![\"Vietnam](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-8.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nN\u00e1rody a kultury<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Vietnamsk\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 struktura je stejn\u011b rozmanit\u00e1 jako jeho krajina. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b st\u00e1t uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 54 etnick\u00fdch skupin. Kinh (Viet) \u2013 mluv\u010d\u00ed modern\u00ed Vietnam\u0161tiny (Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef) \u2013 tvo\u0159\u00ed drtivou v\u011bt\u0161inu (~86\u201387 %). Kinhov\u00e9 jsou soust\u0159ed\u011bni v n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch delt\u00e1ch (delta Rud\u00e9 \u0159eky na severu, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed n\u00ed\u017eina a delta Mekongu na jihu) a ve m\u011bstech, jako je Hanoj \u200b\u200ba Ho \u010ci Minovo M\u011bsto. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 53 skupin, celkem asi 8 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, se \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201eetnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny\u201c a \u017eij\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v kopc\u00edch a hor\u00e1ch (zhruba dv\u011b t\u0159etiny rozlohy Vietnamu) od severu k jihu. Tyto skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed do n\u011bkolika jazykov\u00fdch rodin: austroasijsk\u00e9 (v\u011btve Viet-Muong a Mon-Khmer), tai-kadai, hmong-mien a dokonce i zbytky austron\u00e9sk\u00fdch (\u010damsk\u00fdch) jazyk\u016f. Mnoho men\u0161inov\u00fdch kultur si zachovalo animistick\u00e9 a \u0161amansk\u00e9 tradice d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed vznikem rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 vietnamsk\u00e9 st\u00e1tnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mezi hlavn\u00ed etnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny pat\u0159\u00ed T\u00e0y a Th\u00e1i, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,9 % populace, zejm\u00e9na v severn\u00edch hor\u00e1ch; M\u01b0\u1eddng (1,5 %) na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b; Hoa (1,4 %), etni\u010dt\u00ed \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9, \u010dasto \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed ve m\u011bstech; a Khmer Krom (1,4 %) v ji\u017en\u00ed oblasti Mekongu. Dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi skupinami jsou N\u00f9ng, H'm\u00f4ng (M\u00e8o), Dao, Gia Rai, \u00ca-\u0111\u00ea a Ch\u0103m ve st\u0159edn\u00edm Vietnamu. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed jazyk, od\u011bv, folkl\u00f3r a festivaly. Nap\u0159\u00edklad H'm\u00f4ng (severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Vietnam) jsou proslul\u00ed tunikami barven\u00fdmi indigem a propracovan\u00fdmi k\u0159\u00ed\u017ekov\u00fdmi vzory; Red Dao (v L\u00e0o Cai a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i) jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed sv\u00fdmi troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdmi \u010derven\u00fdmi turbany a st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdmi \u0161perky; Tay (severn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed) nos\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 tmav\u011b indigov\u00e9 bundy se st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdmi n\u00e1hrdeln\u00edky; Ede (Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010dina) stav\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 domy na k\u016flech a hraj\u00ed na charakteristick\u00e9 gongy; Cham si v Ninh Thu\u1eadn\/Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed cihlov\u00e9 chr\u00e1my a tradice uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slunce. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sez\u00f3nn\u00edch setk\u00e1n\u00ed a trh\u016f (nap\u0159. Sapa, plo\u0161ina \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n nebo Severo-centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010dina) se tyto kultury setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed a m\u00eds\u00ed, prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed konopn\u00e9 textilie, \u0159emesln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky a m\u00edstn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 okouzluje n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vietnamsk\u00e1 etnick\u00e1 tapiserie se \u017eiv\u011b projevuje v tradi\u010dn\u00edch od\u011bvech a textili\u00edch. V terasovit\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch H\u00e0 Giang a Sapa nos\u00ed \u017eeny z kmene H'm\u00f4ng a Dao jasn\u011b vy\u0161\u00edvan\u00e9 bundy a propracovan\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky hlavy. Tato \u017eena z kmene Red Dao (provincie Y\u00ean B\u00e1i) nos\u00ed troj\u00faheln\u00edkovou karm\u00ednovou pokr\u00fdvku hlavy a st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 ozdoby \u2013 jej\u00ed od\u011bv je ru\u010dn\u011b barven\u00fd indigem a ru\u010dn\u011b \u0161it\u00fd, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed motivy rodinn\u00e9ho \u017eivota a p\u0159\u00edrody. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 horsk\u00e1 kmenov\u00e1 skupina m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed charakteristick\u00fd kroj \u2013 tkan\u00fd na tkalcovsk\u00fdch stavech z konop\u00ed nebo bavlny, pot\u00e9 ra\u017een\u00fd a ru\u010dn\u011b tkan\u00fd. A\u010dkoli jsou tyto od\u011bvy \u010dasto vyrobeny pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed, jsou tak dovedn\u011b vyrobeny, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159irovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed trhy k nejautenti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00f3dn\u00edm p\u0159ehl\u00eddk\u00e1m na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Etnick\u00e9 men\u0161iny obvykle \u017eij\u00ed v t\u011bsn\u011b propojen\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch. Jejich domy mohou b\u00fdt na k\u016flech (b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 u Tay\u016f, Thaj\u016f a Muong\u016f) nebo v n\u00edzk\u00fdch obydl\u00edch s do\u0161kovou st\u0159echou (jako u obyvatel centr\u00e1ln\u00ed hory). V mnoha vesnic\u00edch slou\u017e\u00ed jako spole\u010densk\u00e9 centrum spole\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fm (nh\u00e0 r\u00f4ng nebo nh\u00e0 d\u00e0i) nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00fd h\u00e1j. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00edry sahaj\u00ed od animismu a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f a\u017e po synkretick\u00fd buddhismus. Vl\u00e1da poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee mnoho men\u0161inov\u00fdch skupin praktikuje odli\u0161n\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly \u2013 ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed buvol\u016f nebes\u016fm, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed gongu a legend, kter\u00e9 konkuruj\u00ed epos\u016fm \u010c\u00edny a Indie. Pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed jednoty Vietnam ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b slav\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00ed festival etnick\u00e9 kultury a cestovn\u00edho ruchu (\u010dasto v Hanoji), kde z\u00e1stupci v\u0161ech 54 skupin pr\u016fvoduj\u00ed v kost\u00fdmech a p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed lidov\u00e1 um\u011bn\u00ed. B\u1ea3n s\u1eafc (identita) ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupiny je ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zachov\u00e1na: \u0161koly vyu\u010duj\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 jazyky a projekty dokumentuj\u00ed jejich historii a hudbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vietnamsk\u00e9 jazyky odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jeho rozmanitost. Vietnam\u0161tina (ton\u00e1ln\u00ed mon-khmersk\u00fd jazyk psan\u00fd latinsk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem) je ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed. Mnoho dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v\u0161ak hovo\u0159\u00ed i jin\u00fdmi jazyky: r\u016fzn\u00fdmi jazyky M\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u1ed5, Ch\u1ee9t (v\u011btve Viet-Muong); Th\u00e1i, T\u00e0y, N\u00f9ng (v\u011btve Tai); H'm\u00f4ng, Dao (miao-yao); Khmer (kampu\u010d\u0161tina); a Cham (\u010dam\u0161tina\/austron\u00e9\u0161tina). K tomu se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 rostouc\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed angli\u010dtiny (zejm\u00e9na ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a obchodu) a d\u011bdictv\u00ed francouz\u0161tiny v architektu\u0159e a kuchyni. Pouli\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9na v Saigonu nebo H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tak m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat ceduli kav\u00e1rny ve francouzsk\u00e9m stylu vedle vietnam\u0161tiny nebo prodava\u010de hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00edho mandar\u00edn\u0161tinou. Podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f se zhruba 87 % Vietnamc\u016f identifikuje jako Viet (Kinh), zat\u00edmco zbytek kolektivn\u011b mluv\u00ed des\u00edtkami men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f \u2013 jeden odhad \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 54 r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f s des\u00edtkami dialekt\u016f. Tato v\u00edcejazy\u010dn\u00e1 krajina znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze se li\u0161\u00ed: \u201eVesel\u00e9 V\u00e1noce\u201c mohou b\u00fdt Gi\u00e1ng sinh an l\u00e0nh ve vietnam\u0161tin\u011b Kinh, ale Duh chinh n\u00e2m laeh v jednom dialektu H'm\u00f4ng nebo Chaul ch\u00e2ng y\/Chaul v\u00f9n y! v khmer\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm zdrojem rozmanitosti jsou n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a spiritualita. Form\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu uv\u00e1d\u00ed asi 6 % katolick\u00fdch a 5,8 % buddhistick\u00fdch stoupenc\u016f, tato \u010d\u00edsla v\u0161ak vliv v\u00edry podce\u0148uj\u00ed. Mnoho lid\u00ed se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed lidov\u00e9ho buddhismu, taoismu, konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ob\u0159ad\u016f a m\u00edstn\u00edch kult\u016f bez p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k jedin\u00e9mu vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 80\u201390 % Vietnamc\u016f v pr\u016fzkumech uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u201e\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\u201c \u2013 ve skute\u010dnosti mnoho lid\u00ed praktikuje uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f nebo nav\u0161t\u011bvuje chr\u00e1my domorod\u00fdch duch\u016f (nap\u0159. \u0110\u1ea1i M\u1eabu, kult bohyn\u011b matky). Katolicismus (zaveden\u00fd Francouzi a Portugalci) m\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny zejm\u00e9na v severn\u00edm a st\u0159edn\u00edm Vietnamu; saigonsk\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la Notre-Dame (bazilika z 80. let 19. stolet\u00ed) a 400 let star\u00e1 sn\u011bmovna Fujian v H\u1ed9i An symbolizuj\u00ed toto d\u011bdictv\u00ed. S\u00eddlo Cao \u0110\u00e0i ve St\u0159edn\u00ed vyso\u010din\u011b (zalo\u017een\u00e9 roku 1926) syntetizuje buddhismus, taoismus, k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed prvky pod duhov\u00fdm chr\u00e1mem za T\u00e2y Ninh. Rozmanitost duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vietnamsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 je pln\u00fd festival\u016f \u2013 lun\u00e1rn\u00ed Nov\u00fd rok (T\u1ebft) a p\u011bt etnick\u00fdch Nov\u00fdch let, Lampi\u00f3nov\u00e9 slavnosti, Vu Lan (Den p\u0159edk\u016f) a nespo\u010det vesnick\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f \u2013 kter\u00e9 v\u0161echny odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed \u017eivou mozaiku zem\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dadol\u00ed Rud\u00e9 \u0159eky bylo domovem prvn\u00edch organizovan\u00fdch kultur (V\u0103n Lang z dynastie H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng kolem 3. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.), ale po stalet\u00ed le\u017eel region ve st\u00ednu \u010c\u00edny. Od roku 111 p\u0159. n. l. do roku 938 n. l. byl Vietnam \u010dasto sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed; b\u011bhem tohoto tis\u00edcilet\u00ed absorboval konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 a buddhistick\u00e9 tradice, p\u0159ijal techniky mokr\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed s r\u00fd\u017e\u00ed a vybudoval ran\u00e9 politick\u00e9 svazky, jako byl Annam. Na jihu si tehdej\u0161\u00ed kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010campa (od 2. stolet\u00ed n. l. do roku 1832) udr\u017eovala indianizovanou civilizaci um\u011bn\u00ed a hinduistick\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f (ruiny M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o t\u00e9to sm\u011bsi). D\u00e1le na jih ovliv\u0148ovala deltu Mekongu Khmersk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a\u017e do 17. stolet\u00ed a zanechala po sob\u011b v\u011b\u017ee ve stylu Angkoru v M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n a ji\u017en\u00ed chr\u00e1my v S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed historie p\u0159idala nov\u00e9 vrstvy. Od roku 1858 Francie postupn\u011b dobyla Vietnam a dokon\u010dila kontrolu do roku 1884. Francouzsk\u00e1 Indo\u010d\u00edna (1887\u20131954) zavedla z\u00e1padn\u00ed architekturu, katolicismus a modern\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Zako\u0159enily francouzsk\u00e9 plant\u00e1\u017ee a \u017eeleznice: zrychlil se export k\u00e1vy, kau\u010duku a r\u00fd\u017ee, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a prvn\u00ed indo\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u017eeleznice (1881) vedla ze Saigonu. \u0160irok\u00e9 hanojsk\u00e9 bulv\u00e1ry (postaven\u00e9 podle pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9ho modelu) a \u0161irok\u00e9 saigonsk\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z t\u00e9to \u00e9ry. Ne v\u0161echny francouzsk\u00e9 vlivy byly v\u00edt\u00e1ny. Hov\u011bz\u00ed maso \u2013 maso, kter\u00e9 bylo pro v\u011bt\u0161inu Vietnamc\u016f podle d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zvyklost\u00ed zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 \u2013 se stalo b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku ph\u1edf b\u00f2 (hov\u011bz\u00ed nudlov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka), pokrmu, jeho\u017e p\u016fvod historici spojuj\u00ed s koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed Hanoj\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. Mnoho klasick\u00fdch pokrm\u016f vietnamsk\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b (bagety banh m\u00ec, k\u00e1va, pa\u0161tika chaud, karamelizovan\u00e9 maso) skute\u010dn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed francouzsko-vietnamskou f\u00fazi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Odpor v\u016f\u010di koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1d\u011b v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed tak\u00e9 formoval vietnamskou identitu. Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 srpnov\u00e1 revoluce (1945) vyhnala japonsk\u00fd loutkov\u00fd re\u017eim a v roce 1946 Vietnam vstoupil do obdob\u00ed konfliktu. Po por\u00e1\u017ece Francie u \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 (1954) rozd\u011blila 17. rovnob\u011b\u017eka zemi na komunistick\u00fd sever a protikomunistick\u00fd jih. Po dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed byly ob\u011bma republikami, co\u017e vyvrcholilo v\u00e1lkou Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (1955\u20131975) na podporu Ji\u017en\u00edho Vietnamu. Tento vlekl\u00fd boj skon\u010dil, kdy\u017e 30. dubna 1975 severovietnamsk\u00e9 s\u00edly dobyly Saigon, co\u017e byl rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed okam\u017eik, kter\u00fd zhroutil ji\u017eansk\u00fd re\u017eim a p\u0159inesl n\u00e1rodn\u00ed sjednocen\u00ed (dnes se 30. duben slav\u00ed jako Gi\u1ed7 T\u1ed5, Den sjednocen\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern\u00ed Vietnam se formoval b\u011bhem budov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1roda po roce 1975. Vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed komunistick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da se pustila do centr\u00e1ln\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a kolektivizace, ale v 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1daly ekonomick\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee (hyperinflace, nedostatek potravin). Vedouc\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomili limity tohoto modelu a v roce 1986 spustili program \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi (\u201eRenovace\u201c) \u2013 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed posun sm\u011brem k tr\u017en\u00edm reform\u00e1m a otev\u0159enosti. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let se v Hanoji a Saigonu znovu objevily obchody a kav\u00e1rny, podnik\u00e1n\u00ed rostlo a za\u010daly proudit zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investice. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee mezi lety 1993 a 2014 Vietnam vyvedl z chudoby 40 milion\u016f lid\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017eil m\u00edru chudoby z t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 60 % na 14 %. Ro\u010dn\u00ed r\u016fst HDP na obyvatele od roku 1990 \u010dinil v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi 5,6 % (v tomto obdob\u00ed druh\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po \u010c\u00edn\u011b). Tyto zisky zm\u011bnily ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot: do roku 2017 m\u011bla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e1 dom\u00e1cnost elekt\u0159inu (oproti m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e polovin\u011b v roce 1993), vzrostla \u00farove\u0148 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a internetov\u00e9 a mobiln\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00ed za\u010dalo spojovat i odlehl\u00e9 osady se sv\u011btem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Po Doi Moi se Vietnam p\u0159ipojil ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Normalizoval vztahy se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty (v roce 1995) a p\u0159ipojil se k region\u00e1ln\u00edm skupin\u00e1m (\u010dlenstv\u00ed v ASEAN v roce 1995, WTO v roce 2007). Dnes Vietnam host\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed summity (APEC 2006 a 2017, hry SEA atd.) a jeho z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e1 diaspora \u2013 zejm\u00e9na 2,3 milionu vietnamsk\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f a velk\u00e9 komunity ve Francii, Austr\u00e1lii, Kanad\u011b a jinde \u2013 se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kontinenty. Finan\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159evody a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bna s touto diasporou zemi d\u00e1le obohacuj\u00ed: v \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t vzkv\u00e9taj\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed trhy, bulv\u00e1ry v Ho \u010ci Minov\u011b M\u011bst\u011b lemuj\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 cukr\u00e1rny a vietnamsk\u00e1 popov\u00e1 hudba nyn\u00ed \u010dasto zahrnuje vlivy anglick\u00e9ho rapu nebo K-popu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak v mnoha \u010d\u00e1stech zem\u011b p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00ed vesnick\u00fd \u017eivot, tak\u017ee historie a modernita koexistuj\u00ed v\u0161ude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnamsk\u00e9 zastav\u011bn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed jeho historii. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 cihlov\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee Cham (Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 Po Nagar v Nha Trangu; M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n v Qu\u1ea3ng Namu) a pagody v khmersk\u00e9m stylu (B\u00e0 \u0110en v T\u00e2y Ninh) se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na jihu. Na severu p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed dynastie mandar\u00edn\u016f a c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 komplexy, jako je C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 citadela Th\u0103ng Long (Hanoj) a citadela dynastie Nguy\u1ec5n v Hu\u1ebf, ob\u011b pam\u00e1tky sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. (Zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 m\u011bsto v Hue se \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 Vietnamsk\u00e9 fialov\u00e9 zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 m\u011bsto, postaven\u00e9 podle pekingsk\u00e9ho.) Koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed architektura z poloviny 19. a\u017e poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed se dochovala: Star\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165 Hanoje m\u00e1 obchody ve francouzsk\u00e9m stylu a operu, zat\u00edmco Saigon se py\u0161n\u00ed katedr\u00e1lou Notre-Dame a hlavn\u00ed po\u0161tou. Nov\u00e1 strategie urbanistick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed Vietnamu propojuje toto d\u011bdictv\u00ed se sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi mrakodrapy: v posledn\u00edch letech Hanoj \u200b\u200ba Ho \u010ci Minovo M\u011bsto p\u0159idaly linky metra, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b a mrakodrapy se sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u016f\u010del\u00edmi v \u010dtvrt\u00edch jako \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a a Th\u1ee7 Thi\u00eam. P\u0159i proch\u00e1zce m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi ulicemi si \u010dlov\u011bk v\u0161imne, \u017ee vedle stalet\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f se nyn\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 obchody s lucernami, indick\u00e9 kari restaurace a korejsk\u00e9 obchody banh m\u00ec \u2013 d\u016fkaz otev\u0159en\u00e9 vietnamsk\u00e9 ekonomiky a etnick\u00e9ho pluralismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNESCO zapsalo na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO osm lokalit Vietnamu, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jak jeho kulturn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159i, tak i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed kr\u00e1sy. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b z\u00e1liv Ha Long (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed, 1994); Phong Nha\u2013K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng (p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed krasov\u00fd park, 2003); C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e1 citadela Th\u0103ng Long (kulturn\u00ed, 2010); Komplex pam\u00e1tek Hue (kulturn\u00ed, 1993); Starov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto Hoi An (kulturn\u00ed, 1999); Svatyn\u011b My Son (ruiny Champa, 1999); Citadela dynastie H\u1ed3 (kulturn\u00ed, 2011); a malebn\u00e1 krajina Tr\u00e0ng An (sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed\/kulturn\u00ed, 2014). Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto lokalit p\u0159itahuje poutn\u00edky s bohatou histori\u00ed, architekturou a malebnou kr\u00e1sou. Nap\u0159\u00edklad lodn\u00ed trasy v Trang An p\u0159es v\u00e1pencov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b a chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 komplexy v Ninh B\u00ecnh se v roce 2014 staly prvn\u00edm sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm (kulturn\u00edm a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm) sv\u011btov\u00fdm d\u011bdictv\u00edm Vietnamu a v roce 2019 p\u0159il\u00e1kaly p\u0159es 6 milion\u016f n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f, co\u017e m\u00edstn\u00edm komunit\u00e1m p\u0159ineslo zna\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0159emesla se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed i s ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivotem: vesni\u010dan\u00e9 sp\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed bavlnu a konop\u00ed na jednoduch\u00fdch \u0161lapac\u00edch stavech, vy\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u0159evo pro bubny ve stylu Dong Son nebo vytloukaj\u00ed gongy a \u0161perky, na kter\u00fdch se op\u00edr\u00e1 mezietnick\u00e1 kultura. Trhy se hem\u017e\u00ed ru\u010dn\u011b vy\u0161\u00edvan\u00fdm brok\u00e1tem, lakovan\u00fdm zbo\u017e\u00edm, ku\u017eelovit\u00fdmi klobouky (n\u00f3n l\u00e1) a smy\u010dci biwa (z tradice Cham Giao Long). Performativn\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 vodn\u00ed loutk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed (tis\u00edcilet\u00e1 tradice \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t na zatopen\u00fdch r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fdch pol\u00edch), zp\u011bv ca tr\u00f9 a hudba c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho dvora \u2013 z\u00edskaly status nehmotn\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO, co\u017e podtrhuje dynamickost vietnamsk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o rozmanitosti Vietnamu se neobejde bez jeho j\u00eddla. Vietnamsk\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b se v jednotliv\u00fdch regionech dramaticky li\u0161\u00ed, ale v\u0161ude se vyzna\u010duje vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm slo\u017een\u00edm \u010derstv\u00fdch bylinek, r\u00fd\u017ee a (\u010dasto) slan\u00fdch v\u00fdvar\u016f. Na severu jsou chut\u011b jemn\u00e9: Hanojsk\u00e1 slavn\u00e1 ph\u1edf b\u00f2 (hov\u011bz\u00ed nudlov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka) se pod\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze s jarn\u00ed cibulkou a limetkou, co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed stroh\u00e9 seversk\u00e9 patro. Kuchyn\u011b tam zahrnuje \u010derstv\u00e9 r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e9 nudle, b\u00fan rieu (krab\u00ed pol\u00e9vku), b\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n (du\u0161en\u00e9 r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e9 z\u00e1vitky) a ch\u1ea3 c\u00e1 L\u00e3 V\u1ecdng (grilovan\u00e1 ryba s kurkumou). Naproti tomu st\u0159edn\u00ed Vietnam (nap\u0159. Hu\u1ebf, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) miluje pikantn\u00ed p\u00e1livost a komplexnost: b\u00fan b\u00f2 Hu\u1ebf (hov\u011bz\u00ed nudlov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka s citronovou tr\u00e1vou a chilli) a b\u00e1nh b\u1ed9t l\u1ecdc (knedl\u00ed\u010dky s krevetami a tapiokou) ilustruj\u00ed robustn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed profil. Ji\u017en\u00ed Vietnam (Saigon\/Mekong) v sob\u011b slad\u0161\u00ed a bohat\u0161\u00ed t\u00f3ny \u2013 p\u0159edstavte si hustou c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1 (ledov\u00e1 k\u00e1va s kondenzovan\u00fdm ml\u00e9kem), sendvi\u010de b\u00e1nh m\u00ec (francouzsk\u00e9 bagety s pa\u0161tikou a okurkami) a tropick\u00e9 ovoce jako rambutan, dra\u010d\u00ed ovoce a durian, kter\u00e9 pln\u00ed tr\u017en\u00ed st\u00e1nky. Pouli\u010dn\u00ed j\u00eddlo je v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9: g\u1ecfi cu\u1ed1n (\u010derstv\u00e9 letn\u00ed z\u00e1vitky z r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e9ho pap\u00edru), b\u00e1nh x\u00e8o (k\u0159upav\u00e9 slan\u00e9 pala\u010dinky) a c\u01a1m t\u1ea5m (l\u00e1man\u00e1 r\u00fd\u017ee s grilovan\u00fdm vep\u0159ov\u00fdm masem) najdete od m\u011bstsk\u00fdch uli\u010dek a\u017e po venkovsk\u00e9 d\u00e1lnice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnam se tak\u00e9 prosadil na glob\u00e1ln\u00edm stole. Pokrmy jako ph\u1edf a banh m\u00ec se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a zem\u011b je druh\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm producentem k\u00e1vy na sv\u011bt\u011b. K\u00e1vov\u00e1 kultura \u2013 od robusty p\u011bstovan\u00e9 v Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010din\u011b a\u017e po elegantn\u00ed c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u1ee9ng (vaje\u010dn\u00e1 k\u00e1va) zrozen\u00e1 v Hanoji \u2013 doprov\u00e1z\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot. Ve venkovsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch horsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f se \u0161krobov\u00e9 potraviny, jako je maniok a kuku\u0159ice, pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako dopln\u011bk k r\u00fd\u017ei a m\u00edstn\u00ed v\u00edna (r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e9 v\u00edno neboli r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ea7n) se spole\u010dn\u011b pop\u00edjej\u00ed bambusov\u00fdmi br\u010dky. Trhy slou\u017e\u00ed i jako spole\u010densk\u00e1 centra: n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva trhu m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat ochutn\u00e1vku ch\u00e8 (sladk\u00fdch dezertn\u00edch pol\u00e9vek) od khmersk\u00e9ho prodejce, smlouv\u00e1n\u00ed o thajsk\u00e9 ko\u0161\u00edky za \u00fasvitu a sd\u00edlen\u00ed misky hork\u00e9 nudlov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky se sousedy pod kro\u0161nou ban\u00e1nov\u00fdch list\u016f. J\u00eddlo se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010do\u010dkou vietnamsk\u00e9 rozmanitosti \u2013 je p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, p\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00e9 a neust\u00e1le se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed s ro\u010dn\u00edmi obdob\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnam je dnes n\u00e1rodem kontrast\u016f. Jeho velkom\u011bsta pulzuj\u00ed energi\u00ed. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i se py\u0161n\u00ed stromy lemovan\u00fdmi bulv\u00e1ry a francouzsko-koloni\u00e1ln\u00edmi fas\u00e1dami, ru\u0161n\u00fdmi pouli\u010dn\u00edmi prodejci a provozem motorek. V jeho srdci le\u017e\u00ed Star\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165, kde \u00fazk\u00e9 uli\u010dky st\u00e1le nesou n\u00e1zvy starobyl\u00fdch cech\u016f (Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 ulice, Ulice pap\u00edrov\u00fdch luceren atd.). Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b Rud\u00e9 \u0159eky se nach\u00e1z\u00ed T\u00e2y Ho (Z\u00e1padn\u00ed jezero) se sv\u00fdmi luxusn\u00edmi \u010dtvrt\u011bmi a pagodami. Ho \u010ci Minovo M\u011bsto (Saigon), nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto Vietnamu, je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed mrakodrap\u016f (Landmark 81 je s 461 m nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v zemi), koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch kostel\u016f a rozlehl\u00fdch trh\u016f, jako je B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh. Jeho panorama se nyn\u00ed vyzna\u010duje glob\u00e1ln\u00edmi hotelov\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci a technologick\u00fdmi parky, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed novou ekonomiku. Hanoj \u200b\u200bi Ho \u010ci Minovo M\u011bsto vybudovaly metro, aby zkrotily kolob\u011b\u017eky. Naproti tomu sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed m\u011bsta jako \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Nha Trang a Hu\u1ebf jsou klidn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale rostou jako ekonomick\u00e1 centra nebo turistick\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny, ka\u017ed\u00e9 s vlastn\u00edm charakterem: pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng je v\u011btrn\u00fd a pl\u00e1\u017eov\u00fd, zat\u00edmco historick\u00e9 Hu\u1ebf p\u016fsob\u00ed klidn\u011bji a zelen\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Venkov z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u00e1te\u0159\u00ed vietnamsk\u00e9 identity. Rozlehl\u00e1 r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e1 pole v zim\u011b zaplavuj\u00ed delty a v l\u00e9t\u011b se zbarvuj\u00ed do zelena mlad\u00fdmi sazenicemi. \u010cedi\u010dov\u00e9 plo\u0161iny Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010diny jsou pokryty hektary k\u00e1vov\u00fdch a kau\u010dukovn\u00edkov\u00fdch plant\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i z etnick\u00fdch men\u0161in. Na dalek\u00e9m severu se terasovit\u00e1 pole \u0161plhaj\u00ed po neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b strm\u00fdch svaz\u00edch \u2013 r\u00fd\u017eov\u00e9 terasy M\u00f9 Cang Ch\u1ea3i (provincie Y\u00ean B\u00e1i) byly v roce 2023 zaps\u00e1ny na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO jako vzor udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho \u0159emesla. P\u0159esto i zde lze mezi st\u00e1dy buvol\u016f naj\u00edt sk\u00fatry Honda: tato sc\u00e9na pod\u00e9l hr\u00e1ze delty Mekongu pobl\u00ed\u017e An Giang ukazuje farm\u00e1\u0159e, jeho\u017e ocho\u010den\u00ed buvoli se pasou vedle modern\u00ed motorky. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed ku\u017eelovit\u00e9 klobouky st\u00edn\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed sd\u00edlej\u00ed prostor se sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi panely a sloupy elektrick\u00e9ho proudu. Levn\u00e9 chytr\u00e9 telefony nyn\u00ed propojuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bdom\u00e1cnosti men\u0161in s m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi zpr\u00e1vami a online obchodem. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vl\u00e1dn\u00ed iniciativy zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, aby se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slu\u017eby dostaly do odlehl\u00fdch vesnic: v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch byly v horsk\u00fdch oblastech postaveny tis\u00edce \u0161kol, zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a silnic. Nap\u0159\u00edklad programy poskytuj\u00ed etnick\u00fdm oblastem jodizovanou s\u016fl, prevenci mal\u00e1rie a bezplatnou povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku, co\u017e pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159eklenout propast mezi venkovem a m\u011bsty. St\u00e1le existuje zna\u010dn\u00fd rozd\u00edl \u2013 etnick\u00e9 komunity na severu a v hor\u00e1ch maj\u00ed \u010dasto ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmy ne\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ein Kinh \u2013 ale r\u016fst Vietnamu p\u0159it\u00e1hl velkou \u010d\u00e1st jeho populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed parky jsou nyn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed turistick\u00e9ho ruchu. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed parky jako C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean (\u0110\u1ed3ng Nai) a Ba B\u1ec3 (B\u1eafc K\u1ea1n) chr\u00e1n\u00ed de\u0161tn\u00e9 pralesy a jezern\u00ed oblasti, zat\u00edmco pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 parky na ostrovech, jako je C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o, zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed kor\u00e1lov\u00e9 \u00fatesy. Ekoturistick\u00e9 chaty v Sap\u011b (L\u00e0o Cai) nebo na ostrov\u011b Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c (Ki\u00ean Giang) uspokoj\u00ed dobrodru\u017en\u00e9 cestovatele. Vl\u00e1da propaguje trasy, kter\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost (ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed v soukrom\u00ed v etnick\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch, lodn\u00ed v\u00fdlety plovouc\u00edmi khmersk\u00fdmi komunitami) pod\u00e9l slavn\u00fdch m\u00edst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V posledn\u00edch letech se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed profil Vietnamu prudce zv\u00fd\u0161il. Ro\u010dn\u00ed po\u010det mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch turist\u016f (p\u0159ed covidem) p\u0159ekro\u010dil 20 milion\u016f, z nich\u017e mnoz\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze sousedn\u00ed \u010c\u00edny, Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreje, Japonska a Evropy. Cestovn\u00ed ruch nyn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k HDP v\u00edce ne\u017e 7 % (a v\u010detn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch dopad\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 13 %). Vietnamsk\u00e9 potraviny a v\u00fdrobky jsou tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b: vietnamsk\u00e9 restaurace se v zahrani\u010d\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed a exportn\u00ed suroviny, jako je r\u00fd\u017ee, k\u00e1va, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 plody, ke\u0161u o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky a textil, jsou hlavn\u00edmi pil\u00ed\u0159i ekonomiky. Zem\u011b se stala centrem v\u00fdroby elektroniky (telefony, po\u010d\u00edta\u010de) a obuvi a p\u0159itahuje spole\u010dnosti jako Samsung a Nike. Vietnamsk\u00fd kulturn\u00ed export \u2013 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed hudba, literatura, m\u00f3da \u2013 z\u00e1rove\u0148 za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 boom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na diplomatick\u00e9 front\u011b si Vietnam udr\u017euje \u201enez\u00e1vislou a sob\u011bsta\u010dnou\u201c zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiku, vyva\u017euje vazby s \u010c\u00ednou a USA a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se p\u0159ipojuje k iniciativ\u00e1m, jako je Komplexn\u00ed a progresivn\u00ed dohoda o transpacifick\u00e9m partnerstv\u00ed (CPTPP) a Region\u00e1ln\u00ed komplexn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 partnerstv\u00ed (RCEP). Jeho po\u010detn\u00e1 diaspora (vietnam\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 v zahrani\u010d\u00ed) \u010dasto investuje doma nebo cestuje na n\u00e1kupy \u201e\u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n\u201c, aby si koupila levn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed a pos\u00edlala pen\u00edze. Tato spojen\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ciz\u00ed jazyky a my\u0161lenky \u2013 angli\u010dtina je mezi ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1le dominantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a francouz\u0161tina st\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 v pr\u00e1vu a kultu\u0159e \u2013 p\u0159esto vietnamsk\u00e1 identita z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 siln\u00e1. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed motto \u201eJednota \u2013 Nez\u00e1vislost \u2013 Integrace \u2013 Rozvoj\u201c (\u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2013 H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp \u2013 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) toto nap\u011bt\u00ed shrnuje: z\u016fstat zako\u0159en\u011bni v bohat\u00e9 minulosti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se posouvat vp\u0159ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnam dnes stoj\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a v\u00fdzev. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd r\u016fst je robustn\u00ed (HDP se p\u0159ed rokem 2020 \u010dasto pohyboval kolem 6\u20137 % ro\u010dn\u011b), ale vl\u00e1da uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 pot\u0159ebu modernizovat vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, technologie a infrastrukturu, aby se do roku 2045 stala zem\u00ed s vysok\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy. Ze soci\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska rychl\u00e1 urbanizace a cestovn\u00ed ruch vyv\u00edjej\u00ed tlak na pam\u00e1tky a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Zm\u011bna klimatu se tak\u00e9 r\u00fdsuje ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku: delta Mekongu je zraniteln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed hladin\u011b mo\u0159\u00ed a z\u00e1plavy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 tajfunem jsou realitou ka\u017ed\u00fd rok. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 snahy o propojen\u00ed inovac\u00ed s tradic\u00ed \u2013 od projekt\u016f chytr\u00fdch m\u011bst v Hanoji a\u017e po komunitn\u00ed cestovn\u00ed ruch v etnick\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch \u2013 a hled\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00fdch cest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Z kulturn\u00edho hlediska Vietnam st\u00e1le vyza\u0159uje vitalitu. Mlad\u00ed vietnam\u0161t\u00ed um\u011blci reinterpretuj\u00ed lidov\u00e9 motivy v modern\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch a tradi\u010dn\u00ed festivaly nad\u00e1le p\u0159itahuj\u00ed davy. V roce 2020 Vietnam \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b hostil mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konference a ve sportu nadchly n\u00e1rod v\u00fdkony jeho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho fotbalov\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu (\u201eZlat\u00ed draci\u201c se v roce 2019 um\u00edstili na 98. m\u00edst\u011b v celosv\u011btov\u00e9m \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku FIFA). Vietnamsk\u00e1 k\u00e1va, postaven\u00e1 na 60 000 hektarech k\u00e1vov\u00fdch plant\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z robusty, poh\u00e1n\u00ed nejen jeho ekonomiku, ale i jeho glob\u00e1ln\u00ed image; vietnamsk\u00e9 k\u00e1vov\u00e9 domy Cha Ka jsou nyn\u00ed otev\u0159eny od Soulu po Seattle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem Vietnamu je jeho rozmanitost na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku. Od kaleidoskopu vesnic etnick\u00fdch men\u0161in v kopc\u00edch a\u017e po kulturn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v hanojsk\u00fdch ulic\u00edch, \u010dlov\u011bk nach\u00e1z\u00ed neust\u00e1l\u00e9 variace. Proto badatel\u00e9 z Indo\u010d\u00edny naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Vietnam mozaikou: jeden n\u00e1rod zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f. Jak napsal historik Delos Wilcox v roce 1908, Vietnam je zem\u00ed \u201emnohon\u00e1sobn\u00fdch kontrast\u016f a n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 rozmanitosti\u201c, co\u017e je charakteristika, kter\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pravdiv\u00e1 i v roce 2025 a d\u00e1le. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00fd trh, ka\u017ed\u00fd chr\u00e1m vypr\u00e1v\u00ed jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u2013 ale spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed trvalou symfonii, kterou Vietnam je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 fakta a hlavn\u00ed body:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vietnam je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed mozaikou rozmanitosti, kde na v\u00e1s \u010dekaj\u00ed neobvykl\u00e9 gastronomick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky, \u017eiv\u00e9 kultury a dechberouc\u00ed scen\u00e9rie. Ka\u017ed\u00fd okam\u017eik v t\u00e9to magick\u00e9 zemi slibuje dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed od vychutn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pouli\u010dn\u00edho j\u00eddla uprost\u0159ed ru\u0161n\u00fdch trh\u016f a\u017e po setk\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u0159\u00e1telskou atmosf\u00e9rou jej\u00edch obyvatel. Vietnam v\u00edt\u00e1 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky k objevov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho skryt\u00fdch kr\u00e1s prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bohat\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a modern\u00ed pohostinnosti, co\u017e zaru\u010duje nezapomenuteln\u00fd v\u00fdlet nad r\u00e1mec obvykl\u00e9ho.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4764,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16,5],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2428","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tourist-destinations","8":"category-magazine"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2428","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2428"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2428\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2428"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2428"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2428"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-9.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHistorie sm\u011bs\u00ed a k\u0159i\u017eovatek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-7.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nUm\u011bn\u00ed, architektura a d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-5.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKuchyn\u011b: N\u00e1rod na tal\u00ed\u0159i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-2.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nM\u011bsta, venkov a sou\u010dasn\u00fd Vietnam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Vietnam](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-4.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nVietnamsk\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed stopa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1](\"https:\/\/travel-helper.b-cdn.net\/wp-media-folder-travel-s-helper\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/VIETNAM-DIVERSITY-AT-EVERY-STEP-6.jpg\" "\\"VIETNAMSK\u00c1")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vp\u0159ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n