Edinburgh le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Skotsku na Firth of Forth, \u0161irok\u00e9m \u00fast\u00ed vedouc\u00edm do Severn\u00edho mo\u0159e. Historick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro m\u011bsta zauj\u00edm\u00e1 skalnatou p\u016fdu ji\u017en\u011b od \u0159eky a ty\u010d\u00ed se nad p\u0159irozenou formac\u00ed skaln\u00ed a ocasn\u00ed formou tvarovanou b\u011bhem doby ledov\u00e9. Dnes je Edinburgh domovem zhruba p\u016fl milionu lid\u00ed, co\u017e z n\u011bj po Glasgow d\u011bl\u00e1 druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto Skotska. Jako hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Skotska (od roku 1437) je Edinburgh s\u00eddlem p\u0159enesen\u00e9ho skotsk\u00e9ho parlamentu a centra vl\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jeho jm\u00e9no poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze starov\u011bk\u00e9ho britsk\u00e9ho slova Eidyn<\/em>M\u00edsto bylo zaznamen\u00e1no v roce 600 n. l. Din Eidyn<\/em> (\u201eFort of Eidyn\u201c), odkazuj\u00edc\u00ed na pevnost na hradn\u00ed sk\u00e1le. Modern\u00ed anglick\u00e9 jm\u00e9no pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b odkazuje na tuto ranou pevnost a ve skotsk\u00e9 gael\u0161tin\u011b se m\u011bsto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 d\u00f9n \u00e8ideann<\/em>, p\u0159\u00edmo odvozen\u00e9 z Din Eidyn<\/em>A\u010dkoli prvn\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 charta potvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed status Edinburghu poch\u00e1z\u00ed z 12. stolet\u00ed, m\u00edsto na kopci bylo os\u00eddleno ji\u017e od prav\u011bku. Dnes m\u011bsto spojuje st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 uli\u010dky star\u00e9ho m\u011bsta s velk\u00fdmi neoklasicistn\u00edmi ulicemi nov\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, co\u017e je kombinace, kter\u00e1 Edinburghu vynesla status sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh Castle Crowns Castle Rock, z\u00e1tka vyhasl\u00e9 sopky. Toto vulkanick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro vzniklo zhruba p\u0159ed 350 miliony let v obdob\u00ed karbonu. Sk\u00e1la je mnohem tvrd\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e okoln\u00ed ter\u00e9n, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e sem ledovce postupovaly, z\u016fstala st\u00e1t jako vysok\u00e1 skaln\u00ed \u00fates. Na v\u00fdchod od tohoto \u00fatesu je \u201eocas\u201c m\u011bk\u010d\u00edch ledovcov\u00fdch trosek, kter\u00e9 byly za n\u00edm chr\u00e1n\u011bny. Dnes le\u017e\u00ed ulice a budovy star\u00e9ho m\u011bsta pod\u00e9l toho zu\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho se ocasu, m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho starov\u011bk\u00fdmi sope\u010dn\u00fdmi silami a ledem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arthurovo s\u00eddlo je dal\u0161\u00ed sope\u010dnou pam\u00e1tkou. Tento zaoblen\u00fd kopec v parku Holyrood se ty\u010d\u00ed do v\u00fd\u0161ky asi 250 metr\u016f (820 stop) a je erodovan\u00fdm poz\u016fstatkem starov\u011bk\u00e9 sopky. Jeho l\u00e1vov\u00e9 proudy byly polo\u017eeny zhruba p\u0159ed 340\u2013335 miliony let. Ledovcov\u00e1 eroze vy\u0159ezala jeho strm\u00e9 \u00fatesy (zejm\u00e9na Salisbury Crags) a zanechala Arthurovo sedadlo charakteristick\u00fd tvar. P\u011b\u0161\u00ed turistika na jej\u00ed vrchol je dnes obl\u00edbenou aktivitou, kter\u00e1 nab\u00edz\u00ed panoramatick\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy a \u0161anci st\u00e1t na sope\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00e1te\u0159i Edinburghu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinbursk\u00fd hrad, posazen\u00fd na vrcholu Castle Rock, dominuje panoramatu hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Skotska. Pevnost byla po stalet\u00ed kr\u00e1lovskou rezidenc\u00ed a obrannou pevnost\u00ed. V jeho zdech stoj\u00ed kaple sv. Mark\u00e9ty, postaven\u00e1 ve 30. letech 11. stolet\u00ed kr\u00e1lem Davidem I.; Tato mal\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 kaple je nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovanou budovou v Edinburghu (a skute\u010dn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed budovou ve Skotsku). Postupem \u010dasu p\u0159ibyly dal\u0161\u00ed pal\u00e1ce a kas\u00e1rna a hrad se stal domovem skotsk\u00fdch panovn\u00edk\u016f a st\u00e1tn\u00ed pokladny. St\u00e1le v n\u011bm s\u00eddl\u00ed pocty Skotska (skotsk\u00e9 korunova\u010dn\u00ed klenoty) a K\u00e1men osudu v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch bytech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hrad ve v\u00e1lce opakovan\u011b m\u011bnil majitele. B\u011bhem v\u00e1lek za skotskou nez\u00e1vislost (konec 13. \u2013 za\u010d\u00e1tek 14. stolet\u00ed) jej dr\u017eeli Angli\u010dan\u00e9, dokud jej na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den 1314 neproslavily skotsk\u00e9 s\u00edly. V historii byl hrad Edinburgh mnohokr\u00e1t obl\u00e9h\u00e1n \u2013 \u010dasto se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Nejoble\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pevnost v Brit\u00e1nii. Dnes si n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci mohou prohl\u00e9dnout jeho velk\u00fd s\u00e1l, vid\u011bt Mons Meg (ob\u0159\u00ed d\u011blo z 15. stolet\u00ed) a u\u017e\u00edt si \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd v\u00fdhled na m\u011bsto z cimbu\u0159\u00ed. (Bonusov\u00fd fakt: ta jedna hodina vyst\u0159elen\u00e1 z hradu je trvalou tradic\u00ed.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Royal Mile je nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ulic\u00ed ve star\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Edinburghu. Vede asi 1,81 kilometru (zhruba jednu skotskou m\u00edli) od br\u00e1ny hradu Edinburgh na z\u00e1padn\u00edm konci dol\u016f k pal\u00e1ci Holyroodhouse na v\u00fdchod\u011b. (Skotsk\u00e1 m\u00edle byla del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e anglick\u00e1 m\u00edle \u2013 asi 1 970 metr\u016f \u2013 odtud n\u00e1zev.) Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 m\u00edle je ve skute\u010dnosti sledem p\u011bti spojen\u00fdch ulic: Castellhill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate a Abbey Strand, lemovan\u00e9 od konce k konci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci pod\u00e9l Royal Mile najdou mnoho kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek Edinburghu. Katedr\u00e1la sv. Jilj\u00ed se svou korunn\u00ed v\u011b\u017e\u00ed stoj\u00ed bl\u00edzko st\u0159edu. Nespo\u010det zav\u00edrac\u00edch (\u00fazk\u00fdch n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed) se rozv\u011btvuje mimo hlavn\u00ed ulici \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad Mary King\u2019s Close m\u00e1 prohl\u00eddky sv\u00fdch skryt\u00fdch trezor\u016f s pr\u016fvodcem. Muzea jako The Writer\u2019s Museum a The Scotch Whisky Experience zde zab\u00edraj\u00ed historick\u00e9 budovy. \u00darove\u0148 ulice je \u017eiv\u00e1 obchody, hospodami a pouli\u010dn\u00edmi um\u011blci, zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem festival\u016f. Proch\u00e1zka po kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 m\u00edli je jako cesta stalet\u00edmi historie, p\u0159\u00edmo spojuj\u00edc\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd hrad s kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm pal\u00e1cem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Star\u00e9 m\u011bsto v Edinburghu a nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto dohromady tvo\u0159\u00ed jedin\u00e9 m\u00edsto sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO (ozna\u010den\u00e9 v roce 1995). Star\u00e9 m\u011bsto zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd pl\u00e1n ulice: t\u011bsn\u00e9 klikat\u00e9 zav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed a masivn\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 \u010din\u017e\u00e1ky ulp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed na starov\u011bk\u00e9m sope\u010dn\u00e9m h\u0159ebeni. Po stalet\u00ed doch\u00e1zel prostor, tak\u017ee obyvatel\u00e9 stav\u011bli nahoru: \u010din\u017eovn\u00ed bloky v 16.\u201318. stolet\u00ed \u010dasto dosahovaly 10 nebo 11 pater (a jeden blok byl hl\u00e1\u0161en jako 14 pater vysok\u00fd). Bohat\u0161\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 \u017eili v horn\u00edch patrech a m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1mo\u017en\u00ed, co\u017e dokonce dalo vzniknout legend\u00e1m o \u201epodzemn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na konci 18. stolet\u00ed, jak rostla prosperita, se severn\u011b od star\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch hradeb roz\u0161i\u0159ovali pl\u00e1nova\u010di. Sout\u011b\u017e o design z roku 1766 vyhr\u00e1l architekt James Craig, jeho\u017e pl\u00e1n vyty\u010dil nov\u00e9 gruz\u00ednsk\u00e9 m\u011bsto s \u0161irok\u00fdmi bulv\u00e1ry a elegantn\u00edmi \u010dtverci. Ulice jako Princes Street, Queen Street a George Street a n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed jako Charlotte a St. Andrew\u2019s se formovaly od 70. let 18. stolet\u00ed. Vykopan\u00e1 zem\u011b z t\u011bchto nov\u00fdch ulic byla vyhozena do odvodn\u011bn\u00e9ho jezera Nor, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznikla mohyla \u2013 nyn\u00ed m\u00edsto Skotsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed galerie a Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 skotsk\u00e9 akademie. Pod nov\u00fdm m\u011bstem se z vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho ani jezera Loch stalo stanice Waverley. Spole\u010dn\u011b dalo st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 star\u00e9 m\u011bsto a neoklasick\u00e9 nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto Edinburghu jedine\u010dn\u00fd charakter uzn\u00e1van\u00fd po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Historie a atmosf\u00e9ra Edinburghu inspirovaly n\u011bkolik p\u0159ezd\u00edvek. nejstar\u0161\u00ed je \"Auld Reekie,\"<\/strong> Skotov\u00e9 pro \"Old Smoky.\" V 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed bylo m\u011bsto pln\u00e9 uheln\u00fdch a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f a hust\u00fd kou\u0159 (\u201ez\u00e1pach\u201c) \u010dasto v noci visel n\u00edzko nad st\u0159echami. Obyvatel\u00e9 vtipn\u011b odkazovali na sv\u00e9 zakou\u0159en\u00e9 panorama t\u00edmto jm\u00e9nem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ezd\u00edvka je \"Ath\u00e9ny na severu.\"<\/strong> To vzniklo na konci 18.\u201319. stolet\u00ed, proto\u017ee kulturn\u00ed a intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivot Edinburghu byl p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1n ke klasick\u00fdm Ath\u00e9n\u00e1m. Mnoho ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov bylo postaveno ve stylu \u0159eck\u00e9ho obrozen\u00ed a m\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci a filozofov\u00e9 (jako Hume a Smith) mu dali reputaci pro u\u010den\u00ed a debatu. Star\u00e9 m\u011bsto, posazen\u00e9 na \u00fatesu, dokonce vypadalo jako ath\u00e9nsk\u00e1 akropole s v\u00fdhledem na m\u011bsto. M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 n\u011bkdy \u0161k\u00e1dliv\u011b naz\u00fdvali m\u011bsto \"Auld Greekie\"<\/strong> Pro toto klasick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh je hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Skotska od roku 1437. Toho roku kr\u00e1l Jakub I. p\u0159esunul kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd dv\u016fr ze Scone (v Perthshire) do Edinburghu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se m\u011bsto stalo s\u00eddlem monarchie. (D\u0159\u00edve byli skot\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 korunov\u00e1ni na Scone, ale od roku 1437 s\u00eddlil panovn\u00edk v Edinburghu.) Pot\u00e9 Edinburgh slou\u017eil jako centrum skotsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pot\u00e9, co akty Unie z roku 1707 slou\u010dily skotsk\u00fd a anglick\u00fd parlament, byl skotsk\u00fd z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fd sbor rozpu\u0161t\u011bn a Edinburgh ztratil sv\u016fj nez\u00e1visl\u00fd parlament na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 300 let. (Skotsko si ve m\u011bst\u011b zachovalo sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed soudy.) V roce 1999 byl v Edinburghu znovu svol\u00e1n nov\u00fd p\u0159enesen\u00fd skotsk\u00fd parlament, s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00ed v modern\u00ed budov\u011b v Holyroodu vedle starov\u011bk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce. To obnovilo roli Edinburghu jako hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta n\u00e1roda s vlastn\u00edm z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdm sborem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V 18. stolet\u00ed byl Edinburgh srdcem skotsk\u00e9ho osv\u00edcen\u00ed. Jeho salony, kav\u00e1rny a univerzity shroma\u017e\u010fovaly m\u00edsta pro velk\u00e9 myslitele. David Hume (filosof), Adam Smith (ekonom), James Hutton (geolog) a Joseph Black (chemik) v\u0161ichni b\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby pracovali v Edinburghu. Inovativn\u00ed n\u00e1pady, kter\u00e9 vyvinuli, pomohly zah\u00e1jit modern\u00ed filozofii, ekonomii, geologii a chemii a proslavily Edinburgh jako intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed kapit\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u011bdictv\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed se slav\u00ed dodnes. Sochy Humea, Smithe a dal\u0161\u00edch stoj\u00ed na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch. Star\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 s\u00e1ly a kluby z t\u00e9 doby z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed na ulic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se nyn\u00ed prol\u00ednaj\u00ed minulost\u00ed i sou\u010dasnost\u00ed. Dokonce i o dv\u011b stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji mohou n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 c\u00edtit \u017eiv\u00e9 debaty u \u0161\u00e1lku k\u00e1vy nebo sklenky whisky \u2013 Edinburgh\u016fv v\u011bk rozumu zanechal otisk na charakteru m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh byl domovem \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9ho po\u010dtu slavn\u00fdch autor\u016f. Sir Walter Scott, narozen\u00fd v roce 1771, je p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1n 61metrov\u00fdm gotick\u00fdm pam\u00e1tn\u00edkem na Princes Street. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850\u20131894, autor knihy Ostrov poklad\u016f<\/em>) a Arthur Conan Doyle (1859\u20131930, tv\u016frce Sherlocka Holmese) se zde tak\u00e9 narodili. V roce 2004 UNESCO jmenovalo Edinburgh prvn\u00edm m\u011bstem literatury, kter\u00e9 ct\u00ed toto d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Bronzov\u00e9 sochy a plakety po cel\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b ozna\u010duj\u00ed m\u00edsta spojen\u00e1 s klasick\u00fdmi rom\u00e1ny a b\u00e1sn\u011bmi napsan\u00fdmi m\u00edstn\u00edmi obyvateli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u011bsto inspirovalo i modern\u00ed spisovatele. V 90. letech J.K. Rowlingov\u00e1 napsala hodn\u011b z ran\u00fdch Harry Potter<\/em> S\u00e9rie v kav\u00e1rn\u00e1ch Edinburgh jako The Elephant House. Fanou\u0161ci si u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed ulic a budov, kter\u00e9 mohly inspirovat Bradavice a P\u0159\u00ed\u010dnovou uli\u010dku. Ka\u017ed\u00fd srpen Edinburgh\u2019s International Book Festival shroma\u017e\u010fuje stovky autor\u016f a tis\u00edce \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Charlotte Square a pokra\u010duje v tradici m\u011bsta jako glob\u00e1ln\u00edho centra literatury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Historie Edinburghu m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 ponur\u00e9 kapitoly. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed se m\u011bsto stalo proslul\u00fdm vykr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bl. L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly pot\u0159ebovaly mrtvoly a dod\u00e1vali je n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lupi\u010di hrob\u016f (tzv. vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed), kte\u0159\u00ed se n\u011bkdy uch\u00fdlili k vra\u017ed\u011b (jako v nechvaln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpadu Burke a Hare z roku 1828). Na ochranu hrob\u016f h\u0159bitovy instalovaly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 mortsafes a str\u00e1\u017en\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee (jeden st\u00e1le stoj\u00ed na Calton Hill). Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pobou\u0159en\u00ed vedlo k pr\u00e1vn\u00edm reform\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 nakonec tuto praxi ukon\u010dily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pod star\u00fdm m\u011bstem se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1hada: s\u00ed\u0165 kleneb a sklep\u016f. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010din\u017e\u00e1ky byly postaveny st\u00e1le v\u00fd\u0161, chud\u0161\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 n\u011bkdy bydleli ve sklepn\u00edch trezorech. To dalo vzniknout p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm o skryt\u00e9m \u201epodzemn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b\u201c. Dnes lze prohl\u00ed\u017eet \u010d\u00e1sti kleneb South Bridge, kter\u00e9 odhaluj\u00ed vlhk\u00e9 komory, kde lid\u00e9 kdysi pracovali a spali. Kolem t\u011bchto klikat\u00fdch tunel\u016f se objevily stra\u0161ideln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy a paranorm\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00eddky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy tak\u00e9 zanechaly temn\u00fd otisk. V 16.\u201317. stolet\u00ed byly v Edinburghu souzeny stovky podez\u0159el\u00fdch \u010darod\u011bjnic. N\u011bkter\u00e9 byly popraveny na Castle Rock nebo na Grassmarket. Dnes pam\u011btn\u00ed kameny v Greyfriars Kirkyard ozna\u010duj\u00ed m\u00edsta, kde byli popravov\u00e1ni Covenanters a dal\u0161\u00ed. Mnoho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee h\u0159bitovy jsou d\u011bsiv\u011b nabit\u00e9 a udr\u017euj\u00ed vzpom\u00ednku na star\u00e9 obavy na\u017eivu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uprost\u0159ed t\u011bchto st\u00edn\u016f je jeden z nejv\u00edce pot\u011b\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f Edinburghu. V roce 1858 se Skye teri\u00e9r jm\u00e9nem Bobby proslavil hl\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm hrobu sv\u00e9ho majitele, policisty Williama Graye. Bobby z\u016fstal v hrobce \u010dtrn\u00e1ct let po Grayov\u011b smrti. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 m\u011bsta byli tak dojat\u00ed, \u017ee z\u00edskali finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na pomn\u00edk. V roce 1873 byla t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed Greyfriars Kirkyard odhalena font\u00e1na s bronzovou sochou Bobbyho. Dnes loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00f3za a plaketa Greyfriar\u016f p\u0159itahuj\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a oslavuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e oddanost ne\u017e strach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh vedl v n\u011bkolika inovac\u00edch. V roce 1824 m\u011bsto zalo\u017eilo prvn\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd hasi\u010dsk\u00fd sbor na sv\u011bt\u011b pod veden\u00edm Jamese Braidwooda. Jeho t\u00fdm bojoval s velk\u00fdm nov\u00fdm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm po\u017e\u00e1rem v Edinburghu a vyvinul nov\u00e9 hasi\u010dsk\u00e9 techniky. (Braidwood pozd\u011bji pomohl zalo\u017eit lond\u00fdnskou hasi\u010dskou slu\u017ebu.) Na po\u010dest tohoto \u00fasp\u011bchu byla na Parliament Square postavena socha Braidwooda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm narozen\u00fdm v Edinburghu je Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, kter\u00e1 zde byla poprv\u00e9 sestavena a vyti\u0161t\u011bna v letech 1768 a\u017e 1771. Edito\u0159i \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b Colina MacFarquhara a Williama Smellieho \u2013 zam\u00fd\u0161leli pokr\u00fdt ve\u0161ker\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 znalosti a jeho \u00fasp\u011bch se obr\u00e1til. Edinburgh do centra osv\u00edcensk\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A kone\u010dn\u011b, Edinburgh je domovem nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho um\u011bleck\u00e9ho festivalu. Edinbursk\u00fd festival Fringe, kter\u00fd byl zah\u00e1jen v roce 1947, nyn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd srpen v\u00edt\u00e1 tis\u00edce um\u011blc\u016f. Jen za ten m\u011bs\u00edc okraj spolu s ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm festivalem prom\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bsto v obrovskou sc\u00e9nu, kter\u00e1 p\u0159il\u00e1k\u00e1 kolem \u010dty\u0159 milion\u016f n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 m\u011bsto nevid\u00ed takovou z\u00e1plavu um\u011blc\u016f a publika ka\u017ed\u00fd rok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zat\u00edmco velk\u00e1 historie Edinburghu je pozoruhodn\u00e1, m\u011bsto m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 sv\u016fj pod\u00edl na n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch drobnostech:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern\u00ed Edinburgh je \u017eiv\u00e9 a prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bsto. Nyn\u00ed je druh\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm centrem Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (po Lond\u00fdn\u011b), se zde s\u00eddl\u00ed velk\u00e9 banky, investi\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a poji\u0161\u0165ovny. Jej\u00ed ekonomika tak\u00e9 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na v\u011bd\u011b, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a technologii: University of Edinburgh (zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roce 1583) je p\u0159edn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00fdzkumnou univerzitou a technologick\u00e9 startupy v posledn\u00edch letech rychle rostly. Populace m\u011bsta je kolem 520 000 a je podporov\u00e1na velk\u00fdmi studentsk\u00fdmi a turistick\u00fdmi komunitami. \u017divotn\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky pat\u0159\u00ed k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm ve Spojen\u00e9m kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Festivalov\u00e1 kultura v Edinburghu pokra\u010duje po cel\u00fd rok. Krom\u011b letn\u00edch um\u011bleck\u00fdch festival\u016f se ve m\u011bst\u011b kon\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd festival (prvn\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu, zalo\u017een\u00fd v roce 1989), Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed filmov\u00fd festival (jeden z nejd\u00e9le trvaj\u00edc\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b) a slavnostn\u00ed zimn\u00ed akce kolem V\u00e1noc a Nov\u00e9ho roku. I mimo festivaly, divadla, galerie a hudebn\u00ed m\u00edsta udr\u017euj\u00ed \u017eivou kulturn\u00ed sc\u00e9nu. To v\u0161e d\u011bl\u00e1 z Edinburghu nejen historick\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto, ale i modern\u00ed kreativn\u00ed centrum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh and Glasgow are Scotland\u2019s two largest cities, and they complement each other in many ways. Glasgow is physically larger and more populous \u2013 its city population is about 626,000, compared to Edinburgh\u2019s roughly 520,000. Glasgow\u2019s boom came during the Industrial Revolution, and by 1821 it had overtaken Edinburgh as the country\u2019s largest city thanks to shipbuilding and trade. In contrast, Edinburgh grew more slowly but became the cultural and political capital, with its orderly New Town and ancient institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dnes m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bsto svou identitu. Glaswegov\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed, otev\u0159en\u00ed a hrd\u00ed na sv\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed a hudebn\u00ed sc\u00e9nu; Edinburgery (n\u011bkdy l\u00e1skypln\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201eNeds\u201c nebo \u201eJocks\u201c jin\u00fdmi) maj\u00ed pov\u011bst rezervovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a u\u010den\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed se na d\u011bdictv\u00ed, pr\u00e1vo a festivaly. Ob\u011b m\u011bsta maj\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 univerzity, sportovn\u00ed t\u00fdmy a um\u011bleck\u00e9 komunity \u2013 a Skotov\u00e9 se \u010dasto dobromysln\u011b \u0161k\u00e1dl\u00ed o to, kdo je lep\u0161\u00ed. Se\u010dteno a podtr\u017eeno? Glasgow vyza\u0159uje drsnou dynamiku, zat\u00edmco Edinburgh nab\u00edz\u00ed majest\u00e1tn\u00ed kouzlo; Mnoho n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f si u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oboj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edinburgh si m\u016f\u017eete u\u017e\u00edt v kteroukoli ro\u010dn\u00ed dobu, ale ka\u017ed\u00e1 sez\u00f3na nab\u00edz\u00ed jin\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky. L\u00e9to (pozdn\u00ed jaro a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tek podzimu) p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 denn\u00ed hodiny, tepl\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed a slavnou festivalovou sez\u00f3nu; Toto je nej\u017eiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 nejru\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Jaro a podzim maj\u00ed \u010dasto m\u00edrn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b dav\u016f. Zima je chladn\u00e1 a tma, ale v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed trh v Edinburghu, kluzi\u0161t\u011b a oslavy Hogmanay (Nov\u00fd rok) jsou sv\u011btov\u011b proslul\u00e9. D\u00e9\u0161\u0165 je v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00fd, tak\u017ee n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci by si m\u011bli zabalit vrstvy a vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. Centrum m\u011bsta je kompaktn\u00ed a p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 k chodc\u016fm \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161ina atrakc\u00ed je v doch\u00e1zkov\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti \u2013 i kdy\u017e autobusy a modern\u00ed tramvaj spojuj\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed a leti\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kdy\u017e p\u0159ijedete do Edinburghu, tyto pam\u00e1tky byste si nem\u011bli nechat uj\u00edt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Edinbursk\u00fd hrad:<\/strong> Ikonick\u00e1 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 pevnost na Castle Rock, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 komnaty, K\u00e1men osudu a skotsk\u00e9 korunova\u010dn\u00ed klenoty. Tucked among Scotland’s undulating hills, Edinburgh, the capital, is a city rich in charm, history, and culture. Edinburgh presents a mesmerizing mix of old-world appeal and modern vitality from its imposing castle atop an extinct volcano to its labyrinthine medieval Old Town. Beyond its famous sites and gorgeous scenery, Edinburgh has a wealth of intriguing information and figures that often surprise and delight guests.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-595","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-interesting-facts","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=595"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3172"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Vulkanick\u00fd p\u016fvod: Geologick\u00e1 fakta Edinburghu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Edinburgh Castle: Ikonick\u00e1 fakta o pevnosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The Royal Mile: Historic Heart of Edinburgh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Star\u00e9 m\u011bsto vs nov\u00e9 m\u011bsto: P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh dvou m\u011bst<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Slavn\u00e9 p\u0159ezd\u00edvky v Edinburghu vysv\u011btlily<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Fakta o hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b: Politick\u00e1 historie Edinburghu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Skotsk\u00e9 osv\u00edcen\u00ed: Edinbursk\u00fd intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed zlat\u00fd v\u011bk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed Edinburgh: M\u011bsto spisovatel\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Temn\u00e1 historie: Edinbursk\u00e1 stra\u0161ideln\u00e1 a zlov\u011bstn\u00e1 fakta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Prvn\u00ed a sv\u011btov\u00e9 rekordy v Edinburghu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Skryt\u00e1 a sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00e1 fakta o Edinburghu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
Modern\u00ed Edinburgh: Fakta o dne\u0161n\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Edinburgh vs Glasgow: Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva Edinburghu: Praktick\u00e1 fakta pro cestovatele<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Na prvn\u00ed pohled mus\u00edte vid\u011bt orienta\u010dn\u00ed body<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 m\u00edle:<\/strong> Historick\u00e1 tepna Star\u00e9ho M\u011bsta, t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se od hradu k Holyroodhouse, lemovan\u00e1 katedr\u00e1lou svat\u00e9ho Giles, skryt\u00fdmi zav\u00edra\u010di, obchody a tradi\u010dn\u00edmi hospodami.
\u2013 Palace of Holyroodhouse:<\/strong> ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00eddlo panovn\u00edka ve Skotsku; Prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si Grand State Apartments a prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si ruiny opatstv\u00ed Holyrood.
\u2013 Arthurovo sedadlo:<\/strong> Vyhasl\u00e1 sopka v parku Holyrood. Je to strm\u00e9, ale obl\u00edben\u00e9 stoup\u00e1n\u00ed pro nep\u0159ekonateln\u00e9 360\u00b0 v\u00fdhledy na Edinburgh a Firth of Forth.
\u2013 Calton Hill:<\/strong> Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 t\u00fara na pam\u00e1tky (Dugald Stewart, Nelson) a dal\u0161\u00ed velkolep\u00e9 panorama m\u011bsta a mo\u0159e.
\u2013 Skotsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum:<\/strong> Vstup zdarma, obsahuje masivn\u00ed sb\u00edrky o skotsk\u00e9 historii, v\u011bd\u011b, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed historii a sv\u011btov\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch (a dokonce i Dolly, klonovan\u00e9 ovce!).
\u2013 Princes Street Gardens:<\/strong> Zelen\u00fd park mezi star\u00fdmi a nov\u00fdmi m\u011bsty, ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro proch\u00e1zku s hradem jako pozad\u00edm. Po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 tak\u00e9 letn\u00ed koncerty.
\u2013 Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br:<\/strong> Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 botanick\u00e1 zahrada (zalo\u017eena 1670), Edinburgh Zoo, National Galleries of Scotland a Grassmarket District s historick\u00fdmi hospodami a v\u00fdhledy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"