{"id":748,"date":"2024-08-05T12:46:56","date_gmt":"2024-08-05T12:46:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=748"},"modified":"2026-02-27T10:48:27","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T10:48:27","slug":"nejvetsi-prirodni-rezervace-na-svete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/magazine\/tourist-attractions\/the-largest-nature-reserve-in-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace na sv\u011bt\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jen m\u00e1lo m\u00edst na Zemi kombinuje m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko a posv\u00e1tnost jako Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea. Odlehl\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch atol\u016f, podmo\u0159sk\u00fdch hor a \u00fates\u016f se t\u00e1hne zhruba 1900 km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od hlavn\u00edch havajsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f do Pacifiku. Pod tich\u00fdmi saf\u00edrov\u00fdmi vodami tohoto souostrov\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159es 1,5 milionu km\u00b2 chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu (582 578 \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch mil) \u2013 oblasti v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mnoho zem\u00ed. Tato rozloha d\u011bl\u00e1 z Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pln\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bnou mo\u0159skou rezervaci na planet\u011b. V jeho tich\u00fdch hlubin\u00e1ch plave v\u00edce ne\u017e 7 000 zn\u00e1m\u00fdch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch druh\u016f, zhruba jedna \u010dtvrtina z nich endemick\u00fdch v regionu. Rozlehlost a izolace pomn\u00edku se oz\u00fdvaj\u00ed v p\u016fvodn\u00ed havajsk\u00e9 tradici: je poct\u011bna jako posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 m\u00edsto narozen\u00ed \u017eivota a vracej\u00edc\u00ed se \u0159\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159edk\u016f duch\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod: Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk velkoleposti p\u0159\u00edrody<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b pojmenovan\u00fd na po\u010dest havajsk\u00fdch bo\u017estev Papa (matka Zem\u011b) a W\u0101kea (otec nebe), Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea p\u0159emos\u0165uje p\u0159\u00edrodu a kulturu. Za\u010dalo to jako mal\u00e1 pta\u010d\u00ed rezervace v roce 1909, ale pr\u00e1vn\u00ed ochrana rostla v pr\u016fb\u011bhu desetilet\u00ed. V roce 2006 prezident Bush prohl\u00e1sil severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Havajsk\u00e9 ostrovy za n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tku; Prezident Obama ji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il v roce 2016. V roce 2010 UNESCO uznalo v\u00fdjime\u010dnou univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnotu pam\u00e1tn\u00edku podle p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch i kulturn\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. a v lednu 2025 NOAA form\u00e1ln\u011b ur\u010dila mo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed mo\u0159skou svatyni Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea. V r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto vrstev je rybolov a dal\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny v cel\u00e9m VEZ, co\u017e \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 byly dlouho u\u0161et\u0159eny pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho dopadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V t\u00e9to rozloh\u011b jsou osv\u011btlen\u00e9 kor\u00e1lov\u00e9 zahrady a tmav\u00e9 hloubky studen\u00e9 vody. Kor\u00e1lov\u00e9 atoly a pono\u0159en\u00e9 b\u0159ehy p\u0159eru\u0161uj\u00ed horizont a ustupuj\u00ed mezofotick\u00fdm \u00fates\u016fm (30\u2013150 m) a rozlehl\u00fdm pl\u00e1n\u00edm Abyssal. Hlubinn\u00e9 ponory NOAA (do 2 700 m) odhalily d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 druhy na pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch podmo\u0159sk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch. Nad vodou je ka\u017ed\u00fd ostrov a m\u011bl\u010dina neobydlen\u00e1 krom\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody: stalet\u00e9 kolonie mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed zemi guanem a \u017eiv\u00ed cyklus \u017eivin, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed celou potravn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. <strong>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je domovem jednoho z nejbohat\u0161\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165 kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch \u00fates\u016f ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech \u2013 le\u017e\u00ed zde 3,5 milionu akr\u016f kor\u00e1lov\u00e9ho \u00fatesu (asi 70 % z n\u00e1s celkem) le\u017e\u00ed<\/strong><strong> \u2014 kde st\u00e1le hl\u00eddkuj\u00ed \u017eraloci a ob\u0159\u00ed trevally.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plocha:<\/strong> ~1 508 870 km\u00b2 (582 578 mil \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch) \u2013 co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bnou oblast na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed:<\/strong> Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed\/kulturn\u00ed) str\u00e1nky UNESCO od roku 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historie ochrany:<\/strong> Rezervace NWHI (1909); Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk vyhl\u00e1\u0161en 2006; roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena 2016; National Marine Sanctuary ozna\u010den\u00fd v roce 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biodiverzita:<\/strong> ~7 000 mo\u0159sk\u00fdch druh\u016f (25 % endemick\u00fdch); Endemismus \u00fatesu na Zemi. Mo\u0159\u0161t\u00ed pt\u00e1ci ro\u010dn\u011b hn\u00edzd\u00ed ~14 milion\u016f (22 druh\u016f), v\u010detn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch koloni\u00ed Laysan a Albatros \u010dernonoh\u00fdch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vlajkov\u00e9 lod\u011b:<\/strong> Hawaiian monk seal (critically endangered), Laysan duck (globally rare), green sea turtles, and seabird rookery with >99% of world\u2019s Laysan albatross.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je fakticky zak\u00e1z\u00e1na pro obecnou turistiku. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ani za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b povolen\u00ed mohou vstoupit pouze pe\u010dliv\u011b prov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 expedice a domorod\u00ed havaj\u0161t\u00ed praktici. Lod\u011b mus\u00ed z\u00edskat povolen\u00ed pro v\u00edce agentur (NOAA, Fish &amp; Wildlife, havajsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady) a dodr\u017eovat p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 pravidla (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd rybolov, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed suven\u00fdr\u016f). V\u011bt\u0161ina plaveb jsou m\u011bs\u00edce dlouh\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 plavby; Neform\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed nebo ponory nejsou povoleny.<\/p><cite>Praktick\u00e9 informace<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pochopen\u00ed Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea: Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea le\u017e\u00ed v severn\u00edm Pacifiku asi 3000 mil od jak\u00e9hokoli kontinentu. Je soust\u0159ed\u011bn na severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch Havajsk\u00fdch ostrovech (Nihoa a\u017e Kure Atoll), line\u00e1rn\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzci rozprost\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edm se zhruba 1900 km severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od Kaua\u2018i. Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 hranice sleduje v\u00fdlu\u010dnou ekonomickou z\u00f3nu USA kolem t\u011bchto ostrov\u016f (do 200 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch mil). Ka\u017ed\u00fd ostrov, atol a \u00fates v tomto \u0159et\u011bzci \u2013 od n\u00edzko polo\u017een\u00fdch atol\u016f Kure na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b p\u0159es Midway, Laysan, Lisianski, Pearl &amp; Hermes a francouzsk\u00e9 fregaty a\u017e po Nihoa a Mokumanamana \u2013 le\u017e\u00ed v pam\u00e1tn\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Celkov\u011b vzato, Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 zhruba 1 508 870 km\u00b2. Pro perspektivu je to v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u0161echny n\u00e1rodn\u00ed parky USA dohromady a p\u0159esahuje rozlohu zem\u00ed jako Peru nebo Mongolsko. N\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e1 tabulka ji porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s dal\u0161\u00edmi masivn\u00edmi rezervami:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 oblast<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Velikost (km\u00b2)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea (USA)<\/td><td>1,508,870<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 mo\u0159sk\u00e1 rezervace<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Gr\u00f3nsko NP (D\u00e1nsko)<\/td><td>972,000<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed park sv\u011bta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Velk\u00fd bari\u00e9rov\u00fd \u00fates (Austr\u00e1lie)<\/td><td>348,000<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch \u00fates\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato srovn\u00e1n\u00ed podtrhuj\u00ed ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed velikost svatyn\u011b. Jeho samotn\u00e1 velikost a rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed ostrov\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed velmi rozmanit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky \u2013 od tropick\u00fdch atolov\u00fdch lagun po subtropick\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u2013 sjednocen\u00e9 pod jedn\u00edm ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm de\u0161tn\u00edkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Historick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka:<\/strong> Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 miln\u00edky v ochran\u011b:<br>\u2013 <strong>1909:<\/strong> Theodore Roosevelt chr\u00e1n\u00ed francouzsk\u00e1 fregata (prvn\u00ed rezervace NWHI).<br>\u2013 <strong>2006:<\/strong> Prezident Bush ozna\u010duje severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Havajsk\u00e9 ostrovy za n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed pam\u00e1tku.<br>\u2013 <strong>2010:<\/strong> UNESCO zapisuje Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea jako m\u00edsto sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<br>\u2013 <strong>2016:<\/strong> Prezident Obama roz\u0161i\u0159uje pomn\u00edk na sou\u010dasnou velikost, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm MPA na sv\u011bt\u011b.<br>\u2013 <strong>2025:<\/strong> NOAA formalizuje Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea jako 18. n\u00e1rodn\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed rezervaci USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biodiverzita nad r\u00e1mec v\u00edry: \u017divot v Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk je \u017eivou knihovnou oce\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Izolace a ochrana p\u0159inesly mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou \u0159adu endemick\u00fdch druh\u016f. Zhruba jedna \u010dtvrtina v\u00edce ne\u017e 7000 mo\u0159sk\u00fdch druh\u016f Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea se nenach\u00e1z\u00ed nikde jinde na Zemi. Jen mezi rybami je v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 % druh\u016f \u00fates\u016f jedine\u010dn\u00fdch pro toto souostrov\u00ed. Kor\u00e1lov\u00fd endemismus p\u0159esahuje 40 %, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e hlubok\u00e9 \u00fatesy host\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 kolonie. Expedice NOAA zdokumentovaly tolik druh\u016f ryb na jedin\u00e9m pono\u0159en\u00e9m vrcholu, kolik existuje v cel\u00fdch karibsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Celkov\u011b tato rezervace obsahuje v\u00edce kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch \u00fates\u016f ne\u017e kter\u00e1koli jin\u00e1 oblast USA. Asi 3,5 milionu akr\u016f kor\u00e1lov\u00e9ho \u00fatesu se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 po Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea \u2013 zhruba 70 % cel\u00e9 oblasti \u00fatesu USA. Tyto \u00fatesy z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v tropech neobvykle nedot\u010den\u00e9 a p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed \u017eraloky; Velk\u00e9 drav\u00e9 ryby, jako je ob\u0159\u00ed trevally, se voln\u011b potuluj\u00ed a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed kontrolovat rovnov\u00e1hu ekosyst\u00e9mu. Dokonce i hlubok\u00e9 mezofotick\u00e9 \u00fatesy (100\u2013450 stop) se hem\u017e\u00ed barvou a \u017eivotem. Jak poznamenal jeden mo\u0159sk\u00fd biolog, jedin\u00e9 srovnateln\u011b neporu\u0161en\u00e9 spole\u010denstva \u00fatesov\u00fdch maso\u017eravc\u016f nyn\u00ed existuj\u00ed zde a ve vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dvan\u00e1ct endemick\u00fdch rod\u016f ryb (v\u010detn\u011b n\u011bkolika mot\u00fdl\u016f a pyskoun\u016f) zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jedine\u010dnost pam\u00e1tn\u00edku. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed hotspoty pat\u0159\u00ed z\u00f3ny bez perut\u00fdn\u016f a cel\u00e9 potravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b veden\u00e9 z\u0159\u00eddka v\u00eddan\u00fdmi vrcholov\u00fdmi pred\u00e1tory. V\u011bdci z NOAA objevili b\u011bhem ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch expedic des\u00edtky nov\u00fdch druh\u016f bezobratl\u00fdch a kor\u00e1l\u016f, stejn\u011b jako rekordn\u00ed houby na hlubok\u00fdch podmo\u0159sk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch. V\u0161echna tato zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podtrhuj\u00ed, \u017ee velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry neprozkouman\u00e1 i po desetilet\u00edch v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Pokud tam nem\u016f\u017eete cestovat, kancel\u00e1\u0159 pro pr\u016fzkum oce\u00e1n\u016f NOAA nab\u00edz\u00ed velkolep\u00e9 virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje. Online pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00e1 videa a interaktivn\u00ed mapy z expedic Hohonu Moana umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed komukoli sv\u011bdkem podmo\u0159sk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea. Nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1b\u011bry NOAA ROV z roku 2016 zkoum\u00e1 \u00fatesy v hloubce 650\u20134 300 m. Tyto virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ponory p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed k \u017eivotu tvory od stra\u0161ideln\u00fdch hlubinn\u00fdch chobotnic a\u017e po \u017eiv\u00e9 \u00fatesov\u00e9 \u017eraloky, ani\u017e by opustili domov.<\/p><cite>Tip od zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch osob<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u016fvodn\u00ed havajsk\u00fd kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je stejn\u011b kulturn\u00ed krajina jako p\u0159irozen\u00e1. Samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev poch\u00e1z\u00ed z havajsk\u00e9 kosmologie: Papa-h\u0101nau-moku-\u0101kea znamen\u00e1 \u201ePapa, z\u00e1klad, kter\u00fd zrodil ostrovy pod \u0161irok\u00fdm nebem\u201c. V legend\u011b pozemsk\u00e9 matka Papa a Sky otec W\u0101kea po\u010dali havajsk\u00e9 souostrov\u00ed. Domorod\u00ed Havajan\u00e9 ct\u00ed Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea jako K\u016bpunu (star\u0161\u00edho p\u0159edk\u016f) ostrovn\u00edho \u017eivota. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed se, \u017ee je posv\u00e1tn\u00fdm zdrojem genealogie \u017eivota, \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, z n\u00ed\u017e poch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u0161echny du\u0161e a do kter\u00e9 se duchov\u00e9 vracej\u00ed po smrti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd ostrov v pam\u00e1tn\u00edku obsahuje Wahi Pana (posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 m\u00edsta). Na Nihoa a Mokumanamana archeologov\u00e9 zdokumentovali stovky p\u0159edevropsk\u00fdch heiau (chr\u00e1m\u016f) a svatyn\u00ed \u2013 duchovn\u00edch m\u00edst v souladu s v\u00fdchodem slunce a p\u0159\u00edlivy. Tyto archeologick\u00e9 vzory spojuj\u00ed Hawai\u02bbi s \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmi tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdmi tradicemi (odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed se struktury nalezen\u00e9 a\u017e na Tahiti). Takov\u00e9 objevy podtrhuj\u00ed roli souostrov\u00ed jako kulturn\u00edho spojen\u00ed v Polyn\u00e9sii. \u017div\u00ed praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed dnes st\u00e1le prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed slavnostn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy a plavby tradi\u010dn\u00ed k\u00e1no\u00ed H\u014dk\u016ble\u02bba prov\u00e1zely t\u011bmito vodami havajsk\u00e9 pedagogy a v\u011bdce a o\u017eivily navigaci p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>K\u0101naka \u02bb\u014diwi (p\u016fvodn\u00ed Havaja) mluv\u00ed o Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea s \u00factou. Pro n\u011b zt\u011bles\u0148uje havajsk\u00fd koncept malama \u02bb\u0101ina (p\u00e9\u010de o zemi\/mo\u0159skou krajinu) zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00fd v p\u0159edc\u00edch. Jak vysv\u011btlil jeden star\u0161\u00ed: \u201eToto jsou na\u0161e ostrovy K\u016bpuna \u2013 na\u0161i star\u0161\u00ed \u2013 ne proto, abychom je zdolali, ale abychom se o n\u011b starali\u201c. Tento sv\u011bton\u00e1zor \u0159\u00eddil r\u00e1mec spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pam\u00e1tn\u00edku, kter\u00fd zahrnuje \u00da\u0159ad pro havajsk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti a m\u00edstn\u00ed komunity. Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 oblast je tak tak\u00e9 \u017eivou u\u010debnou pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch znalost\u00ed o spr\u00e1v\u011b zdroj\u016f.<\/p><cite>M\u00edstn\u00ed perspektiva<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ochrana v akci: Management a ochrana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Spole\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00edch a st\u00e1tn\u00edch agentur chr\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea. Kancel\u00e1\u0159 n\u00e1rodn\u00edch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch rezervac\u00ed NOAA, NOAA Fisheries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaii DLNR a Office of Hawaiian Affairs v\u0161echny sd\u00edlej\u00ed poru\u010denstv\u00ed. P\u0159edpisy p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b omezuj\u00ed dopad na \u010dlov\u011bka: Ve\u0161ker\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00ed rybolov, t\u011b\u017eba nerost\u016f a v\u011bt\u0161ina cestovn\u00edho ruchu jsou zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny v cel\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b. Dokonce i v\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vy\u017eaduje povolen\u00ed a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed postup\u016f \u201enezanechat \u017e\u00e1dnou stopu\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed je koordinov\u00e1no p\u0159es oce\u00e1n a ostrov. Lod\u011b NOAA hl\u00eddkuj\u00ed na atolech, zat\u00edmco d\u016fstojn\u00edci pro ryby a divokou zv\u011b\u0159 l\u00e9taj\u00ed nad hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00edmi koloniemi mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f a ohro\u017een\u00fdmi vytahov\u00e1n\u00edm tule\u0148\u016f mnich\u016f. Ozna\u010den\u00ed svatyn\u011b pro rok 2025 p\u0159idalo dal\u0161\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nosti hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f a pokryvu kor\u00e1l\u016f d\u00edky program\u016fm kontroly pred\u00e1tor\u016f a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed suti. Dlouhodob\u00e9 monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 pomoc\u00ed satelit\u016f, autonomn\u00edch vozidel a pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dsk\u00fdch pr\u016fzkum\u016f \u2013 sleduje zn\u00e1mky klimatick\u00e9ho stresu. Pl\u00e1ny adaptivn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nyn\u00ed stanovuj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed c\u00edle pro zdrav\u00ed kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch \u00fates\u016f, obnovu tule\u0148\u016f mnich\u016f a eradikaci invazivn\u00edch druh\u016f do roku 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Podpo\u0159te Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm nedot\u010den\u00fdch spr\u00e1vcovsk\u00fdch praktik doma. I kdy\u017e nem\u016f\u017eete nav\u0161t\u00edvit, m\u016f\u017eete pomoci. Sni\u017ete pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed plast\u016f a pamatujte na v\u00fdb\u011br mo\u0159sk\u00fdch plod\u016f (mnichov\u00e9 tuleni a \u017eelvy \u010dasto po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed plasty nebo p\u00edce v bl\u00edzkosti ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0161\u0148\u016fr). Prozkoumejte vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed programy NOAA a pod\u011blte se o p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh t\u00e9to rezervace. A d\u00e1vejte pozor na projekty ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u011bdy \u2013 organizace ob\u010das pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed by analyzovali sn\u00edmky \u00fates\u016f nebo sledovali data mo\u0159sk\u00fdch trosek. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 akce na pevnin\u011b se vln\u00ed touto vzd\u00e1lenou svatyn\u00ed.<\/p><cite>Tip od zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch osob<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vlajkov\u00e1 lo\u010f: Ikony ochrany<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tule\u0148 havajsk\u00fd (v pop\u0159ed\u00ed) a ob\u0159\u00ed trevally plavou nad kor\u00e1lov\u00fdm \u00fatesem na atolu Kure v Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea. Tento chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m podporuje jedinou velkou chovnou populaci v severn\u00edm Pacifiku ohro\u017een\u00fdch tule\u0148\u016f mnich\u016f (Monachus schauinslandi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik glob\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch druh\u016f. Mezi jej\u00ed nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obyvatele pat\u0159\u00ed tule\u0148 havajsk\u00fd: \u017eije zde zhruba 1400 z ~1500 mnichov\u00fdch tule\u0148\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b. Dlouhodob\u00e1 ochrana obr\u00e1tila pokles a ml\u00e1\u010fata jsou nyn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b spat\u0159ena na jinak opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u017e\u00edch. Odlehl\u00e9 atoly tak\u00e9 host\u00ed cel\u00e9 populace kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e9 kachny laysan (Anas laysanensis) a druh\u016f p\u011bnkav Nihoa. Mo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u017eelvy (zelen\u00e9, jest\u0159\u00e1bn\u00edk a ko\u017een\u00fd h\u0159bet) pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky jako hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b pod rou\u0161kou noci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na otev\u0159en\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu je Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea superkolonie mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f. Ro\u010dn\u011b se sem vr\u00e1t\u00ed a\u017e 14 milion\u016f mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f, aby se rozmno\u017eili. Na t\u011bchto ostrovech se da\u0159\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm Laysan\u016f a Albatros\u016f \u010dernonoh\u00fdch na Zemi. Jedn\u00edm ze slavn\u00fdch obyvatel je Wisdom, albatros Laysan star\u0161\u00ed 70 let, kter\u00fd se spolehliv\u011b vrac\u00ed do atolu Midway, aby ka\u017ed\u00e9 jaro vychov\u00e1val ku\u0159ata \u2013 \u017eiv\u00fd d\u016fkaz kontinuity pam\u00e1tn\u00edku. Tyto pta\u010d\u00ed kolonie hnoj\u00ed ostrovy, p\u011bstuj\u00ed vegetaci na p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdch atolech a podporuj\u00ed potravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b od oblohy dol\u016f k \u00fatesu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V samotn\u00e9m \u00fatesu vzkv\u00e9taj\u00ed i \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i. Dlouho pot\u00e9, co byli \u017eraloci vyloveni jinde, zde v noci hl\u00eddkuj\u00ed \u00fatesov\u00ed \u017eraloci a zametaj\u00ed na ve\u010de\u0159i. B\u011b\u017en\u011b jsou k vid\u011bn\u00ed str\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 druhy jako Giant Trevally, Dogtooth Tuna a Marlin. Jejich hojnost odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zdrav\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9mu; Je to jedno z m\u00e1la m\u00edst na planet\u011b, kde m\u00e1 mo\u0159sk\u00e1 rezervace t\u00e9to velikosti dostatek m\u00edsta pro pln\u00e9 komunity pred\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Co je Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea?<\/strong> Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 souostrov\u00ed a okoln\u00ed oce\u00e1n na severoz\u00e1padn\u00edch Havajsk\u00fdch ostrovech. Ozna\u010deno jako US Marine National Monument (2006) a National Marine Sanctuary (2025) a zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m a posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 havajsk\u00e1 kulturn\u00ed m\u00edsta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Je to opravdu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rezerva na Zemi?<\/strong> Ano. S p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 582 578 \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edmi m\u00edlemi (1,5 milionu km\u00b2) je Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dal\u0161\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 mo\u0159sk\u00e1 oblast. Pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou havajskou EEZ a p\u0159evy\u0161uje v\u011bt\u0161inu ostatn\u00edch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch park\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jak\u00e9 druhy divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e tam \u017eij\u00ed?<\/strong> Pam\u00e1tn\u00edk ob\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 7 000 mo\u0159sk\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b asi 150 druh\u016f kor\u00e1l\u016f, stovek \u00fatesov\u00fdch ryb, 22 druh\u016f mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f (14 milion\u016f jedinc\u016f), mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u017eelv, tule\u0148\u016f mnich\u016f a tvor\u016f z hlubok\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Mnoh\u00e9 jsou endemick\u00e9 na Havaji.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mohu nav\u0161t\u00edvit Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea?<\/strong> P\u0159\u00edstup je velmi omezen\u00fd. S povolen\u00edm mohou nav\u0161t\u011bvovat pouze vl\u00e1dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, pedagogov\u00e9 a domorod\u00ed havaj\u0161t\u00ed kulturn\u00ed praktici. Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 touroper\u00e1tory. Cestov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 pronajat\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm plavidlem a v\u0161ichni n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci mus\u00ed dodr\u017eovat p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy (\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ukotven\u00ed, sb\u011br nebo komer\u010dn\u00ed rybolov).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je to kulturn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/strong> Domorod\u00ed Havajan\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea za posv\u00e1tn\u00e9. V havajsk\u00e9 tradici je to dom\u00e9na boh\u016f p\u0159edk\u016f (Papa a W\u0101kea), p\u016fvodu genealogie \u017eivota. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 chr\u00e1my na Nihoa a Mokumanamana sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o jej\u00ed historick\u00e9 roli a slavnostn\u00ed plavba pokra\u010duje i dnes jako sou\u010d\u00e1st havajsk\u00e9 kultury.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kdo spravuje pomn\u00edk?<\/strong> Spole\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je sd\u00edleno mezi NOAA (\u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b a rybolov), US Fish and Wildlife Service, st\u00e1t Havaj a \u00da\u0159adem pro havajsk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Toto partnerstv\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee v\u0161echna rozhodnut\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed, st\u00e1tn\u00ed a domorod\u00e1 perspektiva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jak\u00e9 \u010dinnosti jsou zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny?<\/strong> V podstat\u011b v\u0161echna t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed jsou zak\u00e1z\u00e1na. Komer\u010dn\u00ed rybolov, t\u011b\u017eba a rozvoj nejsou nikde v pam\u00e1tn\u00edku povoleny. I rekrea\u010dn\u00ed rybolov je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n. Vym\u00fdcen\u00ed invazn\u00edch druh\u016f a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed trosek pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo povolen\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed pro ochranu zdroj\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kdy je nejlep\u0161\u00ed vid\u011bt divokou zv\u011b\u0159?<\/strong> V\u011bt\u0161ina zv\u00ed\u0159at je nejviditeln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch (zhruba v kv\u011btnu \u2013 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed), kdy jsou vody klidn\u00e9 a obdob\u00ed rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vrchol\u00ed. Mo\u0159\u0161t\u00ed pt\u00e1ci hn\u00edzd\u00ed od jara do podzimu a keporkaci migruj\u00ed p\u0159es zimu. Vzhledem k limit\u016fm p\u0159\u00edstupu v\u0161ak nejsou osobn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny jako typick\u00e9 prohl\u00eddky divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je vzorem toho, co je mo\u017en\u00e9, kdy\u017e komunity ct\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed oce\u00e1nu. Jeho bezkonkuren\u010dn\u00ed velikost, neporu\u0161en\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my a \u017eiv\u00e9 tradice z n\u011bj d\u011blaj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed poklad daleko za havajsk\u00fdmi b\u0159ehy. Jako m\u00edsto sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO a nov\u011b ozna\u010den\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 rezervace Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea je p\u0159edur\u010deno b\u00fdt z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kamenem ochrany 21. stolet\u00ed. Ochrana t\u00e9to \u201emo\u0159sk\u00e9 vlasti p\u0159edk\u016f\u201c zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee nespo\u010det druh\u016f a lidsk\u00fdch tradic pokra\u010duje ve spole\u010dn\u00e9 plavb\u011b. Ka\u017ed\u00fd fakt a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea se propojuje v hlub\u0161\u00edm pochopen\u00ed na\u0161eho m\u00edsta na Zemi a na\u0161\u00ed povinnosti v\u016f\u010di jeho budoucnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V obrovsk\u00e9m Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu kvete skryt\u00e1 pokladnice biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti. \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b nezka\u017een\u00e9 lidsk\u00fdm dotykem, kde se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 jemn\u00fd tanec \u017eivota v jeho nejnen\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podob\u011b. V\u00edtejte v Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervaci na Zemi, kter\u00e1 je d\u016fkazem \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 s\u00edly p\u0159\u00edrody a pot\u0159eby chr\u00e1nit na\u0161e nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-748","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tourist-attractions","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=748"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/748\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}