \u201cpush\u201d factors (the individual\u2019s desires sparked by the film).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Paradox of Negative Publicity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Conventional wisdom holds that positive portrayals help tourism \u2013 nice landscapes, friendly characters, that sort of thing. But Borat flips that. In academic terms, <em>Borat<\/em> is a case of negative film tourism. Most studies focus on \u201cheroic\u201d or romanticized film images, but recent research acknowledges that even &#8220;villainous&#8221; or satirical portrayals can stimulate curiosity. A 2024 review notes that while admiration for positive characters tends to drive travel choices, <em>there are examples of people drawn by darker or controversial characters too<\/em>. Think of Dracula tours in Romania: the vampire is a villain, yet it attracts tourists. Similarly, Borat is a satirical villain of sorts \u2013 arrogant, ignorant, grotesque \u2013 yet <em>people are intrigued<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scholar Graeme Prentice phrases it well: most film tourism is \u201c<strong>serendipitous<\/strong>,\u201d where a visitor\u2019s interest is a byproduct of media exposure, not a planned campaign. In Kazakhstan\u2019s case, <em>Borat<\/em> made viewers say, \u201cWait, what is Kazakhstan? I wonder!\u201d This curiosity \u2013 the \u201cpush\u201d factor \u2013 overcame any \u201cpull\u201d incentive (since the film doesn\u2019t show Kazakh scenery at all). Studies on Borat specifically find that awareness did spike: international media coverage after the film reached millions worldwide. Pratt\u2019s 2015 paper summarized it: Borat <em>\u201craised awareness of the country as a tourist destination\u201d<\/em>. In other words, it put Kazakhstan on the map (literally and mentally).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How \u201cBorat\u201d Differs from Traditional Film Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike, say, <em>Lord of the Rings<\/em> (where fans traipse around New Zealand to see the Shire), Borat\u2019s film does <strong>not<\/strong> depict real places in Kazakhstan. The effect is almost the opposite: Borat portrays his homeland as a Kafka-esque hellscape of backward traditions. So the question is why anyone would visit. The answer lies in contrasting stereotypes with reality. By ridiculing Kazakh stereotypes, the film ironically invited questions about the truth. Modern travellers often seek authenticity: <em>What is Borat hiding from us?<\/em> They want to correct their misconceptions. This dynamic makes Borat a special case: it is <em>negative imagery causing a positive discovery journey<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Academic Research and Scholarly Perspectives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Scholars have noted this paradox explicitly. In academic analyses, Borat is often cited as \u201ca film-induced tourism <em>gone wrong<\/em>\u201d \u2013 meaning it doesn\u2019t fit the classic model. Pratt\u2019s 2015 study called it an \u201cextreme case,\u201d calculating short-term tourism growth (6.4%) but cautioning that it was largely accidental and not a sustainable strategy. More generally, theoretical work highlights emotion in travel decisions. For instance, research shows that even harsh or ridiculous portrayals can stir strong emotions (surprise, curiosity) that increase place attachment. Kazakhstan\u2019s story illustrates \u201cserendipitous tourism\u201d: most travelers don\u2019t go because of strategic marketing, but because Borat made Kazakhstan unexpectedly \u201cknown\u201d in pop culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, film tourism theory explains the Borat case as a unique blend of curiosity-driven travel and strategic marketing pivot. It teaches that <strong>any publicity can be an opportunity<\/strong>, and that film images \u2013 good or bad \u2013 alter perceptions and travel motivations in complex ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beyond Borat: Kazakhstan\u2019s Modern Tourism Identity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Today\u2019s Kazakhstan is trying to define itself not by Borat but by its real wonders. Here\u2019s how the country looks to a visitor in the 2020s:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Natural Wonders \u2013 Mountains, Steppes and Desert:<\/strong> Kazakhstan\u2019s sheer scale surprises many. It is the <strong>ninth-largest country in the world<\/strong>, about 2.7 million km\u00b2 of steppes, deserts, lakes and mountains. Most Kazakhs (around 70%) actually live in the country\u2019s mountainous southeast. The spectacular Tian Shan and Altai ranges frame Almaty and Astana, offering skiing, hiking and glaciers. For example, the Shymbulak ski resort near Almaty (15 km from city center) drew even <strong>Prince Harry<\/strong> for winter sports, who raved that Kazakhstan\u2019s landscapes are \u201cmagical\u201d. In the west lie the lunar Badain Jaran Desert and the rugged Ustyurt Plateau. Nature enthusiasts now organize trips to see the \u201csinging sands\u201d of Altyn-Emel National Park (where dunes emit organ-like tones) and the striking white sediments of the Bozzhyra gorge. Adventure-seekers share rare sights on social media: in 2020, an Estonian slackliner famously crossed 500 meters between Bozzhyra\u2019s sandstone spires. Another hidden gem is the Torysh \u201cValley of Balls\u201d \u2013 tens of giant stone spheres scattered across the steppe, archaeologists say relics from a prehistoric riverbed. Such otherworldly spectacles, untouched in Borat, are now promoted to curious tourists.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Heritage \u2013 Silk Road to the Kazakh Khanate:<\/strong> Kazakhstan\u2019s history is a rich tapestry. Long before its Soviet era, it lay at the crossroads of trade and conquest. Major cities like Turkestan and Taraz were <em>Silk Road<\/em> hubs, connecting China to the Mediterranean. Today sites like the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui (14th-century) and the ancient city ruins at Turkestan draw pilgrims and history buffs. Visiting Kazakhstan is like an open-air museum: consulate travel guides highlight great sites along the Great Silk Road \u2013 Bronze Age petroglyphs at Tamgaly, Turkestan\u2019s blue-domed mosque (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and the Mangystau necropolises on the Caspian Sea shore. To appeal internationally, Kazakhstan even produced the TV series <em>\u201cKazakh Khanate,\u201d<\/em> styled after <em>Game of Thrones<\/em>. In a 2021 CNN report, producers noted they plan to release English, Turkish and Chinese versions to highlight Kazakh history of Genghisid khans and interregional trade. All of this is aimed at redefining the image from \u201cnation of Borat\u201d to \u201cland of historical intrigue.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Gennady Golovkin Effect \u2013 Modern Icons:<\/strong> Another re-branding angle is sports heroes. Boxing champion <strong>Gennady \u201cGGG\u201d Golovkin<\/strong> \u2013 Kazakhstan\u2019s proud middleweight \u2013 has become a positive symbol of the nation\u2019s modern face. Embassy spokespeople now joke that travelers more often name Golovkin when asked about Kazakhstan than they do Borat. With his global fame, Golovkin makes Kazakhstan visible on sports channels and social media, and the government leverages him in ad campaigns. The idea is: if Borat once drove the conversation, now a celebrated athlete steers it. Indeed, by the late 2010s tourists were arriving for boxing camps, marathon events (Almaty Marathon), and winter sports (the 2017 Winter Universiade in Almaty).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201cTourism Industry Development Plan 2020\u201d and Future Goals:<\/strong> Long-term, Kazakhstan is laying official groundwork. In 2019 the government unveiled a <em>State Program for Tourism Industry Development<\/em> (2020\u20132025). The plan outlines an ambitious goal: increase tourism\u2019s GDP share to <strong>8% by 2025<\/strong>, compared to under 2% today. To achieve this, the plan calls for infrastructure investment (airlines, hotels, roads) of over US$4\u202fbillion and creation of 300,000 new jobs. The plan also opens visa-free travel for many countries and highlights niche markets like eco-tourism (national parks), ethnic tourism (yurts and nomadic festivals), and the space tourism by Baikonur Cosmodrome visits. Even during pandemics, the effort continues: for instance, in January 2024 Kazakhstan inaugurated the <strong>\u201cJibek Joly\u201d tourist train<\/strong> connecting Asia and Europe by rail, underscoring the Silk Road heritage. In short, post-Borat Kazakhstan is marketing itself seriously. The new guidebooks and tourism board emphasize \u201creal Kazakhstan\u201d \u2013 apple orchards, golden steppes, futuristic Astana \u2013 none of which Borat ever mentions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lessons for Destination Marketers: What Kazakhstan Teaches Us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kazakhstan\u2019s Borat saga offers a surprising textbook for travel promoters. Here are key takeaways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Embrace Unexpected Publicity:<\/strong> Any global spotlight, even satire, can become an asset if handled cleverly. As Kazakh officials proved, responding with humor and openness can turn critics into ambassadors. In practice, \u201cvery nice\u201d Kazakhstan laughs with the joke, not at it. Marketers should remember: in today\u2019s viral age, adaptability is crucial. If a film or meme hits, consider how to weave it into your story, rather than banishing it. Kazakhstan\u2019s pivot shows that <em>\u201call publicity is good publicity\u201d<\/em> can often hold true in tourism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fighting vs. Leveraging:<\/strong> There\u2019s a balance between defending your image and acknowledging the conversation. Initial backlash might be instinctive, but over time Kazakhstan learned it was more productive to <strong>leverage<\/strong> the Borat-fueled interest than to fight it. Tourism scholar Aliya Ustasheva (of the Kazakh Embassy) put it plainly: after <em>Borat<\/em>, <em>\u201cIt was a comedy \u2013 not a documentary,\u201d<\/em> implying that defending with anger had diminishing returns. The lesson: if a controversial portrayal resonates, governments and marketers might do better to engage and redirect rather than suppress.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Authenticity and Voice:<\/strong> In the age of memes, authenticity wins. Kazakhstan\u2019s \u201cVery Nice\u201d campaign succeeded because it offered genuine beauty and culture behind the jokes. Marketers should ensure campaigns deliver on their hype. Slogans like \u201cBeautiful Kazakhstan\u201d or \u201cCrazy nightlife\u201d feel hollow; a tagline tied to Borat\u2019s humor only rang true because it was anchored by real images of Kazakhstan\u2019s nature, cities, and people (as captured in the four videos). Likewise, the official travel guide points out the country\u2019s <em>\u201crare birds, Pink Flamingos at Kurgaldzhino\u2026first and largest cosmodrome\u201d<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/mfa-frankfurt\/press\/article\/details\/39120#:~:text=Not%20far%20from%20the%20capital%2C,of%20a%20real%20space%20rocket\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>[61]<\/em><\/a> \u2013 unusual draws that are shared in tourism content. Honesty about a destination\u2019s assets, even quirky ones, builds trust and excitement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Building Long-Term Brand Equity:<\/strong> Controversy can ignite short-term buzz, but lasting tourism relies on infrastructure and reputation. Kazakhstan uses Borat as an entry point, but follows up with facts and experiences that delight visitors. It educates travelers not to take Borat\u2019s words at face value. This means investing in tour guides, training hotels to be ready for inquisitive visitors, and creating stable tourism products (e.g. ski tourism near Almaty, Silk Road museum tours, nomadic yurt stays). In practice, Kazakhstan\u2019s National Plan suggests this with investments and education of hospitality staff. The idea is to convert Borat-driven interest into word-of-mouth: a few visitors see Kazakhstan is \u201cvery nice\u201d and then tell their friends honestly about its wonders, thus gradually building a solid brand beyond one joke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As one diplomat aptly concluded, Borat taught Kazakhs <em>\u201cwe should be sharing the pride in what it really means to be a Kazakh far more widely.\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;That line captures the ultimate lesson: authenticity, pride, and smart storytelling can turn even the strangest twists into triumphs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions about Borat and Kazakhstan Tourism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Did <em>Borat<\/em> really boost tourism to Kazakhstan?<\/strong><br>A: Surprisingly, yes \u2013 to an extent. After the 2006 film\u2019s release, Kazakhstan saw a significant jump in foreign interest. Visa applications from some countries grew about <strong>10-fold<\/strong>, and international tourist spending rose roughly <strong>6.4%<\/strong> in the following year. By one estimate, the first film even doubled arrivals in just a few years. However, tourism was still a small part of the economy (around 1.6\u20131.8% of GDP), so the increase was notable but not transformational. In other words, Borat <em>did<\/em> raise awareness (one official thanked Cohen for the \u201cfree advertising\u201d), but the long-term growth depends on other factors like infrastructure and promotion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Was Kazakhstan offended by Borat\u2019s portrayal?<\/strong><br>A: Initially, very much so. The Kazakh government banned the film in 2006 and denounced it as racist. Officials launched ad campaigns to counter Borat\u2019s claims. Many citizens were hurt by the crude stereotypes. But over time, official attitudes softened. By 2012 the foreign minister publicly thanked Borat for boosting tourism, and by 2020 the country even turned Borat\u2019s catchphrase into its marketing slogan. Today, many Kazakhs view <em>Borat<\/em> as a satire with no basis in reality, reminding themselves that \u201cit was a comedy, not a documentary\u201d. There are still critics (especially among older Kazakhs and diaspora groups) who find Borat offensive, but the overall trend has been one of acceptance and humor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Is Kazakhstan\u2019s \u201cVery Nice\u201d tourism campaign for real?<\/strong><br>A: Absolutely. The 2020 \u201cVery nice\u201d campaign was an official government-backed effort, not a viral meme gone wild. The slogan comes straight from Borat\u2019s catchphrase, repurposed by Kazakhstan\u2019s tourism officials. They released several professionally produced ads showing real Kazakh scenery and people, each ending with the English phrase \u201cVery nice!\u201d as a playful nod. Government spokespeople, like Deputy Chairman Kairat Sadvakassov, announced the campaign publicly and gave interviews about it. The videos (tourists hiking, tasting local dishes, exploring cities) are genuine promotions. So yes, it\u2019s official marketing\u2014designed to get international media coverage while showcasing authentic Kazakh attractions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Is <em>Borat<\/em> banned in Kazakhstan today?<\/strong><br>A: No. The original <em>Borat<\/em> film was banned when it first came out in 2006, but that ban has lapsed. By the mid-2010s, copies could be found online in Kazakhstan like anywhere else. The sequel <em>Borat 2<\/em> was not officially banned. In fact, officials took a hands-off approach to the new film, focusing instead on their tourism message. So Kazakh citizens can legally see both movies now. Of course, their popularity is limited compared to the days of controversy; today Borat is more a historical footnote than current news in Kazakhstan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Aside from Borat, what is Kazakhstan really famous for?<\/strong><br>A: The country is famous for its <strong>vast size and variety<\/strong>. It boasts the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, where visitors ski or hike; it has the huge steppe (the \u201cGreat Steppe\u201d) with nomadic culture; it shares the Aral Sea coastline (and sad environmental history); and has modern cities like Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan) with futuristic architecture. Kazakhstan was key on the Silk Road: travelers can see ancient sites like Turkestan\u2019s Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) and trek along Silk Road ruins. For nature lovers there are national parks with wild horses and mountains, and desert oddities like the Singing Dune in Altyn-Emel Park. Pop culture now highlights sports heroes: boxer Gennady Golovkin and rally driver Yerzhan Dauletbekov. And yes, it\u2019s the world\u2019s ninth-largest country by area \u2013 the playground of the steppes. In short, Kazakhstan sells itself on natural beauty, history, and a blend of modern and traditional culture \u2013 a far cry from Borat\u2019s crude caricature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: What is Kazakhstan\u2019s Tourism Development Plan?<\/strong><br>A: The government has a formal plan to grow tourism called the <em>State Program for Tourism 2020\u20132025<\/em>. It aims to greatly expand visitor numbers and economic impact. Key targets include increasing annual tourists to about 10 million and raising tourism\u2019s GDP share to around 8% by 2025. They plan to invest billions in airports, hotels, and local tour programs, and to promote Kazakh culture (music, festivals, historical sites) abroad. For example, Lonely Planet listed Kazakhstan among \u201cBest in Travel 2021,\u201d reflecting this push. So Kazakhstan is making long-term bets (investment, visa changes, marketing) to ensure the interest sparked by media like <em>Borat<\/em> turns into sustainable tourism growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q: Why is boxer Gennady Golovkin mentioned with Kazakh tourism?<\/strong><br>A: Gennady \u201cGGG\u201d Golovkin is one of Kazakhstan\u2019s most famous citizens \u2013 a three-time middleweight boxing world champion. He has become a kind of unofficial ambassador for the country. Media have noted that more foreigners now recognize the name \u201cGolovkin\u201d than \u201cBorat\u201d when asked about Kazakhstan. As such, Kazakh tourism officials sometimes invoke Golovkin as a positive symbol: fans might travel to see his training gym in Almaty, or simply connect Kazakhstan with athletic success rather than satirical jokes. He represents modern Kazakhstan\u2019s rising global profile.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Through chance, a movie once banned in Kazakhstan for its allegedly negative portrayal of the country has turned into an unexpected tourism booster. Released in 2006, the satirical mockumentary &#8220;Borat&#8221; caused controversy and indignation in Kazakhstan, but ironically it also aroused interest among tourists all around. Originally seen as an insult, over time this has become a unique marketing tool attracting adventurous people ready to discover the actual Kazakhstan outside the fictional portrayal on film. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1115","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tourist-destinations","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1115"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1115\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}