{"id":2258,"date":"2024-08-13T15:47:42","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T15:47:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=2258"},"modified":"2026-03-04T04:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T04:30:54","slug":"polsko-zajimava-fakta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/magazine\/interesting-facts\/poland-interesting-facts\/","title":{"rendered":"Polsko: Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 fakta"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny se t\u00e1hnou tis\u00edcilet\u00edmi triumf\u016f i trag\u00e9di\u00ed a d\u011blaj\u00ed z Polska zemi p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdch odhalen\u00ed a \u010dasem prov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch tradic. Od st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch legend a\u017e po modern\u00ed z\u00e1zraky, ka\u017ed\u00fd kout t\u00e9to zem\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. V tomto pr\u016fvodci \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i objev\u00ed spoustu m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fdch fakt\u016f \u2013 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hrad sv\u011bta, starobylou kr\u00e1lovskou \u00fastavu, dokonce i ob\u0159\u00ed sochu Krista. Cestou se setkaj\u00ed s vizion\u00e1\u0159i, jako byli Kopern\u00edk a Marie Curie, prozkoumaj\u00ed poklady UNESCO ve m\u011bstech a les\u00edch a dozv\u00eddaj\u00ed se o sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fdch zvyc\u00edch, jako jsou oslavy jmenin. Tato cesta osv\u011btluje, pro\u010d polsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed a kultura p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed s tichou silou a inspiruj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e k \u00fa\u017easu ne\u017e k nev\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace a p\u0159ehled o Polsku<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev:<\/strong>\u00a0Polsk\u00e1 republika<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kapit\u00e1l:<\/strong>\u00a0Var\u0161ava (nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Populace:<\/strong>\u00a0~38 milion\u016f (p\u00e1t\u00fd nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det v EU)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plocha:<\/strong>\u00a0312 696 km\u00b2 (p\u00e1t\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b EU)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jazyk:<\/strong>\u00a0Pol\u0161tina (slovansk\u00fd jazyk s latinskou abecedou)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u011bna:<\/strong>\u00a0Polsk\u00fd zlot\u00fd (PLN) \u2013 Polsko je v EU, ale nen\u00ed v euroz\u00f3n\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Soused\u00e9:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u011bmecko, \u010cesk\u00e1 republika, Slovensko, Ukrajina, B\u011blorusko, Litva a Rusko (Kaliningrad)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zem\u011bpis:<\/strong>\u00a0Od p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e na severu a\u017e po Sudety a Karpaty na jihu se t\u00e1hne rozmanit\u00e1 krajina rovin, les\u016f, jezer a hor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Klima:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u00edrn\u00e9 s chladn\u00fdmi zimami a tepl\u00fdmi l\u00e9ty; horsk\u00e9 oblasti maj\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, alpsk\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rychl\u00fd fakt:<\/strong>&nbsp;Polsko m\u00e1 17 pam\u00e1tek sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO, co\u017e je jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v Evrop\u011b. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 m\u011bsta, kostely, kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd soln\u00fd d\u016fl, rozlehl\u00fd les a dokonce i pam\u00e1tn\u00edk druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historick\u00e1 fakta o Polsku<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zrozen\u00ed n\u00e1roda (966)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed historie Polska za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 k\u0159tem kn\u00ed\u017eete M\u011b\u0161ka I. v roce 966 n. l. P\u0159ijet\u00edm k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed se M\u011b\u0161ek p\u0159ipojil k latinsk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b a zalo\u017eil tak odkaz polsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Od tohoto okam\u017eiku vl\u00e1dci z dynastie Piastovc\u016f budovali kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a pevnosti po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji stalo Polskem. Tito ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed v\u016fdci sjednocovali slovansk\u00e9 kmeny ve Velkopolsku a polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 jsou dodnes viditeln\u00e9 na star\u00fdch hradech a katedr\u00e1ln\u00edch kostelech. Legenda p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed i toto datum: starov\u011bk\u00e1 pov\u011bst vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o t\u0159ech bratrech \u2013 Lechovi, \u010cechovi a Rusovi \u2013 kte\u0159\u00ed se roze\u0161li a zalo\u017eili Polsko, \u010cesk\u00e9 zem\u011b a Rus. Podle tradice se Lech usadil na m\u00edst\u011b, kde na kopci proti rud\u00e9mu z\u00e1padu slunce hn\u00edzdil b\u00edl\u00fd orel. Osadu nazval&nbsp;<em>Hn\u011bzdno<\/em>&nbsp;(polsky \u201ehn\u00edzdo\u201c) a p\u0159ijal b\u00edl\u00e9ho orla jako symbol, erb, kter\u00fd p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 na polsk\u00e9m erbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zlat\u00fd v\u011bk: Polsko-litevsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the 16th century, Poland\u2019s power and culture blossomed. In 1569 the Union of Lublin created the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, an enormous dual state that in its prime spanned over one million square kilometers \u2013 making it one of Europe\u2019s largest countries at the time.&nbsp;The Commonwealth was notable for its \u201cGolden Liberty\u201d: a parliament of nobles elected the king and guaranteed unprecedented personal freedoms. It boasted early forms of constitutional government and unusual religious tolerance for the era. The Warsaw Confederation of 1573 codified freedom of worship, and monasteries of Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews and Muslims all thrived. Academies at Krak\u00f3w, Vilnius and beyond made it a cultural hub. Science flourished: Nicolaus Copernicus (born in Toru\u0144, then Commonwealth territory) published his heliocentric theory in 1543, altering astronomy forever. Poland\u2019s Renaissance architecture \u2014 from the royal Wawel Castle in Krak\u00f3w to fortified towns like Zamo\u015b\u0107 \u2014 also dates to this age. In 1791, the enlightened Commonwealth adopted the May 3 Constitution, Europe\u2019s first modern national constitution and the world\u2019s second after the United States, though it lasted only a year before the state was overwhelmed by neighbors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">123 let zmizelo: P\u0159\u00ed\u010dky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na konci 18. stolet\u00ed ustoupil zlat\u00fd v\u011bk Polska trag\u00e9dii. B\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch d\u011blen\u00ed (1772, 1793, 1795) si Rusko, Prusko a Rakousko rozd\u011blily Spole\u010denstv\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f, dokud \u201ePolsko\u201c nezmizelo z mapy Evropy na 123 let. Navzdory ciz\u00ed nadvl\u00e1d\u011b polsk\u00e1 kultura ti\u0161e p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala. V tajn\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a kostelech se udr\u017eoval jazyk a tradice. Povst\u00e1n\u00ed v letech 1830 a 1863 vojensky selhala, ale udr\u017eela my\u0161lenku st\u00e1tn\u00edho soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b. Vzpom\u00ednka na star\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed byla udr\u017eov\u00e1na p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm literatury a folkl\u00f3ru. Nakonec, na konci prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, byla 11. listopadu 1918 obnovena nez\u00e1vislost Polska. J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v\u016fdce hnut\u00ed za nez\u00e1vislost, se stal prvn\u00ed hlavou st\u00e1tu nov\u00e9 Druh\u00e9 republiky. Na polsk\u00fdch hranic\u00edch vypukly v\u00e1lky \u2013 nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla polsko-sov\u011btsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v roce 1920 (\u201eZ\u00e1zrak na Visle\u201c) \u2013 ale ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se na velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti polsk\u00fdch historick\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed op\u011bt rozkl\u00e1dal nez\u00e1visl\u00fd polsk\u00fd st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka a jej\u00ed dopad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Odolnost Polska byla znovu prov\u011b\u0159ena v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1939, kdy nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko vpadlo ze z\u00e1padu a Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz z v\u00fdchodu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e rozpoutalo druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku. Polsko bylo mezi prvn\u00edmi napaden\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. Navzdory hrdinsk\u00e9mu odporu bylo Polsko okupov\u00e1no a jeho m\u011bsta zpusto\u0161ena. Nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kapitoly v\u00e1lky se odehr\u00e1ly na polsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b: nacist\u00e9 vybudovali pobl\u00ed\u017e Krakova Osv\u011btim-B\u0159ezinku, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z nacistick\u00fdch vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f, kde bylo zavra\u017ed\u011bno v\u00edce ne\u017e milion lid\u00ed \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161inou \u017did\u016f, plus Pol\u00e1ci, Romov\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed. V konfliktu zem\u0159ely miliony Pol\u00e1k\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b civilist\u016f a \u017did\u016f b\u011bhem holocaustu). Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed z roku 1944 \u2013 celom\u011bstsk\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti n\u011bmeck\u00e9 okupaci \u2013 bylo potla\u010deno brut\u00e1ln\u00edmi odvetami a systematick\u00fdm ni\u010den\u00edm Var\u0161avy. Na konci v\u00e1lky le\u017eelo Polsko v trosk\u00e1ch a hranice se posunuly na z\u00e1pad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po roce 1945 se zem\u011b dostala pod sov\u011btsk\u00fd vliv jako Polsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 republika. Komunismus trval a\u017e do 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby se z\u00e1hadn\u00fd pape\u017e Jan Pavel II. (Karol Wojty\u0142a z Wadowic) stal glob\u00e1ln\u00edm duchovn\u00edm v\u016fdcem a inspiroval mor\u00e1lku Pol\u00e1k\u016f. 80. l\u00e9ta 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159inesla v\u00fdzvu pro ob\u010dany: hnut\u00ed Solidarita d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f v lod\u011bnic\u00edch veden\u00e9 Lechem Wa\u0142\u0119sou. Solidarita se stala silou zm\u011bny a v roce 1989 Polsko pokojn\u011b p\u0159e\u0161lo k demokracii \u2013 jako prvn\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Ve stejn\u00e9m roce vedly svobodn\u00e9 volby k nekomunistick\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika let Polsko opustilo sv\u016fj star\u00fd syst\u00e9m, p\u0159ijalo novou demokratickou \u00fastavu a v roce 1999 vstoupilo do NATO. V roce 2004 vstoupilo do Evropsk\u00e9 unie a integrovalo se do evropsk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch struktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polsk\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO: Pr\u016fvodce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko hrd\u011b uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou historii v kameni, d\u0159ev\u011b a p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. M\u00e1 17 pam\u00e1tek sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO (k roku 2021), kter\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o jeho kulturn\u00edm a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm odkazu. Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Historick\u00e9 centrum Krakova (1978)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Star\u00e9 M\u011bsto a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd hrad Wawel, kdysi hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9 domy, kostely a velkolep\u00e9 tr\u017en\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed evropskou renesanci a gotiku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Soln\u00e9 doly Wieliczka a Bochnia (1978)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Podzemn\u00ed doly ze 13. stolet\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e Krakova s \u200b\u200brozlehl\u00fdmi tunely, kaplemi a sochami vytesan\u00fdmi ze soln\u00fdch krystal\u016f. Jeden d\u016fl (Wieliczka) byl kr\u00e1tce za\u0159azen mezi ohro\u017een\u00e9, dokud jej program na regulaci vlhkosti neobnovil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hrad \u0158\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f v Malborku (1997)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed cihlov\u00fd hrad na sv\u011bt\u011b co do rozlohy (p\u0159es 50 akr\u016f). Postaven \u0159\u00e1dem n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f ve 13. a 14. stolet\u00ed, jeho mohutn\u00e9 \u010derven\u00e9 hradby na \u0159ece Nogat byly st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdm z\u00e1zrakem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historick\u00e9 centrum Var\u0161avy (1980)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 V\u00e1lkou zni\u010den\u00e1 Var\u0161ava byla po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce pracn\u011b p\u0159estav\u011bna do sv\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 podoby. Jej\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd hrad a n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed ve Star\u00e9m M\u011bst\u011b jsou zaps\u00e1ny na seznamu UNESCO jako p\u0159\u00edklady pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 obnovy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Osv\u011btim B\u0159ezina (1979)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 B\u00fdval\u00fd nacistick\u00fd koncentra\u010dn\u00ed a vyhlazovac\u00ed t\u00e1bor, zachovan\u00fd jako pam\u00e1tn\u00edk a muzeum. Slavnostn\u011b u\u010d\u00ed o hr\u016fz\u00e1ch holocaustu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto Toru\u0148 (1997)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Gotick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstavn\u00ed m\u011bsto na \u0159ece Visle, rodi\u0161t\u011b Kopern\u00edka. Toru\u0148sk\u00e9 cihlov\u00e9 budovy a kostely p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed prosperitu Hanzovn\u00ed ligy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historick\u00e9 m\u011bsto Zamo\u015b\u0107 (1992)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 renesan\u010dn\u00ed \u201eide\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bsto\u201c postaven\u00e9 na konci 16. stolet\u00ed s dokonale zachoval\u00fdm opevn\u011bn\u00edm, pojmenovan\u00e9 po zakladateli Janu Zamoysk\u00e9m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kostely m\u00edru v Jaworu a \u015awidnici (2001)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Dva velk\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 barokn\u00ed kostely postaven\u00e9 v polovin\u011b 17. stolet\u00ed pro protestanty, kdy\u017e katoli\u010dt\u00ed vl\u00e1dci omezili jejich bohoslu\u017eby. Jejich propracovan\u00e9 interi\u00e9ry jsou pozoruhodn\u00e9, proto\u017ee jsou cel\u00e9 ze d\u0159eva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 cerkve Karpatsk\u00e9 oblasti (2013)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u0160est d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdchodok\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch kostel\u016f (cerkvas) na polsko-ukrajinsk\u00e9 hranici, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ze 16.\u201317. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou prezentov\u00e1ny jako pam\u00e1tky na tradi\u010dn\u00ed tesa\u0159sk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kostely v ji\u017en\u00edm Malopolsku (2003)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Seskupen\u00ed osmi st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch kostel\u016f v Malopolsku, ka\u017ed\u00fd s d\u0159ev\u011bnou konstrukc\u00ed a \u0161indelovou st\u0159echou, kter\u00e9 jsou dodnes v provozu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (1999)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Barokn\u00ed poutn\u00ed komplex ze 17. stolet\u00ed nedaleko Krakova s \u200b\u200bkaplemi a bazilikou uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdmi jako venkovn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 cesta. Inspiroval jednu ze slavn\u00fdch polsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch her.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Muskauer\u016fv park (2004)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Rozlehl\u00fd anglick\u00fd krajin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd park z 19. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na n\u011bmecko-polsk\u00e9 hranici. Je to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed souvisl\u00fd park v anglick\u00e9m stylu v Evrop\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00ed\u0148 st\u00e9ho v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed ve Vratislavi (2006)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u017delezobetonov\u00e1 hala z po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed, ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fd po\u010din. Byla zad\u00e1na k st\u00e9mu v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed m\u011bsta, byla prvn\u00ed budovou sv\u00e9ho druhu a ovlivnila modern\u00ed architekturu po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historick\u00fd st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fd d\u016fl Tarnowskie G\u00f3ry (2017)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Podzemn\u00ed syst\u00e9m t\u011b\u017eby st\u0159\u00edbra a olova z 18. stolet\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e Katovic. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci si mohou prohl\u00e9dnout 1,7 kilometru podzemn\u00edch \u0161achet a prohl\u00e9dnout si historick\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed stroje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00fd prales (1992)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Posledn\u00ed pralesn\u00ed n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e1 oblast v Evrop\u011b, sd\u00edlen\u00e1 s B\u011bloruskem. Tato bukovo-dubov\u00e1 divo\u010dina, kter\u00e1 je domovem stovek rostlinn\u00fdch a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b voln\u011b se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edho st\u00e1da zubra evropsk\u00e9ho, zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00fd starobyl\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m. Je jednou ze dvou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch lokalit UNESCO v Polsku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Starov\u011bk\u00e9 a pralesn\u00ed bukov\u00e9 lesy Karpat (2021)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed lokality se slo\u017ekou v polsk\u00fdch Bukovsk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch (Bieszczadsk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed park). Tyto bukov\u00e9 lesy jsou \u017eivouc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady lesn\u00ed ekologie po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed, nedot\u010den\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>\u201eSto lat\u201c je tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edse\u0148, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed 100 let zdrav\u00ed. Pol\u00e1ci ji zp\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i narozenin\u00e1ch a jmenin\u00e1ch, co\u017e z nich d\u011bl\u00e1 stejn\u011b slavnostn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost jako narozeniny.<\/p><cite>Kulturn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mka<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed kulturn\u00ed fakta a tradice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed polsk\u00e9 zvyky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 je poznamen\u00e1n jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi oslavami. Snad nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je tradice jmenin (imieniny): ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u00e1tek k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho svat\u00e9ho je spojen s ur\u010dit\u00fdm k\u0159estn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem a lid\u00e9 slav\u00ed&nbsp;<em>jejich<\/em>&nbsp;sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho, jako by to byl den narozenin. V praxi jmeniny \u010dasto p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitost narozenin. P\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 se sch\u00e1zej\u00ed, d\u00e1vaj\u00ed mal\u00e9 d\u00e1rky nebo kv\u011btiny a hoduj\u00ed \u2013 n\u011bkdy dokonce honosn\u011bji ne\u017e o narozenin\u00e1ch. Existuje dokonce i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed,&nbsp;<em>V\u0161echno nejlep\u0161\u00ed k narozenin\u00e1m<\/em>, zp\u00edvan\u00e9 pro tyto p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm zvykem je l\u00edb\u00e1n\u00ed rukou. P\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na se star\u0161\u00ed nebo d\u016fstojnou \u017eenou, m\u016f\u017ee mu\u017e jemn\u011b pol\u00edbit h\u0159bet jej\u00ed prav\u00e9 ruky. Toto zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 gesto, kdysi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 mezi polskou \u0161lechtou, st\u00e1le p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve form\u00e1ln\u00edch nebo l\u00e1skypln\u00fdch kontextech. Podobn\u011b je form\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed ruky standardem i mezi mu\u017ei. Zdvo\u0159ilost se projevuje i v osloven\u00ed: ciz\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou pou\u017e\u00edvat&nbsp;<em>Pan\/Pan\u00ed<\/em>&nbsp;(Pan\/Pan\u00ed) plus p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed, a to i p\u0159i neform\u00e1ln\u00edm rozhovoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the first day of spring (around March 21), Poles practice the drowning of Marzanna. A straw doll (dressed as an old woman), symbolizing winter, is carried in procession, then set aflame and thrown into a river or lake. This Slavic ritual, rooted in pre-Christian times, is meant to banish winter and welcome spring\u2019s arrival. Schools often involve children in making Marzanna dolls and singing as they symbolically drown her. Similarly, Easter Monday features&nbsp;\u015amigus-Dyngus: friends and neighbors drench each other with water to celebrate spring renewal (traditionally boys play pranks by chasing girls with water, though today it\u2019s reciprocated).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asi 87 % Pol\u00e1k\u016f jsou \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed katol\u00edci a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou kulturn\u00ed roli. Pout\u011b jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9:&nbsp;<em>Jasn\u00e1 Hora<\/em>&nbsp;Kl\u00e1\u0161ter v \u010censtochov\u00e9 ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 uct\u00edvanou ikonu \u010cern\u00e9 Madony, kter\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159itahuje miliony lid\u00ed. Pape\u017e Jan Pavel II., rod\u00e1k z \u010censtochov\u00e9, je n\u00e1rodn\u00edm hrdinou. V letech 1978 a\u017e 2005 vedl katolickou c\u00edrkev a jeho kanonizace v roce 2014 potvrdila jeho trval\u00fd vliv. Pol\u00e1ci maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 tradice, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad bohat\u00e1 ve\u010de\u0159e na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den (<em>\u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den<\/em>), \u010dasto s rybami a 12 bezmas\u00fdmi pokrmy, n\u00e1sledovan\u00e9 zp\u011bvem koled a p\u016flno\u010dn\u00ed m\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V vesnic\u00edch i m\u011bstech jsou pod\u00e9l silnic rozm\u00edst\u011bny svatyn\u011b ozdoben\u00e9 kv\u011btinami nebo sv\u00ed\u010dkami. P\u0159i slavnostn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech mnoho Pol\u00e1k\u016f dokonce zapaluje sv\u00ed\u010dky u hrob\u016f nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f nebo padl\u00fdch hrdin\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>B\u00edl\u00e1 a \u010derven\u00e1 barva polsk\u00e9 vlajky poch\u00e1z\u00ed z heraldick\u00fdch barev b\u00edl\u00e9ho orla na \u010derven\u00e9m \u0161t\u00edtu \u2013 polsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho znaku od st\u0159edov\u011bku. Polsk\u00e1 vlajka (b\u00edl\u00e1 na \u010derven\u00e9) je identick\u00e1 s indon\u00e9skou, jen m\u00e1 obr\u00e1cen\u00fd design.<\/p><cite>Zaj\u00edmavost<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jazyk a komunikace<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pol\u0161tina je z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd se p\u00ed\u0161e latinskou abecedou se speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi p\u00edsmeny (\u0142, \u00f3, \u015b, \u017a, \u017c, \u0107, \u0144, \u0105, \u200b\u200b\u0119). Jej\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 v\u00fdslovnost a souhl\u00e1sky s l\u00e1man\u00fdm jazykem (vzpome\u0148te si na \u0160t\u011bbrzeszyn) mohou cizince pobavit. Nap\u0159\u00edklad&nbsp;<em>\u0158ed\u011bn\u00ed<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201et\u0161e-bje\u017e\u201c) nebo&nbsp;<em>Lod\u017e<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201eWoodge\u201c) vypad\u00e1 klamn\u011b! Existuj\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed dialekty \u2013 ka\u0161ub\u0161tina v Pomo\u0159ansku a slezsk\u00e1 varianta v Horn\u00edm Slezsku \u2013 ale n\u00e1rod sjednocuje spisovn\u00e1 pol\u0161tina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V konverzaci jsou Pol\u00e1ci p\u0159\u00edm\u00ed a up\u0159\u00edmn\u00ed. Ot\u00e1zky se kladou p\u0159\u00edmo\u010da\u0159e, bez p\u0159ehnan\u00fdch eufemizm\u016f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 si r\u00e1di p\u0159ip\u00edjej\u00ed vodkou nebo pivem. Je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkat&nbsp;<em>Na zdrav\u00ed!<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201eNa zdrav\u00ed!\u201c) p\u0159ed pit\u00edm. Osobn\u00ed prostor m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch a ciz\u00ed lid\u00e9 se mohou navz\u00e1jem pozdravit p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm pok\u00fdvnut\u00edm. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se projevov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00facty \u2013 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edho osloven\u00ed nebo zast\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se star\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polsk\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b: V\u00edc ne\u017e jen pirohy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tradi\u010dn\u00ed pokrmy, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd ochutnat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00e1 dom\u00e1c\u00ed kuchyn\u011b je vydatn\u00e1 a p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1. Mezi na\u0161e typick\u00e9 pokrmy pat\u0159\u00ed:<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Pirohy:<\/strong>&nbsp;Knedl\u00edky pln\u011bn\u00e9 slan\u00fdmi nebo sladk\u00fdmi n\u00e1pln\u011bmi (brambory a s\u00fdr, mlet\u00e9 \u200b\u200bmaso, kysan\u00e9 zel\u00ed, houby nebo ovoce) a va\u0159en\u00e9 nebo sma\u017een\u00e9. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 j\u00eddlo cel\u00e9 zem\u011b.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Loveck\u00fd gul\u00e1\u0161:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pikantn\u00ed loveck\u00fd gul\u00e1\u0161 z kysan\u00e9ho zel\u00ed (kva\u0161en\u00e9ho zel\u00ed) a r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f masa (vep\u0159ov\u00e9, klob\u00e1sov\u00e9, n\u011bkdy i zv\u011b\u0159iny). Dlouh\u00e9 va\u0159en\u00ed mu dod\u00e1v\u00e1 bohatou, kou\u0159ovou chu\u0165.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Kysel\u00e1 \u017eitn\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka:<\/strong>&nbsp;Kysel\u00e1 \u017eitn\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 kva\u0161en\u00fdm chlebem, \u010dasto pod\u00e1van\u00e1 s klob\u00e1sou a vejcem natvrdo. Pikantn\u00ed a syt\u00fd p\u0159edkrm.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Bor\u0161\u010d:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pol\u00e9vka z \u010derven\u00e9 \u0159epy, \u010dir\u00e1 \u010derven\u00e1 a zemit\u00e9 chuti. Polsk\u00fd barszcz se m\u016f\u017ee pod\u00e1vat se zakysanou smetanou nebo s mal\u00fdmi knedl\u00ed\u010dky (<em>ravioli<\/em>) o V\u00e1noc\u00edch.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Holubi:<\/strong>&nbsp;Zeln\u00e9 z\u00e1vitky pln\u011bn\u00e9 masem a r\u00fd\u017e\u00ed, zape\u010den\u00e9 v raj\u010datov\u00e9 om\u00e1\u010dce.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Klob\u00e1sa:<\/strong>&nbsp;Polsk\u00e9 klob\u00e1sy se dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed v des\u00edtk\u00e1ch druh\u016f \u2013 \u010derstv\u00e9 nebo uzen\u00e9, ochucen\u00e9 \u010desnekem nebo major\u00e1nkou. Grilovan\u00e9 nebo du\u0161en\u00e9, jsou v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>\u0158\u00edzek:<\/strong>&nbsp;Obalovan\u00fd vep\u0159ov\u00fd \u0159\u00edzek (podobn\u00fd \u0159\u00edzku), obvykle pod\u00e1van\u00fd s bramborami a zeln\u00fdm sal\u00e1tem.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Oscypek:<\/strong>&nbsp;Uzen\u00fd s\u00fdr vyroben\u00fd z ov\u010d\u00edho ml\u00e9ka v Tatr\u00e1ch, \u010dasto pod\u00e1van\u00fd jako p\u0159edkrm, grilovan\u00fd nebo s brusinkovou marmel\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K j\u00eddl\u016fm se pod\u00e1v\u00e1 kysan\u00e9 zel\u00ed, okurky, sle\u010f a k\u0159en. A \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 polsk\u00e9 j\u00eddlo se neobejde bez mal\u00e9 sklenky \u017cubr\u00f3wky (vodky z bizon\u00ed tr\u00e1vy) nebo Chopinovy \u200b\u200bvodky (m\u00edchan\u00e9 vodky), co\u017e je n\u00e1rodn\u00ed destil\u00e1t. Pol\u00e1ci jsou hrd\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu kvalitn\u00edch vodek \u2013 prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee jsou vyn\u00e1lezci vodky (slovo w\u00f3dka je slovansk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu) a destiluj\u00ed ji z \u017eita, p\u0161enice nebo brambor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Velk\u00e1 debata o vodce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko m\u00e1 siln\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na vodku. Zat\u00edmco mnoho zem\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u00ed vodku, Pol\u00e1ci poukazuj\u00ed na p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o destilovan\u00e9 lihovin\u011b zvan\u00e9&nbsp;<em>vodka<\/em>&nbsp;sahaj\u00ed p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm do 8. stolet\u00ed ve slovansk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku polsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tery a dvory destilovaly obiln\u00e9 lihoviny a v 16. stolet\u00ed se hojn\u011b konzumovaly v tuzemsku. Dnes je Polsko jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00fdvozc\u016f vodky. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed polsk\u00e1 vodka m\u00e1 \u010dasto 40\u201350 % objemov\u00fdch alkoholu a pod\u00e1v\u00e1 se \u010dist\u00e1 jako p\u0159\u00edpitek. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 jsou tak\u00e9 ochucen\u00e9 vodky (nap\u0159. s bizonovou tr\u00e1vou, medem nebo bobulemi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed a festivalov\u00e1 j\u00eddla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u00eddlo je charakteristick\u00e9 pro ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u00e1tek v Polsku. Na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den se kon\u00e1 bezmas\u00e1 ve\u010de\u0159e Wigilia: obvykle se serv\u00edruj\u00ed barszcz s mal\u00fdmi houbov\u00fdmi knedl\u00ed\u010dky, kapr nebo jin\u00e9 ryby, pirohy a kol\u00e1\u010di (r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fd a m\u00e1kov\u00fd dezert). Pot\u00e9, co se na obloze objev\u00ed prvn\u00ed hv\u011bzda, si \u010dlenov\u00e9 rodiny rozd\u011bl\u00ed oplatku (op\u0142atek) a vym\u011bn\u00ed si po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u011bhem Velikonoc se stoly p\u0159ekypuj\u00ed pol\u00e9vkou s b\u00edl\u00fdmi klob\u00e1sami, kielbase, mazurekem (ploch\u00fd mandlov\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d s o\u0159echy nebo ovocem) a babkou (kynut\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d). Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed hrav\u00e9 vodn\u00ed souboje na Mokr\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed (\u015amigus-Dyngus). Na Tu\u010dn\u00fd \u010dtvrtek (T\u0142usty Czwartek), posledn\u00ed \u010dtvrtek p\u0159ed postn\u00ed dobou, si v\u0161ichni pochutn\u00e1vaj\u00ed na p\u0105czk\u00e1ch (\u017eel\u00e9 koblih\u00e1ch) a fawork\u00edch (k\u0159upav\u00e9m sma\u017een\u00e9m pe\u010divu posypan\u00e9m mou\u010dkov\u00fdm cukrem).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na svatb\u00e1ch m\u016f\u017ee hostina zahrnovat pe\u010den\u00e9 maso, sal\u00e1ty a \u0159adu p\u0159\u00edpitk\u016f \u2013 \u010dasto vodku nebo \u0161ampa\u0148sk\u00e9. P\u0159\u00edpitky mohou b\u00fdt propracovan\u00e9, chv\u00e1lit nev\u011bstu a \u017eenicha a p\u0159\u00e1t si zdrav\u00ed (op\u011bt&nbsp;<em>V\u0161echno nejlep\u0161\u00ed k narozenin\u00e1m!<\/em>). B\u011bhem venkovsk\u00fdch do\u017e\u00ednek se posledn\u00ed snop obil\u00ed zapl\u00e9t\u00e1 do v\u011bnce a nos\u00ed se s n\u00edm na znamen\u00ed d\u00edk\u016fvzd\u00e1n\u00ed. B\u011bhem t\u011bchto oslav je sd\u00edlen\u00ed j\u00eddla srdcem polsk\u00e9 pohostinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slavn\u00ed pol\u0161t\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed zm\u011bnili sv\u011bt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko dalo vzniknout mnoha osobnostem, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily sv\u011bt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kopern\u00edk (1473\u20131543):<\/strong>\u00a0Renesan\u010dn\u00ed astronom, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobil revoluci ve v\u011bd\u011b tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee Slunce (ne Zem\u011b) je st\u0159edem slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy.\u00a0<em>O ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1ch nebesk\u00fdch sf\u00e9r<\/em>\u00a0polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady modern\u00ed astronomie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Marie Sk\u0142odowska Curie (1867\u20131934):<\/strong>\u00a0Fyzi\u010dka a chemi\u010dka narozen\u00e1 ve Var\u0161av\u011b, objevila radium a polonium, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zavedla term\u00edn \u201eradioaktivita\u201c. Z\u00edskala Nobelovu cenu za fyziku (1903) a chemii (1911) \u2013 stala se tak prvn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem, kter\u00fd kdy z\u00edskal dv\u011b Nobelovy ceny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz (1822\u20131882):<\/strong>\u00a0Chemik a in\u017een\u00fdr, kter\u00fd vynalezl modern\u00ed petrolejovou lampu a polo\u017eil tak z\u00e1klady ropn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kopern\u00edk<\/strong>\u00a0(ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bno; p\u0159ipomenuto).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stefan Banach (1892\u20131945):<\/strong>\u00a0Matematik, spoluzakladatel funkcion\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy. Jeho pr\u00e1ce je z\u00e1kladem velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti modern\u00ed matematiky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mieszko I &amp; Boles\u0142aw State\u010dn\u00fd:<\/strong>\u00a0Ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed vl\u00e1dci, kter\u00fdm se p\u0159ipisuje sjednocen\u00ed Polska a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlenstv\u00ed v evropsk\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech (Budy\u0161\u00ednsk\u00fd m\u00edr, 1018).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maria Go\u0142\u0119biewska-\u0141ukasiewicz<\/strong>\u00a0(mo\u017en\u00e1 nen\u00ed \u0161iroce zn\u00e1m\u00e9 mimo polsk\u00fd kontext, p\u0159esko\u010dte).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Marek Kaminski:<\/strong>\u00a0Modern\u00ed badatel, prvn\u00ed, kdo dos\u00e1hl severn\u00edho i ji\u017en\u00edho p\u00f3lu b\u011bhem jednoho roku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Um\u011blci a spisovatel\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (1810\u20131849):<\/strong>\u00a0Chopin, narozen\u00fd nedaleko Var\u0161avy, se stal jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch romantick\u00fdch skladatel\u016f a klav\u00edrist\u016f. Jeho etudy, val\u010d\u00edky a nokturna z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed obl\u00edben\u00fdm klav\u00edrn\u00edm reperto\u00e1rem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adam Mickiewicz (1798\u20131855):<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00e1rodn\u00ed b\u00e1sn\u00edk, jeho\u017e epos\u00a0<em>Pan Tade\u00e1\u0161<\/em>\u00a0(1834) idealizoval star\u00e9 Polsko. Mickiewiczovo d\u00edlo je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kamenem polsk\u00e9 literatury.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846\u20131916):<\/strong>\u00a0Romanopisec, kter\u00e9mu byla v roce 1905 ud\u011blena Nobelova cena za literaturu. Jeho historick\u00e9 rom\u00e1ny (nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>Kam jde\u0161?<\/em>) p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil polsk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu publiku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wis\u0142awa Szymborsk\u00e1 (1923\u20132012):<\/strong>\u00a0B\u00e1sn\u00ed\u0159ka a esejistka, nositelka Nobelovy ceny za literaturu (1996). Jej\u00ed vtipn\u00e9, filozofick\u00e9 b\u00e1sn\u011b promlouvaj\u00ed k univerz\u00e1ln\u00edmu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Olga Tokarczukov\u00e1 (nar. 1962):<\/strong>\u00a0Sou\u010dasn\u00fd spisovatel, dr\u017eitel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu za rok 2018, zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdmi inovativn\u00edmi rom\u00e1ny jako\u00a0<em>Lety<\/em>\u00a0zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed cestov\u00e1n\u00ed, identity a filozofie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Roman Polanski (nar. 1933):<\/strong>\u00a0Filma\u0159, kter\u00fd z\u00edskal Oscary a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>Pianista<\/em>). Navzdory kontroverz\u00edm jeho ran\u00e9 polsk\u00e9 filmy (jako\u00a0<em>N\u016f\u017e ve vod\u011b<\/em>) ovlivnil kinematografii.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Andrzej Wajda (1926\u20132016):<\/strong>\u00a0Filmov\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r ocen\u011bn\u00fd \u010destn\u00fdm Oscarem, zn\u00e1m\u00fd za d\u00edla o polsk\u00e9 historii a identit\u011b (<em>Popel a diamanty<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Katy\u0148<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Krystyna Janda:<\/strong>\u00a0Uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 here\u010dka a kulturn\u00ed osobnost (od\u00a0<em>Mu\u017e z mramoru<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Klav\u00edrista<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jan Matejko (1838\u20131893):<\/strong>\u00a0Mal\u00ed\u0159 zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdmi velk\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi pl\u00e1tny (nap\u0159.\u00a0<em>Bitva u Grunwaldu<\/em>), zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 momenty polsk\u00e9 minulosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Politi\u010dt\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017een\u0161t\u00ed v\u016fdci<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pape\u017e Jan Pavel II. (1920\u20132005):<\/strong>\u00a0Karol Wojty\u0142a se stal pape\u017eem v roce 1978 a inspiroval miliony lid\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Jeho \u00fasil\u00ed pomohlo zm\u00edrnit nap\u011bt\u00ed b\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a pos\u00edlit polskou mor\u00e1lku za komunismu. Uskute\u010dnil des\u00edtky pout\u00ed do Polska.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa (nar. 1943):<\/strong>\u00a0Wa\u0142\u0119sa, elektrik\u00e1\u0159 z lod\u011bnic, se stal odborov\u00fdm v\u016fdcem a zalo\u017eil Solidaritu, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 d\u011blnick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zpochyb\u0148ovalo komunismus. V roce 1983 z\u00edskal Nobelovu cenu m\u00edru a v letech 1990\u20131995 p\u016fsobil jako polsk\u00fd prezident.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski (1867\u20131935):<\/strong>\u00a0Tento uct\u00edvan\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00edk vedl boj za nez\u00e1vislost v prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a pozd\u011bji se stal hlavou st\u00e1tu a faktick\u00fdm v\u016fdcem meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho Polska. Zorganizoval v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v bitv\u011b u Var\u0161avy v roce 1920, kter\u00e1 zastavila sov\u011btsk\u00fd postup.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stanis\u0142aw Wojciechowski (1869\u20131953):<\/strong>\u00a0Prezident Polska (1922\u20131926), kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017eel na bou\u0159liv\u00e9 parlamentn\u00ed obdob\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Casimir Pulaski a Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko:<\/strong>\u00a0Gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 polsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, kte\u0159\u00ed bojovali v americk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce za nez\u00e1vislost a dodnes symbolizuj\u00ed svobodu (v USA jsou jim p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1ny pam\u00e1tn\u00edky).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Romuald Traugutt:<\/strong>\u00a0V\u016fdce lednov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed (1863) proti Rusku, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed mu\u010dedn\u00edk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159ekvapiv\u00e1 fakta o p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b a divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my Polska<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00e1 divok\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edroda je bohat\u00e1 a rozmanit\u00e1. Na severu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Mazursk\u00e1 jezern\u00ed oblast, krajina s 2 000 jezery vytesan\u00fdmi ledovci. Jezero \u015aniardwy (114 km\u00b2) je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm jezerem zcela v Polsku. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e se vyzna\u010duje p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdmi dunami a ba\u017einami; S\u0142owi\u0144sk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed park m\u00e1 pohybliv\u00e9 p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 duny, \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201epolsk\u00e1 Sahara\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na v\u00fdchod\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00fd prales, prales m\u00edrn\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma, kter\u00fd se kdysi t\u00e1hl p\u0159es celou Evropu. \u017dije zde zubr evropsk\u00fd (polsky \u017cubr), nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed suchozemsk\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e v Evrop\u011b. Tito zub\u0159i byli na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vyhynuli, ale byli znovu nalezeni. Dnes se v Polsku d\u00edky \u0161lechtitelsk\u00fdm program\u016fm a \u00fasil\u00ed o navr\u00e1cen\u00ed divo\u010diny pohybuje p\u0159es 1 000 voln\u011b se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch zubr\u016f (z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7 000 celosv\u011btov\u011b). Vedle zubr\u016f se v n\u011bm potuluj\u00ed losi, jeleni, divo\u010d\u00e1ci, vlci a rysi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tatry na jihu jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm poho\u0159\u00edm Polska (hora Rysy s 2 499 m). Alpsk\u00e9 louky a skalnat\u00e9 vrcholy poskytuj\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b tatransk\u00fdm kamz\u00edk\u016fm (horsk\u00e1 antilopa). Da\u0159\u00ed se zde tak\u00e9 svi\u0161t\u00edm a orl\u016fm skaln\u00edm. Polsko m\u00e1 23 n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f \u2013 od n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch les\u016f B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 oblasti a\u017e po vysokohorsk\u00e9 louky Bukovsk\u00fdch hor \u2013 kter\u00e9 chr\u00e1n\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b pro \u010d\u00e1py, vlky a dal\u0161\u00ed druhy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o \u00fasp\u011bchu v ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00e9m kolapsu Polsko dos\u00e1hlo pozoruhodn\u00e9ho zotaven\u00ed divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e. Zub evropsk\u00fd byl v roce 1952 znovu vysazen do B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00e9ho pralesa z pouh\u00fdch n\u011bkolika jedinc\u016f v zajet\u00ed. Do roku 2025 populace zubr\u016f v Polsku dos\u00e1hla rekordn\u00edch \u010d\u00edsel (jen v B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00e9m pralese n\u011bkolik stovek), \u010d\u00edm\u017e se znovu objevilo zv\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 z voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody zmizelo v roce 1919. Tak\u00e9 vlci se zotavili: od roku 1998 jsou pln\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bni a nyn\u00ed v polsk\u00fdch les\u00edch \u017eije asi 2 000 vlk\u016f. Dokonce i medv\u011bdi hn\u011bd\u00ed \u2013 kdysi vyhuben\u00ed v Polsku \u2013 se do Karpat vr\u00e1tili p\u0159irozenou migrac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lesn\u00ed pokr\u00fdvka Polska tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 %, co\u017e je jedna z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot v Evrop\u011b. Organizace pracuj\u00ed na ochran\u011b koridor\u016f mezi lesy, aby zv\u00ed\u0159ata mohla bezpe\u010dn\u011b migrovat (nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi polsk\u00fdm a slovensk\u00fdm are\u00e1lem). Bohat\u00fd je i pta\u010d\u00ed sv\u011bt: v mok\u0159adech se vyskytuj\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bi, volavky a vz\u00e1cn\u00ed vodn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9. Dokonce i \u010d\u00e1pi migruj\u00edc\u00ed maj\u00ed ve vesnic\u00edch speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>Zubr evropsk\u00fd je neofici\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159etem Polska. Je statn\u00fd a srstnat\u00fd a \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee p\u0159edstavuje ne\u00fastupn\u00e9ho ducha polsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody.<\/p><cite>P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed fakta<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modern\u00ed Polsko: Ekonomika, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a inovace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Excelence vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed je v Polsku bezplatn\u00e9 a vysoce cen\u011bn\u00e9. Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed (od z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly po univerzitu) je pro polsk\u00e9 ob\u010dany a studenty z EU bezplatn\u00e9. Jedna z nejstar\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch univerzit, Jagellonsk\u00e1 univerzita v Krakov\u011b (zalo\u017eena roku 1364), dodnes vzkv\u00e9t\u00e1. Jej\u00ed budovy \u2013 Collegium Maius \u2013 jsou st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdmi poklady. Na polsk\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch se vyu\u010duj\u00ed v\u0161echny hlavn\u00ed studijn\u00ed obory a mnoho Pol\u00e1k\u016f usiluje o vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed: gramotnost je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 %. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee polsk\u00e9 univerzity si z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00factu, zejm\u00e9na ve v\u011bd\u011b, medic\u00edn\u011b a technice. Polsko nav\u00edc nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159adu vl\u00e1dn\u00edch stipendi\u00ed, aby p\u0159il\u00e1kalo zahrani\u010dn\u00ed studenty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd rozvoj<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko m\u00e1 rozvinutou tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomiku \u2013 \u0161estou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v EU podle nomin\u00e1ln\u00edho HDP. V roce 2024 \u010dinil jeho HDP p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,0 bilionu dolar\u016f. Vstup do EU v roce 2004 a do schengensk\u00e9ho prostoru v roce 2007 otev\u0159el trhy a finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky pro infrastrukturu. Automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem (z\u00e1vody Fiat, Opel, Toyota), stejn\u011b jako elektronika a n\u00e1bytek. Polsko je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdm lo\u010fa\u0159sk\u00fdm a uheln\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem, a\u010dkoli energetika se orientuje na obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Var\u0161ava se stala finan\u010dn\u00edm centrem; t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 8 spole\u010dnost\u00ed z \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku Forbes Global 2000 je polsk\u00fdch (bankovnictv\u00ed, ropa, telekomunikace). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem roste a Polsko m\u00e1 nyn\u00ed velmi vysokou \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 (35. m\u00edsto v indexu lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje). St\u00e1le v\u0161ak nab\u00edz\u00ed jednu v\u00fdznamnou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhodu: bezplatn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 univerzity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V oblasti technologi\u00ed a inovac\u00ed Polsko tak\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad var\u0161avsk\u00e9 studio CD Projekt vyvinulo s\u00e9rii videoher Zakl\u00edna\u010d a Cyberpunk 2077. IT outsourcing a startupy za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed boom ve m\u011bstech, jako je Krakov a Vratislav. V glob\u00e1ln\u00edch indexech inovac\u00ed se Polsko stabiln\u011b dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do prvn\u00ed 40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sport a z\u00e1bava<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pol\u00e1ci jsou v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdmi fanou\u0161ky sportu. Nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je fotbal. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm dos\u00e1hl pozoruhodn\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f \u2013 v letech 1974 a 1982 se dostal do semifin\u00e1le mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta a v roce 2018 do \u010dtvrtfin\u00e1le. Robert Lewandowski, jeden z nejlep\u0161\u00edch \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016f sv\u011bta, je polskou ikonou. Volejbal je dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed: Polsko vyhr\u00e1lo mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta v letech 2014 a 2018. Dokonce i z\u00e1vody na plochodr\u00e1\u017en\u00ed dr\u00e1ze p\u0159itahuj\u00ed o letn\u00edch v\u00edkendech obrovsk\u00e9 davy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zimn\u00ed sporty v hor\u00e1ch vzkv\u00e9taj\u00ed. Pol\u0161t\u00ed skokani na ly\u017e\u00edch jako Adam Ma\u0142ysz a Kamil Stoch jsou obl\u00edben\u00ed sportovci. Z\u00edskali olympijsk\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 medaile ve skokansk\u00fdch discipl\u00edn\u00e1ch, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e se Polsko stalo p\u0159edn\u00ed zem\u00ed ve skoku na ly\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00e1 filmov\u00e1 a hudebn\u00ed sc\u00e9na tak\u00e9 rozpout\u00e1v\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed vlny. Re\u017eis\u00e9\u0159i Andrzej Wajda a Agnieszka Holland si z\u00edskali mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b film&nbsp;<em>Ida<\/em>&nbsp;(2013) a&nbsp;<em>Studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/em>&nbsp;(2018) z\u00edskal Oscary za nejlep\u0161\u00ed cizojazy\u010dn\u00fd film. V literatu\u0159e maj\u00ed nositel\u00e9 Nobelovy ceny jako Szymborsk\u00e1 a Tokarczuk mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e. A v popkultu\u0159e inspirovali pol\u0161t\u00ed hudebn\u00edci, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad skladatel a interpret Chopin (z 19. stolet\u00ed), modern\u00ed um\u011blce; dokonce i Chopin\u016fv klav\u00edrn\u00ed koncert hraj\u00ed orchestry po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Festival\u016f je spousta: ka\u017ed\u00e9 l\u00e9to se sj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed stovky lid\u00ed na Woodstock Festival Poland (nyn\u00ed \u201ePol&#039;and&#039;Rock\u201c), jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch bezplatn\u00fdch rockov\u00fdch festival\u016f v Evrop\u011b. Lidov\u00e9 tradice se udr\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b na akc\u00edch, jako je krakovsk\u00fd pr\u016fvod Lajkonik nebo Wianki (festival letn\u00edch v\u011bnc\u016f v Krakov\u011b), kde se prol\u00edn\u00e1 star\u00e9 s nov\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Architektonick\u00e9 a in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 z\u00e1zraky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 mistrovsk\u00e1 d\u00edla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Architektonick\u00e1 historie Polska sah\u00e1 hluboko. Hrad Malbork (zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd d\u0159\u00edve) je zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 architektury. Krakovsk\u00fd hrad a katedr\u00e1la Wawel slou\u017eily jako m\u00edsto korunovace kr\u00e1l\u016f \u2013 dnes je to muzeum pln\u00e9 tapiseri\u00ed a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch komnat. V Hn\u011bzdn\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed prvn\u00ed polsk\u00e1 katedr\u00e1la (kde jsou poh\u0159beni prvn\u00ed pol\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gotick\u00fdch cihlov\u00fdch kostel\u016f je spousta: rozlehl\u00e1 bazilika sv. Marie v Gda\u0148sku a poklidn\u00fd kostel m\u00edru v Jaworu se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed vzne\u0161en\u00fdmi klenbami a \u0159ezbami. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 radnice v Poznani a Toruni se dochovaly dodnes. Dokonce i ikonick\u00e1 vratislavsk\u00e1 radnice (Ratusz) je gotick\u00fdm z\u00e1zrakem se stup\u0148ovit\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zbytky opevn\u011bn\u00fdch m\u011bst vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy minulosti: Sandomierz a Zamo\u015b\u0107 si st\u00e1le zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed obrann\u00e9 hradby a br\u00e1ny. V podzem\u00ed pod Tarnowsk\u00fdmi horami se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vratislavsk\u00e9 solivary a doly, kter\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o ran\u00fdch in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fdch dovednostech. \u010cetn\u00e9 polsk\u00e9 hrady (p\u0159es 100) sahaj\u00ed od luxusn\u00edho renesan\u010dn\u00edho Baranowa Sandomiersk\u00e9ho a\u017e po poh\u00e1dkovou z\u0159\u00edceninu Ogrodzieniec na Jursk\u00e9 skaln\u00ed stezce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modern\u00ed architektonick\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 panorama vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh odolnosti a modernity. Pot\u00e9, co ho druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka zanechala v trosk\u00e1ch, m\u011bsto pracn\u011b znovu vybudovalo sv\u00e9 star\u00e9 m\u011bsto cihla po cihle. Nedaleko se ty\u010d\u00ed Pal\u00e1c kultury a v\u011bdy \u2013 stalinistick\u00fd mrakodrap, kter\u00fd v 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed \u201edaroval\u201c Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz. A\u010dkoli je kontroverzn\u00ed, nyn\u00ed je pam\u00e1tkou (nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se zde divadla, muzea, kancel\u00e1\u0159e) a \u0159ad\u00ed se mezi nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed budovy v Polsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V posledn\u00edch letech se objevily nov\u00e9 stavby: var\u0161avsk\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e Varso Tower (237 metr\u016f) se v roce 2022 stala nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed budovou v EU. Obchodn\u00ed \u010dtvrti jako var\u0161avsk\u00e1 Wola a krakovsk\u00fd komplex High2 nyn\u00ed disponuj\u00ed futuristick\u00fdmi sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi kancel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi v\u011b\u017eemi. Polsko tak\u00e9 vyvinulo modern\u00ed mosty (nap\u0159. Svatok\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00fd most p\u0159es Vislu ve Var\u0161av\u011b) a sol\u00e1rn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce tak\u00e9 ohromuj\u00ed: Polsk\u00e1 d\u00e1lni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 se po roce 2000 rychle rozrostla. D\u00e1lnice A1 vede ze severu (Gda\u0148sk) na jih (\u010desk\u00e1 hranice) p\u0159es pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 m\u011bsta. Zem\u011b se tak\u00e9 py\u0161n\u00ed Baltic Pipe \u2013 podmo\u0159sk\u00fdm plynovodem spojuj\u00edc\u00edm norsk\u00e1 pole s Polskem p\u0159es D\u00e1nsko, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zvy\u0161uje energetick\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost (dokon\u010deno v roce 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>M\u011bsto \u015awiebodzin v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Polsku m\u00e1 33 metr\u016f vysokou sochu Krista Kr\u00e1le (s t\u0159\u00edmetrovou zlatou korunou), kter\u00e1 dosahuje celkov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky 52,5 m. Odhalena byla v roce 2010 a kr\u00e1tce dr\u017eela Guinnessovu knihu rekord\u016f jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed socha Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p><cite>V\u011bd\u011bli jste?<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00e1 fakta, kter\u00e1 v\u00e1s p\u0159ekvap\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko nab\u00edz\u00ed spoustu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ka\u017ed\u00e9 polsk\u00e9 V\u00e1noce se konaj\u00ed v po\u0159adu \u201eS\u00e1m doma\u201c.<\/strong>\u00a0Od 90. let se stalo tradic\u00ed sledovat\u00a0<em>Kevin S\u00e1m na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/em>\u00a0(<em>S\u00e1m doma<\/em>) v televizi ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den. Zlomysln\u00e9 osmilet\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b se v Polsku stalo sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ikonou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Osmn\u00e1ct nositel\u016f Nobelovy ceny:<\/strong>\u00a0Pol\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci a spisovatel\u00e9 z\u00edskali 18 Nobelov\u00fdch cen za fyziku, chemii, m\u00edr a literaturu (n\u011bkter\u00e9 i opakovan\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad dv\u011b Nobelovy ceny Marie Curie) \u2013 na st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fd n\u00e1rod je to mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd po\u010det.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prvenstva a rekordy:<\/strong>\u00a0V roce 1791 Polsko schv\u00e1lilo druhou modern\u00ed \u00fastavu na sv\u011bt\u011b (po americk\u00e9), \u010d\u00edm\u017e potvrdilo sv\u016fj z\u00e1vazek k demokracii. Polsko bylo tak\u00e9 prvn\u00edm m\u011bstem (Var\u0161ava), kter\u00e9 v roce 1866 zavedlo tramvaje poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 ko\u0148mi. 31. srpna 1980 st\u00e1vka v gda\u0148sk\u00fdch lod\u011bnic\u00edch veden\u00e1 Wa\u0142\u0119sou za\u017eehla prvn\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00fd odborov\u00fd svaz v sov\u011btsk\u00e9m bloku, kter\u00fd p\u0159edznamenal p\u00e1d komunismu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jmeniny:<\/strong>\u00a0Zm\u00ednili jsme se o nich, ale pro zaj\u00edmavost \u2013 pokud je va\u0161e jm\u00e9no obl\u00edben\u00e9 (nap\u0159. Jan, Anna), m\u016f\u017eete ho slavit v\u00edce ne\u017e jeden den. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed Pol\u00e1ci dokonce slav\u00ed v\u00edce jmenin, pokud maj\u00ed slo\u017een\u00e1 jm\u00e9na.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jazykov\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost:<\/strong>\u00a0Pol\u0161tina m\u00e1 jedno proslul\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 slovo:\u00a0<em>Dev\u011bt set devades\u00e1t dev\u011bt n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s \u201edev\u011bt set devades\u00e1t dev\u011bt n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed\u201c, pou\u017eit\u00e9 v jazykolamu. M\u00edstn\u00ed si ale d\u011blaj\u00ed legraci, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u011bta s v\u00edce ne\u017e jednou po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed skupinou souhl\u00e1sek (jako\u00a0<em>\u010depel<\/em>(co\u017e znamen\u00e1 st\u00e9blo tr\u00e1vy) prov\u011b\u0159uje schopnosti i domorodce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed kon\u00ed\u010dky:<\/strong>\u00a0Mnoho Pol\u00e1k\u016f se v\u011bnuje v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed a p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed sad\u016f. Polsko je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch producent\u016f jablek (zejm\u00e9na odr\u016fd Red Delicious a Gala).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u011bda a hry:<\/strong>\u00a0Koncept nepr\u016fst\u0159eln\u00e9 vesty byl pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem polsk\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdra (Casimir Zeglen) na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b se s\u00e9rie videoher Zakl\u00edna\u010d (zalo\u017een\u00e1 na knih\u00e1ch polsk\u00e9ho autora fantasy) stala celosv\u011btov\u00fdm bestsellerem a polsk\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se dostalo na mapu sv\u011bta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rekordy a superlativy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hrad sv\u011bta:<\/strong>\u00a0Hrad Malbork se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na 52 akrech, co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hradn\u00ed komplex co do rozlohy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b EU, kter\u00e1 nikdy nep\u0159ijala euro:<\/strong>\u00a0Polsko z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v EU v lize s D\u00e1nskem bez pou\u017eit\u00ed eura a zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 si sv\u016fj zlot\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed univerzita:<\/strong>\u00a0Jagellonsk\u00e1 univerzita je druhou nejstar\u0161\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b (po Praze) a nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b funguje od 14. stolet\u00ed. (Studovali na n\u00ed Erasmus, Kopern\u00edk a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed osobnosti.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dlouhov\u011bkost:<\/strong>\u00a0P\u00edse\u0148 stolet\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka\u00a0<em>V\u0161echno nejlep\u0161\u00ed k narozenin\u00e1m<\/em>\u00a0ilustruje nad\u011bji: Pol\u00e1ci si navz\u00e1jem p\u0159ej\u00ed, aby \u017eili \u201esto let\u201c, a mnoz\u00ed to d\u011blaj\u00ed \u2013 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka \u017eivota v Polsku nyn\u00ed p\u0159esahuje 78 let.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Popkultura a modern\u00ed \u017eivot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsk\u00e1 modern\u00ed kultura m\u00eds\u00ed tradici s vlivy nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Filmov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl produkoval&nbsp;<em>Ida<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/em>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<em>Zakl\u00edna\u010d<\/em>&nbsp;Televizn\u00ed seri\u00e1l (mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fd). Polsk\u00e1 hudba sah\u00e1 od folku (jako je temperamentn\u00ed&nbsp;<em>Var\u0161avsk\u00e1 vesnick\u00e1 kapela<\/em>&nbsp;(od souboru) a\u017e po tane\u010dn\u011b-popov\u00e9 senzace (jako Margaret) a oslavovan\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 skladatele (Chopin se v ka\u017ed\u00e9m desetilet\u00ed proslavil v klav\u00edrn\u00edch sout\u011b\u017e\u00edch). Polsk\u00e1 internetov\u00e1 a hern\u00ed sc\u00e9na je aktivn\u00ed: zem\u011b se um\u00eds\u0165uje na p\u0159edn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1ch v oblasti e-sportu, v\u00fdvoje her a dokonce m\u00e1 rychle rostouc\u00ed komunitu tv\u016frc\u016f na YouTube (nap\u0159\u00edklad fenom\u00e9n hern\u00edch koment\u00e1tor\u016f Gimper).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pol\u00e1ci jsou tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou pohostinnost\u00ed. Pokud je nav\u0161t\u00edv\u00edte, m\u016f\u017eete dostat dom\u00e1c\u00ed kompot (sladk\u00fd ovocn\u00fd n\u00e1poj) nebo b\u00fdt pozv\u00e1ni k p\u0159\u00edpitku. I cizinci \u010dasto \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed&nbsp;<em>Dobr\u00e9 r\u00e1no<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201edobr\u00fd den\u201c) na sch\u016fzce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p>Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v Polsku je pro m\u00edstn\u00ed studenty i studenty z EU bezplatn\u00e9, co\u017e ho v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch \u010din\u00ed vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm. Mnoho Pol\u00e1k\u016f studuje v zahrani\u010d\u00ed obory jako medic\u00edna a in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed a pot\u00e9 se \u010dasto vrac\u00ed s nov\u00fdmi odborn\u00fdmi znalostmi.<\/p><cite>Fakta o modern\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<br><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dastavn\u00ed odkaz Polska<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polsko se d\u00edky sv\u00fdm d\u011bjin\u00e1m stalo pr\u016fkopn\u00edkem v oblasti demokracie. V roce 1791, uprost\u0159ed hrozeb ze strany soused\u016f, pol\u0161t\u00ed reform\u00e1to\u0159i p\u0159ijali \u00fastavu ze 3. kv\u011btna 1791. Ta zavedla d\u011blbu moci a v\u011bt\u0161inovou vl\u00e1du v parlamentu, co\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u011blo obdoby. A\u010dkoli p\u0159e\u017eila sotva rok p\u0159ed kone\u010dn\u00fdm rozd\u011blen\u00edm, upevnila roli Polska jako ran\u011b novov\u011bk\u00e9 demokracie (jej\u00ed signat\u00e1\u0159i dokonce ovlivnili Francouzskou revoluci).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po desetilet\u00edch ciz\u00ed vl\u00e1dy a komunismu Pol\u00e1ci v roce 1997 sepsali novou \u00fastavu. Vytvo\u0159ila modern\u00ed demokratickou vl\u00e1du: prezidenta, premi\u00e9ra a dvoukomorov\u00fd parlament (Sejm a Sen\u00e1t). Tato \u00fastava zaru\u010duje ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody, svobodn\u00e9 volby a silnou justici. Od roku 1989 se polsk\u00e1 demokracie prohloubila: do\u0161lo k pokojn\u00e9mu p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed moci, pluralitn\u00edm volb\u00e1m a pln\u00fdm ob\u010dansk\u00fdm pr\u00e1v\u016fm. V roce 2004 Polsko vstoupilo do EU, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zakotvilo pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t a d\u00e1le stabilizovalo sv\u016fj politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Dnes je Polsko parlamentn\u00ed republikou s prosperuj\u00edc\u00edm ob\u010dansk\u00fdm \u017eivotem a tiskem, co\u017e je v ostr\u00e9m kontrastu s jeho histori\u00ed ot\u0159es\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipy na cestov\u00e1n\u00ed: Objevte polsk\u00e1 z\u00e1zraky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Destinace, kter\u00e9 mus\u00edte nav\u0161t\u00edvit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Krakov:<\/strong>\u00a0St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd klenot Polska. Prozkoumejte rozlehl\u00e9 Hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, baziliku Panny Marie (zaslechn\u011bte stra\u0161ideln\u00fd zvuk trumpety hejna\u0142) a gotick\u00fd hrad Wawel. Projd\u011bte se \u00fazk\u00fdmi uli\u010dkami \u017eidovsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti Kazimierz nebo sejd\u011bte do nedalek\u00e9ho soln\u00e9ho dolu Wieliczka.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Var\u0161ava:<\/strong>\u00a0\u017div\u00e1 lekce odolnosti. Projd\u011bte se kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm parkem \u0141azienki (s Chopinov\u00fdm pam\u00e1tn\u00edkem) a pot\u00e9 si prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte Starom\u011bstsk\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, p\u0159estav\u011bn\u00e9 po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce.\u00a0<em>Muzeum POLIN<\/em>\u00a0na m\u00edst\u011b star\u00e9ho var\u0161avsk\u00e9ho ghetta vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh polsk\u00fdch \u017did\u016f. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 Var\u0161ava osl\u0148uje restauracemi a galeriemi modern\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vratislav:<\/strong>\u00a0Okouzluj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bsto ostrov\u016f a most\u016f na \u0159ece Od\u0159e. Jeho barevn\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a Tumsk\u00fd ostrov jsou okouzluj\u00edc\u00ed. Vratislav je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi trpasl\u00edky \u2013 mal\u00fdmi bronzov\u00fdmi figurkami (p\u0159es 300) ukryt\u00fdmi v z\u00e1kout\u00edch m\u011bsta, kter\u00e9 jsou pro n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky sv\u00e9r\u00e1znou loveckou zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gda\u0148sk:<\/strong>\u00a0P\u0159\u00edstavn\u00ed m\u011bsto na Baltsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i. Dlouh\u00fd trh a Neptunova font\u00e1na p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed hanzovn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. Evropsk\u00e9 centrum solidarity p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 st\u00e1vkov\u00e9 hnut\u00ed v 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Nedalek\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00e9 letovisko Sopoty a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed lesy (s jejich tajemn\u00fdmi pohybliv\u00fdmi p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdmi dunami) zvou k v\u00fdlet\u016fm do p\u0159\u00edrody.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zakopan\u00e9 a Tatry:<\/strong>\u00a0Polsk\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto zimn\u00edch sport\u016f. Vydejte se na t\u00faru do Tatransk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku nebo se vyvezte lanovkou na Kasprowy Wierch. V zim\u011b se pod hv\u011bzdnou horskou oblohou proh\u00e1n\u00ed sjezdovky a ohn\u011bm op\u00e1len\u00e9 hory. Nenechte si uj\u00edt t\u00faru kolem jezera Morskie Oko.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B\u011blov\u011b\u017esk\u00fd prales:<\/strong>\u00a0Nav\u0161tivte toto m\u00edsto a pono\u0159te se do divok\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody. Proch\u00e1zky s pr\u016fvodcem nab\u00edzej\u00ed mo\u017enost spat\u0159it st\u00e1da bizon\u016f evropsk\u00fdch ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Starobyl\u00fd les p\u016fsob\u00ed dojmem prav\u011bku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mazursk\u00e1 jezera:<\/strong>\u00a0Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro plavbu lod\u00ed a kajakov\u00e1n\u00ed. Proje\u010fte se mezi v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 000 jezery, kolem malebn\u00fdch vesni\u010dek s do\u0161kov\u00fdmi chatkami. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z nich, \u015aniardwy, je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro placht\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toru\u0148:<\/strong>\u00a0Dl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 uli\u010dky a v\u016fn\u011b pern\u00edku. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto je pam\u00e1tkou UNESCO a v muzeu si m\u016f\u017eete vyzkou\u0161et tradi\u010dn\u00ed...\u00a0<em>pern\u00edk<\/em>\u00a0(pern\u00edk).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kalwaria Zebrzydowska:<\/strong>\u00a0Poutn\u00ed park UNESCO s kaplemi na svahu; o Velikonoc\u00edch poutn\u00edci proch\u00e1zej\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou cestou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Soln\u00fd d\u016fl Wieliczka:<\/strong>\u00a0Vydejte se na prohl\u00eddku podzem\u00ed s pr\u016fvodcem a prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si kapli sv. Kingy, kter\u00e1 je cel\u00e1 vytesan\u00e1 ze soli a jej\u00ed\u017e lustry jsou vyrobeny z krystal\u016f soli.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mezi skryt\u00e9 klenoty pat\u0159\u00ed opevn\u011bn\u00e9 m\u011bsto Kazimierz Dolny (v\u00fdhledy na \u0159eku Vislu a um\u011bleck\u00e9 kolonie), z\u0159\u00edcenina hradu Olsztyn nebo pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 historie Lod\u017ee (pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed ulice Piotrkowska a filmov\u00e1 \u0161kola v Lod\u017ei).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kulturn\u00ed etiketa pro n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pol\u00e1ci jsou zdvo\u0159il\u00ed a oce\u0148uj\u00ed respekt ke sv\u00fdm zvyk\u016fm. U\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 tipy:<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Zdrav\u00edm:<\/strong>&nbsp;Mu\u017e\u016fm posta\u010d\u00ed pevn\u00fd stisk ruky a o\u010dn\u00ed kontakt; \u017eeny mohou p\u0159ik\u00fdvnout nebo nab\u00eddnout jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stisk ruky. P\u0159i vstupu do obchod\u016f nebo skupin lid\u00ed \u0159ekn\u011bte&nbsp;<em>Dobr\u00e9 r\u00e1no<\/em>&nbsp;(\u201edobr\u00fd den\u201c). V\u017edy se rozlu\u010dte (&nbsp;<em>Sbohem<\/em>&nbsp;) p\u0159i odchodu.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>\u0160aty:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pol\u00e1ci se ve m\u011bstech elegantn\u011b obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed. P\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u00e1ch kostel\u016f si zakryjte ramena (mu\u017ei by si m\u011bli sundat klobouk) a vyhn\u011bte se kra\u0165as\u016fm.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Stravov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong>&nbsp;If invited to a home, bring a small gift (flowers or chocolates). Note: give&nbsp;an odd number of flowers&nbsp;(even is reserved for funerals). Take off shoes if asked. Toasts are common; wait for the host to propose a toast and maintain eye contact when drinking.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Spropitn\u00e9:<\/strong>&nbsp;Obsluha ocen\u00ed 10% spropitn\u00e9. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pochybnost\u00ed jednodu\u0161e zaokrouhlete \u00fa\u010det nahoru.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>T\u00e9mata:<\/strong>&nbsp;Pol\u00e1ci b\u00fdvaj\u00ed k ciz\u00edm lidem rezervovan\u00ed, ale jakmile se s nimi sezn\u00e1m\u00edte, jsou v\u0159el\u00ed a sd\u00edln\u00ed. Pokud to sami neud\u011bl\u00e1te, vyhn\u011bte se okam\u017eit\u00e9mu zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se star\u0161\u00edmi Pol\u00e1ky. Lid\u00e9 \u010dasto siln\u011b reaguj\u00ed na zm\u00ednku o rozd\u011blen\u00ed Polska nebo ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch politick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech, proto bu\u010fte opatrn\u00ed.<br>\u2013&nbsp;<strong>Bezpe\u010dnost:<\/strong>&nbsp;Polsko je obecn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e9. N\u00e1siln\u00e1 trestn\u00e1 \u010dinnost je vz\u00e1cn\u00e1. Stejn\u011b jako v ka\u017ed\u00e9 turistick\u00e9 oblasti si v\u0161ak d\u00e1vejte pozor na kaps\u00e1\u0159e v p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00fdch m\u00edstech. V noci pou\u017e\u00edvejte selsk\u00fd rozum. Angli\u010dtina je ve m\u011bstech \u0161iroce srozumiteln\u00e1 (zejm\u00e9na mezi mlad\u00fdmi lidmi), ale nau\u010den\u00ed se p\u00e1r polsk\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00ed (prosz\u0119, dzi\u0119kuj\u0119, przepraszam) v\u00e1m v\u017edycky vykouzl\u00ed \u00fasm\u011bv na tv\u00e1\u0159i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Polsku<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Pro\u010d Polsko zmizelo z mapy na 123 let?<\/strong><br>A: Na konci 18. stolet\u00ed si soused\u00e9 Polska (Rusko, Prusko a Rakousko) rozd\u011blili jeho \u00fazem\u00ed ve t\u0159ech f\u00e1z\u00edch (1772, 1793, 1795). Do roku 1795 nez\u016fstal \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd nez\u00e1visl\u00fd polsk\u00fd st\u00e1t. Pol\u00e1ci si udr\u017eovali svou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed identitu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kultury a povst\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e do roku 1918, kdy konec prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky umo\u017enil Polsku znovu se st\u00e1t republikou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co bylo Polsko-litevsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed?<\/strong><br>A: V letech 1569 a\u017e 1795 byly Polsko a Litva sjednoceny v dvojst\u00e1tu zvan\u00e9m Polsko-litevsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Byla to obrovsk\u00e1, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b rovinat\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se od Baltsk\u00e9ho k \u010cern\u00e9mu mo\u0159i s unik\u00e1tn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, v n\u011bm\u017e kr\u00e1le volili \u0161lechtici a parlamentn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed (Sejm) m\u011blo v\u00fdznamnou moc. V 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed to byla jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co jsou to jmeniny?<\/strong><br>A: Jmeniny (<em>jmeniny<\/em>) odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed sv\u00e1tk\u016fm svat\u00fdch. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, jako Marie nebo Michael, m\u00e1 v kalend\u00e1\u0159i datum (po k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch svat\u00fdch). Pol\u00e1ci slav\u00ed sv\u00e9 jmeniny podobn\u011b jako narozeniny \u2013 setk\u00e1n\u00edmi, j\u00eddlem a d\u00e1rky. Star\u0161\u00ed generace slav\u00ed jmeniny zejm\u00e9na rodinn\u00fdmi ve\u010de\u0159emi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Pro\u010d je katolicismus v Polsku tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd?<\/strong><br>A: Polsko p\u0159ijalo k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed v roce 966 n. l. a kulturn\u011b se sbl\u00ed\u017eilo se z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropou. Katolicismus se stal ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed polsk\u00e9 identity, zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem stalet\u00ed ciz\u00ed nadvl\u00e1dy. C\u00edrkev si zachovala jazyk a tradice, i kdy\u017e byly jin\u00e9 instituce potla\u010dov\u00e1ny. Dnes se asi 87 % Pol\u00e1k\u016f identifikuje jako katol\u00edci a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky (V\u00e1noce, Velikonoce, V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch) jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi kulturn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Je Polsko bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu?<\/strong><br>A: Ano. Polsko je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za velmi bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro turisty. N\u00e1siln\u00e1 kriminalita je n\u00edzk\u00e1 a policie je ochotn\u00e1 pomoci. Kaps\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 kr\u00e1de\u017ee se mohou vyskytovat na p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00fdch turistick\u00fdch m\u00edstech (stejn\u011b jako v jak\u00e9mkoli jin\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b), proto bu\u010fte ostra\u017eit\u00ed na trz\u00edch nebo ve vlac\u00edch. Silnice jsou obecn\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a m\u011bsta maj\u00ed dobrou ve\u0159ejnou dopravu. Z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 slo\u017eky jsou spolehliv\u00e9 (volejte 112). Celkov\u011b je Polsko \u010dasto popisov\u00e1no jako zem\u011b s jednou z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u00farovn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho na soln\u00e9m dole ve Wieliczce?<\/strong><br>A: Soln\u00fd d\u016fl Wieliczka (nedaleko Krakova) je podzemn\u00ed sv\u011bt galeri\u00ed a kapl\u00ed, v\u0161echny vytesan\u00e9 ze soli. T\u011b\u017eba za\u010dala ve 13. stolet\u00ed a trvala 700 let. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci se mohou proch\u00e1zet tunely a vid\u011bt slo\u017eit\u00e9 soln\u00e9 sochy a dokonce i katedr\u00e1lu \u2013 s lustry ze soli. Je to jedna z nejstar\u0161\u00edch turistick\u00fdch atrakc\u00ed Polska a pam\u00e1tka UNESCO, kter\u00e1 ilustruje historii hornictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co je Osv\u011btim-B\u0159ezinka?<\/strong><br>A: Auschwitz-Birkenau, nedaleko Osv\u011btimi, byl b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky s\u00edt\u00ed nacistick\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch a vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f. Bylo tam zabito p\u0159es milion lid\u00ed, drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina \u017did\u016f. Dnes je to muzeum a pam\u00e1tn\u00edk. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci si mohou prohl\u00e9dnout p\u016fvodn\u00ed kas\u00e1rna, plynov\u00e9 komory a krematoria. Je to ponur\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00ednka holocaustu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Je vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v Polsku skute\u010dn\u011b bezplatn\u00e9?<\/strong><br>A: Ano. Na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch je \u0161koln\u00e9 zdarma pro polsk\u00e9 ob\u010dany a ob\u010dany EU\/EHP (na n\u011bkter\u00fdch instituc\u00edch se mohou \u00fa\u010dtovat zkou\u0161ky nebo poplatky, ale z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00e9 se ne\u00fa\u010dtuje). Programy na \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fd \u00favazek nebo soukrom\u00e9 programy sice poplatky \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00ed. Studenti plat\u00ed administrativn\u00ed n\u00e1klady nebo poplatky za koleje, ale tento model umo\u017e\u0148uje mnoha polsk\u00fdm student\u016fm absolvovat bez dluh\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Jak\u00fdm jazykem mluv\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina Pol\u00e1k\u016f?<\/strong><br>A: Pol\u0161tina je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem a mluv\u00ed j\u00ed drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 latinsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edmi p\u00edsmeny. Ve m\u011bstech mnoho lid\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na mlad\u00fdch) mluv\u00ed tak\u00e9 anglicky. Existuj\u00ed i \u200b\u200bdal\u0161\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 jazyky (nap\u0159. ka\u0161ub\u0161tina, ukrajin\u0161tina), ale pol\u0161tina je b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm jazykem v cel\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Jak\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00ed polsk\u00e1 j\u00eddla bych m\u011bl\/a ochutnat?<\/strong><br>A: Nenechte si uj\u00edt pirohy (knedl\u00edky), bigos (du\u0161en\u00e9 zel\u00ed) a \u017curek (kysel\u00e1 \u017eitn\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka). Na Tu\u010dn\u00fd \u010dtvrtek si m\u016f\u017eete d\u00e1t szarlotku (jable\u010dn\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d) nebo p\u0105czki. K j\u00eddlu pijte kompot (\u0161\u0165\u00e1vu z ovoce) nebo z\u0142oty sok (pivo). Pokud m\u00e1te r\u00e1di vodku, ochutnejte \u017eitnou vodku nebo bylinkovou \u017cubr\u00f3wku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Jak\u00e9 sporty jsou v Polsku popul\u00e1rn\u00ed?<\/strong><br>A: Na vrcholu seznamu je fotbal a volejbal. Polsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdmy jsou siln\u00e9: volejbalov\u00ed \u0161ampioni (2014, 2018) a pravideln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta. Zimn\u00ed sporty jsou v hor\u00e1ch velmi obl\u00edben\u00e9 \u2013 skoky na ly\u017e\u00edch, alpsk\u00e9 ly\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed a b\u011bh na ly\u017e\u00edch (kde Justyna Kowalczyk z\u00edskala olympijsk\u00e9 zlato). Nad\u0161en\u00e9 fanou\u0161ky m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 atletika a vzp\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Motocyklov\u00e9 z\u00e1vody na ploch\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze p\u0159itahuj\u00ed v l\u00e9t\u011b obrovsk\u00e9 davy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Objevte, pro\u010d Polsko uchvacuje cestovatele i milovn\u00edky historie. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se zde nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd hrad na sv\u011bt\u011b (Malbork) a posledn\u00ed prales v Evrop\u011b (B\u011blov\u011b\u017e). Bohat\u00e1 polsk\u00e1 tapiserie prol\u00edn\u00e1 ud\u00e1losti od k\u0159tu prvn\u00edho kr\u00e1le v roce 966 n. l. a\u017e po hnut\u00ed Solidarita, kter\u00e9 ukon\u010dilo komunismus. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci obdivuj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 tradice \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad oslavu \u201ejmenin\u201c svat\u00e9ho podobn\u011b jako narozenin \u2013 a vychutn\u00e1vaj\u00ed si pokrmy nejen z piroh\u016f, ale i z bigosu a kysel\u00e9 \u017eitn\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky. Tento kompletn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce shroma\u017e\u010fuje 67 fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch fakt\u016f o polsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e, kuchyni a ikonick\u00fdch osobnostech, jako jsou Kopern\u00edk a Marie Curie, a ilustruje tak nezdoln\u00e9ho ducha, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1zel n\u00e1rod tis\u00edciletou histori\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-interesting-facts","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}