{"id":1285,"date":"2024-08-07T20:19:36","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T20:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/staging\/?p=1285"},"modified":"2026-02-27T01:01:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T01:01:24","slug":"vatnajokull-nejvetsi-ledovec-v-evrope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/magazine\/unusual-places\/vatnajokull-the-largest-glacier-in-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"VATNAJOKULL \u2013 Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovec v Evrop\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull vl\u00e1dne jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovec Islandu (a podle mnoha s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed i Evropy). Tato rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 ledov\u00e1 \u010depice pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8 100 km\u00b2 \u2014 asi 8 % zem\u011b \u2014 a obsahuje kolem 3 000 km\u00b3 ledu. Jej\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 tlou\u0161\u0165ka je 400\u2013500 m, na n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech dosahuje a\u017e ~1 000 m. M\u00edstn\u011b se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <em>Vatna Glacier<\/em> (islandsky <em>vatn<\/em> \u201evoda\u201c) pro t\u00e1n\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1; jm\u00e9no Vatnaj\u00f6kull doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201eledovec vod\u201c. Jej\u00ed rozsah je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed: des\u00edtky horsk\u00fdch vrchol\u016f a osm subglaci\u00e1ln\u00edch sopek le\u017e\u00ed skryty pod ledem. Od roku 2008 tvo\u0159\u00ed ledovec (a okoln\u00ed krajina) N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Vatnaj\u00f6kull a v roce 2019 ji UNESCO zapsala na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u201eVatnaj\u00f6kull \u2013 Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stru\u010dn\u00e1 fakta:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Plocha:<\/em> ~8 100 km\u00b2 (\u22488 % Islandu)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Objem:<\/em> \u22483 000 km\u00b3 (\u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e D\u00e1nsko)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tlou\u0161\u0165ka:<\/em> pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b ~450 m (max. ~1 000 m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka:<\/em> 2 110 m (vrchol Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Sopky:<\/em> 8 hlavn\u00edch subglaci\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn, B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga, \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull atd.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park:<\/em> Zalo\u017eeno 2008 (pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 ~14 967 km\u00b2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>UNESCO:<\/em> Seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed (zaps\u00e1no v \u010dervenci 2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je Vatnaj\u00f6kull? Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta a \u010d\u00edsla<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull (vyslovuje se \u201eVAT-na-JEUH-kotl\u201c) je obrovsk\u00e1 ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b Islandu. Rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se na plo\u0161e zhruba 8 000\u20138 300 km\u00b2 \u2013 co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovec Islandu a \u010dasto uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b mimo pol\u00e1rn\u00ed Arktidu. Led je z geologick\u00e9ho hlediska relativn\u011b \u201emlad\u00fd\u201c (n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc let star\u00fd). V\u011bt\u0161ina ledovce p\u0159e\u017eije l\u00e9to: asi 60 % jeho povrchu le\u017e\u00ed nad rovnov\u00e1\u017enou lini\u00ed (letn\u00ed sn\u011b\u017enou lini\u00ed), tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 l\u00e9to zcela roztaj\u00ed pouze nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed okraje. Pod Vatnaj\u00f6kullem se ty\u010d\u00ed stovky nunatak\u016f (obna\u017een\u00fdch vrchol\u016f) a osm centr\u00e1ln\u00edch sopek. Ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka se t\u00e1hne z plo\u0161iny (600\u2013800 m nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky) do v\u0161ech stran a nap\u00e1j\u00ed des\u00edtky odtokov\u00fdch ledovc\u016f a ledovcov\u00fdch \u0159ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd bod nejasnost\u00ed: Vatnaj\u00f6kull je <em>n\u011bkdy<\/em> naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se \u201enejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm evropsk\u00fdm ledovcem\u201c, ale obvykle se nevztahuje na arktick\u00e9 Rusko. (Rusk\u00e1 Nov\u00e1 zem\u011b m\u00e1 20 500 km\u00b2 ledov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky Severn\u00edho ostrova, kter\u00e1 je technicky v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ale le\u017e\u00ed ve vysok\u00e9 Arktid\u011b.) Vatnaj\u00f6kull z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zdaleka nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm na evropsk\u00e9 pevnin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>N\u00e1zev Vatnaj\u00f6kull poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze star\u00e9 nor\u0161tiny: vatna- je genitiv mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla slova vatn (voda nebo jezero) a j\u00f6kull znamen\u00e1 ledovec. Ledovec obsahuje nespo\u010det podledovcov\u00fdch jezer a kan\u00e1l\u016f s vodou z taj\u00edc\u00edho ledu \u2013 odtud v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed \u201eledovec vod\u201c.<\/p><cite>Historick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Velikost a rozm\u011bry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Statistick\u00fd<\/th><th>Hodnota<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Plocha<\/strong><\/td><td>~8 100 km\u00b2 (\u22488 % Islandu)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Objem<\/strong><\/td><td>~3 000 km\u00b3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 tlou\u0161\u0165ka<\/strong><\/td><td>~450 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ka<\/strong><\/td><td>~950\u20131 000 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rozsah<\/strong><\/td><td>~100 km (V\u2013Z) \u00d7 100 km (S\u2013J)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka vrcholu<\/strong><\/td><td>2 110 m (Hvannadalshnjukur)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% plochy Islandu<\/strong><\/td><td>~8%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>V\u00fdstupn\u00ed ledovce<\/strong><\/td><td>~30 hlavn\u00edch ledovcov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park<\/strong><\/td><td>N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Vatnaj\u00f6kull (od roku 2008)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Status UNESCO<\/strong><\/td><td>M\u00edsto sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u2014 <em>Ohe\u0148 a led<\/em> (\u010dervenec 2019)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201eNejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovec v Evrop\u011b\u201c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull je skute\u010dn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ledovcem Islandu co do plochy a objemu. Podle mnoha definic je tak\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ledovcem v Evrop\u011b. UNESCO uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee Vatnaj\u00f6kull \u201eje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ledovcem v Evrop\u011b\u201c. Svou plochou (v\u00edce ne\u017e 8 000 km\u00b2) daleko p\u0159evy\u0161uje jak\u00fdkoli ledovec na evropsk\u00e9 pevnin\u011b \u2013 pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd Aletschsk\u00fd ledovec pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze ~79 km\u00b2. Ur\u010dit\u00e1 debata vznik\u00e1 pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vaj\u00ed arktick\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 ledovce: ledovcov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka Severn\u00edho ostrova na Nov\u00e9 zemi (~20 500 km\u00b2) je technicky vzato v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ale le\u017e\u00ed hluboko severn\u011b od Islandu. S v\u00fdjimkou Arktidy dr\u017e\u00ed Vatnaj\u00f6kull titul nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovcov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Vatnaj\u00f6kull?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull dominuje jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edmu Islandu. Rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se zhruba na 64,0\u201365,5\u00b0 severn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky a 16,0\u201318,5\u00b0 z\u00e1padn\u00ed d\u00e9lky \u2013 oblast t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se od centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010diny a\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Na jihu hrani\u010d\u00ed s pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed n\u00ed\u017einou a okruhem (silnice \u010d. 1); na v\u00fdchod\u011b se t\u00e1hne k m\u011bstu H\u00f6fn a oce\u00e1nu; na z\u00e1pad\u011b se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ke Skaftafellu; a na severu se zu\u017euje do neobydlen\u00e9 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny (Sprengisandur). Taj\u00edc\u00ed voda ledovce nap\u00e1j\u00ed n\u011bkolik v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch \u0159ek (nap\u0159. Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1, J\u00f6kuls\u00e1) a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed rozlehl\u00e9 \u010dernop\u00eds\u010dit\u00e9 pl\u00e1n\u011b a laguny (viz n\u00ed\u017ee). N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci se obvykle do Vatnaj\u00f6kullu dostanou po okruhu: z Reykjav\u00edku je cesta do oblasti Skaftafell\/Vatnaj\u00f6kull p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 320 km (cca 4\u20135 hodin) p\u0159es malebn\u00e1 m\u011bsta a vodop\u00e1dy na ji\u017en\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park zahrnuje celou ledovou \u010depi\u010dku a okoln\u00ed z\u00f3ny \u2013 na map\u011b se jev\u00ed jako obrovsk\u00e1 b\u00edlozelen\u00e1 skvrna t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se od jihu a\u017e po st\u0159edn\u00ed Island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mapa a p\u0159\u00edstup:<\/strong> Vatnaj\u00f6kull je na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji prakticky rozd\u011blen okruhem. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdmi body jsou n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e9 centrum Skaftafell (z\u00e1padn\u00ed strana), laguna J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n \/ Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull (v\u00fdchodn\u00ed strana) a silnice F-road pro vozidla s pohonem v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159 kol (severn\u00ed strana). V\u011bt\u0161ina zpevn\u011bn\u00fdch silnic kon\u010d\u00ed na okraji ledovce; cestov\u00e1n\u00ed vnitrozem\u00edm vy\u017eaduje specializovan\u00e9 prohl\u00eddky. Na samotn\u00e9m ledovci se nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 m\u011bsta \u2013 nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmi vesnicemi jsou H\u00f6fn (v\u00fdchod) a Kirkjub\u00e6jarklaustur (z\u00e1pad).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geologie a vznik Vatnaj\u00f6kullu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull vznikl v d\u016fsledku aktivn\u00edho zaledn\u011bn\u00ed v holoc\u00e9nu. Na rozd\u00edl od mnoha alpsk\u00fdch ledovc\u016f je <strong>ne<\/strong> poz\u016fstatek posledn\u00ed doby ledov\u00e9: ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee se jeho siln\u00fd led vytvo\u0159il teprve asi p\u0159ed 2 500 lety. Led le\u017e\u00ed na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 nadmo\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ka 600\u2013800 m), kter\u00e1 se m\u00edrn\u011b sva\u017euje k pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Kolem okraj\u016f ledov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky kles\u00e1 ter\u00e9n t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k hladin\u011b mo\u0159e, zat\u00edmco uprost\u0159ed le\u017e\u00ed ledov\u00e1 pole nad subglaci\u00e1ln\u00edm podlo\u017e\u00edm. Proto\u017ee Island le\u017e\u00ed na St\u0159edoatlantick\u00e9m h\u0159ebeni s vysok\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami a geoterm\u00e1ln\u00edm teplem, je Vatnaj\u00f6kull velmi dynamick\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktura ledovce se vyzna\u010duje vrstvami zhutn\u011bn\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu (firnu), kter\u00fd se m\u011bn\u00ed v led, s trochou bublinkov\u00e9ho ledovcov\u00e9ho ledu. Zhruba 60 % povrchu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pokryto sn\u011bhem po cel\u00fd rok (nad letn\u00ed sn\u011b\u017enou lini\u00ed neboli rovnov\u00e1\u017enou lini\u00ed, zhruba 1 100\u20131 300 m). Obrovsk\u00e1 hmotnost ledu tak\u00e9 stla\u010duje k\u016fru: geodetick\u00e9 studie ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee se povrch Islandu postupn\u011b zotavuje, jak se Vatnaj\u00f6kull taven\u00edm zten\u010duje. Pod ledem se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed hlubok\u00e1 \u00fadol\u00ed a subglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed ka\u0148ony vytesan\u00e9 v minul\u00fdch j\u00f6kulhlaupech (povodn\u00edch). Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, Vatnaj\u00f6kull je \u201estuden\u00e1\u201c ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka, v n\u00ed\u017e dominuje akumulace z hust\u00e9ho sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed (ji\u017en\u00ed Island m\u00e1 ve vysok\u00fdch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch a\u017e 5\u201310 m sr\u00e1\u017eek) a ablace na okraj\u00edch v d\u016fsledku letn\u00edho t\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sopky pod ledem: Ohniv\u00e9 srdce Vatnaj\u00f6kullu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull skr\u00fdv\u00e1 cel\u00e9 sope\u010dn\u00e9 souostrov\u00ed. Island\u0161t\u00ed vulkanologov\u00e9 ho identifikuj\u00ed <strong>sedm hlavn\u00edch sope\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/strong> pod ledem. Dva vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed centrov\u00e9 t\u00fdmy jsou <strong>Grimsvotn<\/strong> a <strong>B\u00e1rdarbunga<\/strong>Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn (1 764 m, ve st\u0159edu ledovce) je nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sopka Islandu \u2013 vybuchuje zhruba ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5\u201310 let. Jej\u00ed erupce v roce 2011 vymr\u0161tila oblaka popela do v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 km. B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga (2 010 m) je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sopka ledovcov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky s kalderou o rozm\u011brech 70 \u00d7 10 km. V letech 2014\u201315 p\u0159i\u017eivovala kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed erupci Holuhraun: vylilo se asi 0,85 km\u00b3 \u010dedi\u010dov\u00e9 l\u00e1vy, kter\u00e1 vytvo\u0159ila l\u00e1vov\u00e9 pole o rozloze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 85 km\u00b2 (jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed Islandu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn (nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na Islandu):<\/strong> Pod st\u0159edem Vatnaj\u00f6kullu le\u017e\u00ed subglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed jezero Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn. Jeho erupce v roce 2011 byla kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, ale intenzivn\u00ed a \u010dasto se zaplavuje: ka\u017ed\u00e1 erupce \u010dasto roztav\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 objemy ledu. Ledovec nad Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tnem se p\u0159ed erupcemi vyboulil a j\u00f6kulhlaupy (z\u00e1plavy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 erupcemi ledovce) se opakovan\u011b vyno\u0159ovaly zespodu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad erupce v roce 2004 (Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn) vedla k jednomu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zaznamenan\u00fdch j\u00f6kulhlaup\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00e1rdarbunga:<\/strong> Tato mohutn\u00e1 sopka, zakon\u010den\u00e1 komplexn\u00ed kalderou, naposledy \u201evybuchla\u201c ze sv\u00e9ho vrcholu b\u011bhem puklinov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v letech 2014\u20132015. Erupce za\u010dala v srpnu 2014 a trvala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby vytrysklo zhruba 1,6 km\u00b3 l\u00e1vy (\u224884 km\u00b2 pole) \u2013 srovnateln\u00e9 s objemem des\u00edtek ledovc\u016f z Vatnaj\u00f6kullu dohromady. Ledovec nad n\u00ed pomalu klesal (v n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech o p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 65 m). B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga vykazuje neklid (zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed roj\u016f, deformace), tak\u017ee ji geologov\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u011b sleduj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull (nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sopka):<\/strong> Na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b ledovce se nach\u00e1z\u00ed stratovulk\u00e1n \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull se dv\u011bma vrcholy pokryt\u00fdmi ledem. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se zde nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vrchol Islandu, Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur (2 110 m). Historick\u00e9 erupce \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kullu byly katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed: v roce 1362 vyprodukoval p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 km\u00b3 ryolitov\u00e9 tefry (VEI ~6), co\u017e byla nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 erupce Islandu. Dal\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e1 erupce v letech 1727\u201328 op\u011bt zp\u016fsobila j\u00f6kulhlaupy, kter\u00e9 dramaticky zm\u011bnily krajinu. Dnes je \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b klidn\u00fd, ale pod ledem se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 jezera z taj\u00edc\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed subglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed sopky pat\u0159\u00ed <strong>Kverkfj\u00f6ll<\/strong> (severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od B\u00e1r\u00f0arbungy), <strong>Kladivo<\/strong> (d\u0159\u00edve sou\u010d\u00e1st syst\u00e9mu B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga) a <strong>Torfaj\u00f6kull<\/strong> syst\u00e9m (velk\u00e1 kaldera v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Vatnaj\u00f6kullu). Vnit\u0159ek ledovcov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky je poset mnoha men\u0161\u00edmi puklinami a hork\u00fdmi prameny (nap\u0159. u Kverkfj\u00f6llu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Charakteristick\u00e9 jsou zde subglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed erupce a j\u00f6kulhlaupy. P\u0159i nechvaln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v listopadu 1996 roztavila erupce sopky Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 km\u00b3 ledu pod Vatnaj\u00f6kullem. Ve dnech 5. a 6. listopadu 1996 se ledov\u00e1 hr\u00e1z protrhla: proud vody o objemu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 000 m\u00b3\/s se p\u0159ehnal p\u0159es odlevovou n\u00ed\u017einu Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rsandur, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se na kr\u00e1tkou dobu stala druhou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159ekou sv\u011bta. Povode\u0148 smetla mosty, silnice a v\u011b\u017ee (odhadovan\u00e1 \u0161koda 14 milion\u016f dolar\u016f) a dokonce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila n\u00ed\u017einu o novou pevninu. Tato epizoda z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u010debnicov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem povodn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 erupc\u00ed ledovce.<\/p><cite>Historick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pochopen\u00ed ledovc\u016f:<\/strong> A <em>povode\u0148 zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 v\u00fdbuchem ledovc\u016f<\/em> je n\u00e1hl\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed subglaci\u00e1ln\u00ed vody b\u011bhem\/po erupci. Tyto z\u00e1plavy mohou n\u00e9st obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sediment\u016f a vyhloubit pleten\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly na odledov\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00edch. Vatnaj\u00f6kull je d\u00edky sv\u00e9 sope\u010dn\u00e9 dynamice n\u00e1chyln\u00fd k takov\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem, kdykoli erupce roztav\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu ledov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull's Outlet Glaciers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na rozd\u00edl od jednoho listu se Vatnaj\u00f6kull pod\u00e1v\u00e1 <strong>~30 hlavn\u00edch v\u00fdtokov\u00fdch ledovc\u016f<\/strong>Jsou to \u0159eky ledu tekouc\u00ed z hlavn\u00edho mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00edtu, \u010dasto dol\u016f do \u00fadol\u00ed nebo rovin. Mezi hlavn\u00ed \u00fast\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dyngjuj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (severn\u011b) \u2013 vl\u00e9v\u00e1 se do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed soustavy J\u00f6kuls\u00e1 \u00e1 Fj\u00f6llum.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tungna\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (severoz\u00e1pad) \u2013 nap\u00e1j\u00ed \u0159eku Tungna\u00e1 (Rio Thjorsa).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skaft\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (z\u00e1pad-st\u0159ed) \u2013 z\u00e1sobuje \u0159eku Skaft\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00ed\u00f0uj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (z\u00e1pad) \u2013 men\u0161\u00ed jazyk pobl\u00ed\u017e Skaftafellu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (jih) \u2013 odvod\u0148uje Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1 (Skaft\u00e1) a je rozlehl\u00fd (~15 km \u0161irok\u00fd).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u00ed\u00f0uj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (jihoz\u00e1pad) \u2013 te\u010de z Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur do oblasti Skaftafell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skaftafellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> a <strong>Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (jihoz\u00e1pad) \u2013 turisticky p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9 jazyky ve Skaftafellu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (jihov\u00fdchod) \u2013 pramen slavn\u00e9 laguny J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n a pl\u00e1\u017ee Diamond.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Horsk\u00fd ledovec<\/strong> (jihov\u00fdchod) \u2013 soused Brei\u00f0amerkur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hoffellsj\u00f6kull<\/strong> (v\u00fdchod) \u2013 men\u0161\u00ed prst u H\u00f6fna.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdvod m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed pr\u016ftok a dynamiku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad <strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> tele ledovce do J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, zat\u00edmco <strong>Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull<\/strong> historicky byl jedn\u00edm z nejrychleji se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch jazyk\u016f ledov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dky (a\u017e do sv\u00e9ho zten\u010den\u00ed v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch). Mnoho \u00fast\u00ed ledovce se od po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zmen\u0161ilo a zanechalo po sob\u011b koncov\u00e9 mor\u00e9ny a ledovcov\u00e1 jezera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Mnoho v\u00fdpust\u00ed ve Vatnaj\u00f6kullu je vid\u011bt z parkovi\u0161\u0165 nebo p\u0159i kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 proch\u00e1zce. Skaftafellsj\u00f6kull a Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull jsou dostupn\u00e9 po zna\u010den\u00fdch stezk\u00e1ch. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed (Skei\u00f0ar\u00e1rj\u00f6kull, Tungna\u00e1rj\u00f6kull) jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou viditeln\u00e9 pouze z letadla nebo p\u0159i velmi dlouh\u00fdch t\u00far\u00e1ch. Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull je jedine\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm lodn\u00edch v\u00fdlet\u016f po J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu (viz n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/p><cite>Praktick\u00e9 informace<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Vatnaj\u00f6kull: nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ten <em>cel\u00fd<\/em> Ledovec a jeho okol\u00ed jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bny jako N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Vatnaj\u00f6kull (zalo\u017een v roce 2008). Park se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na plo\u0161e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 14 967 km\u00b2 \u2013 zhruba 14 % Islandu \u2013 co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f v Evrop\u011b. Vznikl slou\u010den\u00edm star\u00fdch park\u016f Skaftafell a J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur a p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00f3n. V \u010dervenci 2019 UNESCO zapsalo park na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO (jako \u201eOhe\u0148 a led\u201c), a to za jeho vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed geologii (sopky, ledovce, \u0159eky, ka\u0148ony).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Park chr\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u017easnou \u0159adu \u00fatvar\u016f: ledovcov\u00e1 pole, mohutn\u00e9 sopky a l\u00e1vov\u00e1 pole, ledovcov\u00e9 \u0159eky a vym\u00fdvac\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u011b, ty\u010d\u00edc\u00ed se vodop\u00e1dy a hlubok\u00e9 ka\u0148ony (nap\u0159. Fjalls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur, \u010d\u00e1sti Jokuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafuru) a tak\u00e9 dynamick\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed laguny (J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3n). C\u00edle ochrany zahrnuj\u00ed zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nedot\u010den\u00e9 divo\u010diny a dynamick\u00fdch proces\u016f. Str\u00e1\u017eci parku a v\u011bdci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b monitoruj\u00ed zm\u011bny ledovc\u016f, sope\u010dnou \u010dinnost a vz\u00e1cnou arktickou fl\u00f3ru a faunu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Historick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka:<\/strong> N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Vatnaj\u00f6kull byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zalo\u017een 7. \u010dervna 2008. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b zahrnoval dva men\u0161\u00ed parky (Skaftafell a J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rglj\u00fafur). Tato slou\u010den\u00e1 jednotka se okam\u017eit\u011b stala nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edm parkem Islandu (a tehdy i Evropy). \u00da\u010delem bylo chr\u00e1nit ekosyst\u00e9m \u201eohn\u011b a ledu\u201c jako celek \u2013 p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd UNESCO v roce 2019 ocenilo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e1 centra:<\/strong> Park provozuje informa\u010dn\u00ed centra ve Skaftafellu (z\u00e1pad) a J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu (v\u00fdchod), kter\u00e1 nab\u00edzej\u00ed mapy, expon\u00e1ty a poradenstv\u00ed. Centrum Skaftafell (v zim\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00e9) poskytuje aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed informace o po\u010das\u00ed, informace o stezk\u00e1ch a rady ohledn\u011b t\u00far po ledovc\u00edch. V n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e9m centru J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n si m\u016f\u017eete rezervovat v\u00fdlety lod\u00ed a dozv\u011bd\u011bt se o divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159i v lagun\u011b. Ob\u011b centra nab\u00edzej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ob\u010derstven\u00ed a suven\u00fdry. (Pozn\u00e1mka: vstupn\u00e9 se neplat\u00ed, ale na n\u011bkter\u00e1 parkovi\u0161t\u011b a zimn\u00ed t\u00fary mohou b\u00fdt vstupenky vy\u017eadov\u00e1ny.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vrchol Islandu: Hvannadalshnjukur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ji\u017en\u00ed okraj Vatnaj\u00f6kullu host\u00ed vrchol Islandu: <strong>Hvannadalshnjukur<\/strong> (2 110 m). Tento vrchol le\u017e\u00ed na sopce \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull. Je obl\u00edben\u00fdm c\u00edlem zku\u0161en\u00fdch turist\u016f. V\u00fdstup ze Skaftafellu je dlouh\u00fd ledovcov\u00fd trek (12\u201315+ hodin tam a zp\u011bt) s p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 600 m. K \u00fasp\u011bchu jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed ma\u010dky, cep\u00edny, lano a pr\u016fvodce po ledovci. I v l\u00e9t\u011b jsou horn\u00ed svahy pln\u00e9 hlubok\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu a trhlin. Pr\u016fvodci obvykle skupiny zvedaj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed lan a pror\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed stezku sn\u011bhem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>nejlep\u0161\u00ed lezeck\u00e1 sez\u00f3na<\/em> prob\u00edh\u00e1 zhruba od poloviny dubna do \u010dervna (kdy je sn\u00edh pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo dlouh\u00e9). Mimo tyto m\u011bs\u00edce je po\u010das\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a krat\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo \u010din\u00ed v\u00fdstupy na vrchol riskantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi. Vzhledem k p\u0159echod\u016fm p\u0159es ledovce a odlehlosti hor mus\u00ed b\u00fdt horolezci ve v\u00fdborn\u00e9 kondici a m\u00edt s sebou kompletn\u00ed zimn\u00ed vybaven\u00ed. Navzdory t\u00e9to n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti je odm\u011bnou panoramatick\u00fd v\u00fdhled na v\u0161echny vrcholy Vatnaj\u00f6kullu a za jasn\u00e9ho dne i na severn\u00ed Atlantik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Pokud se pokou\u0161\u00edte o v\u00fdstup na Hvannadalshnj\u00fakur, vydejte se zku\u0161en\u00fdm pr\u016fvodcem. Sn\u011bhov\u00e9\/ledov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed; profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fvodci s sebou nos\u00ed lavinov\u00e9 vyhled\u00e1va\u010de, sondy a vys\u00edla\u010dky. Ne\u017e vyraz\u00edte, m\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee i v l\u00e9t\u011b mohou teploty na vrcholu klesnout pod bod mrazu a bou\u0159ky se mohou p\u0159ihnat n\u00e1hle. V\u017edy si sbalte tepl\u00e9 vrstvy oble\u010den\u00ed, j\u00eddlo a \u010delovku.<\/p><cite>Praktick\u00e9 informace<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ledovcov\u00e1 laguna J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n a diamantov\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u017e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n je velkolep\u00e1 ledovcov\u00e1 laguna na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm okraji Vatnaj\u00f6kullu. Vznikla jako <strong>Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kull<\/strong> V\u00fdtokov\u00fd ledovec ustoupil ve 20. stolet\u00ed. Dnes se laguna rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 18 km\u00b2 a je velmi hlubok\u00e1 (a\u017e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 250 m) \u2013 nejhlub\u0161\u00ed jezero Islandu. Ledovce se neust\u00e1le odlupuj\u00ed od Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kullu a plavou v modrozelen\u00e9 vod\u011b. Kdy\u017e un\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed do Atlantiku, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich se vyplav\u00ed na b\u0159eh p\u0159ilehl\u00e9ho jezera. <em>Diamantov\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u017e<\/em> (naho\u0159e), pl\u00e1\u017e s \u010dern\u00fdm p\u00edskem, kde se kusy ledu t\u0159pyt\u00ed jako drahokamy. Tyto fotogenick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky jsou vrcholem ka\u017ed\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy Vatnaj\u00f6kullu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdlety lod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed z b\u0159ehu, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed turist\u016fm plavat mezi ledovci. V l\u00e9t\u011b jezd\u00ed polooboj\u017eiveln\u00e9 \u010dluny a men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdlety typu zodiac (v\u011bt\u0161ina v okol\u00ed J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu a bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu). Tyto v\u00fdlety se konaj\u00ed celoro\u010dn\u011b (za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed) a poskytuj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy na led laguny a tulen\u011b. Tuleni obecn\u00ed zde \u010dasto odpo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed na ledovc\u00edch nebo plavou vedle lod\u00ed. (V zim\u011b mohou \u010d\u00e1sti laguny zamrznout, ale n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdlety st\u00e1le prob\u00edhaj\u00ed po otev\u0159en\u00fdch kan\u00e1lech.) Objevuje se tak\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00fd \u017eivot: lze spat\u0159it kajky mo\u0159sk\u00e9 a ryb\u00e1ky mo\u0159sk\u00e9 a ob\u010das ledov\u00fdm odtokem proklouznou velryby nebo svi\u0148uchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Nav\u0161tivte Diamond Beach p\u0159i v\u00fdchodu nebo z\u00e1padu slunce, kdy n\u00edzk\u00e9 slunce osv\u011btluje led na \u010dern\u00e9m p\u00edsku pro dramatick\u00e9 fotografie. Pozdn\u00ed jaro a za\u010d\u00e1tek podzimu maj\u00ed \u010dasto ide\u00e1ln\u00ed sv\u011btlo. Upozor\u0148ujeme tak\u00e9, \u017ee parkov\u00e1n\u00ed v J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ru\u0161n\u00e9; n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy brzy r\u00e1no nebo pozd\u011b ve\u010der se vyhnete dav\u016fm.<\/p><cite>Tip od zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch osob<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fjalls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, men\u0161\u00ed ledovcov\u00e9 jezero z\u00e1padn\u011b od J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu, nab\u00edz\u00ed klidn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale podobn\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek (nap\u00e1j\u00ed ho jazyk Fjallsj\u00f6kull). Ob\u011b laguny se objevily ve filmech (nap\u0159. <em>James Bond<\/em>, <em>Batman za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1<\/em>) pro jejich nadpozemskou kr\u00e1su.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kullsk\u00e9 ledovce ukr\u00fdvaj\u00ed mnoho <strong>ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b<\/strong> \u2013 sez\u00f3nn\u00ed tunely vyhlouben\u00e9 taj\u00edc\u00ed vodou. Tyto jeskyn\u011b se znovu tvo\u0159\u00ed ka\u017edou zimu (\u010dasto od \u0159\u00edjna do b\u0159ezna), kdy\u017e taj\u00edc\u00ed voda z povrchu prosakuje skrz led. Jeskyn\u011b se obvykle zhrout\u00ed do konce l\u00e9ta, tak\u017ee ka\u017edou zimu se objev\u00ed nov\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165. Ledov\u00e9 st\u011bny z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159iv\u011b mod\u0159e a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed surrealistick\u00e9 komory. N\u011bkter\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00e9 jeskynn\u00ed oblasti se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed pod Kverkfj\u00f6llem na severu a kolem Svinafellsj\u00f6kullu\/Skaftafellu na jihu. (Mnoho prohl\u00eddek tak\u00e9 nav\u0161t\u011bvuje letn\u00ed \u201eledov\u00e9 tunely\u201c na okraj\u00edch ledovc\u016f.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b jsou extr\u00e9mn\u011b k\u0159ehk\u00e9 a p\u0159i samostatn\u00e9m vstupu mohou b\u00fdt smrteln\u00e9. <strong>V\u017edy pou\u017e\u00edvejte pr\u016fvodce.<\/strong> Turistick\u00e9 kancel\u00e1\u0159e v H\u00f6fnu a Skaftafellu po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00fdlety do ledov\u00fdch jeskyn\u00ed s pr\u016fvodcem, ochrann\u00fdmi p\u0159ilbami a sv\u011btly. B\u011bhem hlavn\u00ed sez\u00f3ny (listopad\u2013b\u0159ezen) m\u016f\u017eete vyj\u00edt asi 2\u20134 km po ledovcov\u00e9m ledu a pot\u00e9 se plazit 50\u2013200 m do jeskyn\u011b. Uvnit\u0159 o\u010dek\u00e1vejte velmi jasn\u011b modr\u00e9 st\u011bny (d\u00edky hust\u00e9mu ledu) a stalaktity ze zmrzl\u00e9 taj\u00edc\u00ed vody. Okoln\u00ed teploty jsou t\u011bsn\u011b pod 0 \u00b0C. Nezbytn\u00e9 jsou pevn\u00e9 boty, ma\u010dky a vrstven\u00e9 oble\u010den\u00ed. Mnoho pr\u016fvodc\u016f omezuje dobu vstupu do jeskyn\u011b z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. Jeskyn\u011b maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u010distou akustiku: vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 kap\u00e1n\u00ed nebo prasklina je znepokojiv\u011b hlasit\u00e1, tak\u017ee poslech pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159edv\u00eddat zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Prohl\u00eddky ledov\u00fdch jeskyn\u00ed jsou nesm\u00edrn\u011b obl\u00edben\u00e9. Pokud jedete do zimy, rezervujte si je s n\u011bkolikam\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159edstihem. Ceny prohl\u00eddek se li\u0161\u00ed (cca 100\u2013200 dolar\u016f na osobu za t\u00faru v mal\u00e9 skupin\u011b + ledov\u00e1 jeskyn\u011b) a obvykle zahrnuj\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. Poskytovatel\u00e9 \u010dasto nab\u00edzej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed instrukt\u00e1\u017e a kyvadlovou dopravu z okoln\u00edch m\u011bst. Nezapome\u0148te: pr\u016fzkum bez doprovodu jeskyn\u011b je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n. I hlubok\u00e9 stopy v \u010derstv\u00e9m sn\u011bhu signalizuj\u00ed skrytou jeskyni \u2013 vyj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed mimo zna\u010den\u00e9 stezky je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no.<\/p><cite>Praktick\u00e9 informace<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aktivity a dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed na Vatnaj\u00f6kullu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull je r\u00e1jem pro zku\u0161en\u00e9 cestovatele. Mezi hlavn\u00ed aktivity pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Turistika po ledovci:<\/strong> Proch\u00e1zky s pr\u016fvodcem po ledu (obvykle 2\u20136 hodin). Vy\u017eaduje ma\u010dky a lano. V\u00fdlety sahaj\u00ed od lehk\u00fdch rovinat\u00fdch t\u00far (nap\u0159. na Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull) a\u017e po n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy. Vhodn\u00e9 pro zdatn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky na jednoduch\u00e9 t\u00fary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lezen\u00ed po ledu:<\/strong> Svisl\u00e9 ledov\u00e9 st\u011bny na ledovcov\u00fdch jazykech (b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ve Skaftafellu). Horolezci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed cep\u00edny a \u00favazky. Tyto p\u016fldenn\u00ed nebo celodenn\u00ed t\u00fary vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kondici a s\u00edlu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>J\u00edzda na sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9m sk\u00fatru:<\/strong> Letn\u00ed j\u00edzda na sn\u011b\u017en\u00fdch sk\u00fatrech po ledov\u00e9 \u010depi\u010dce (ze z\u00e1kladny Stafafell). Jezdci uh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed po zasn\u011b\u017een\u00fdch plo\u0161in\u00e1ch a h\u0159ebenech po ledov\u00fdch stezk\u00e1ch \u2013 vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak za\u017e\u00edt rozlehl\u00fd ledov\u00fd povrch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fotografick\u00e9 z\u00e1jezdy:<\/strong> Specializovan\u00e9 prohl\u00eddky se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchod\u016f a z\u00e1pad\u016f slunce (ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b, laguny, panoramata z vrchol\u016f ledovc\u016f). Pr\u016fvodci znaj\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed a bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 vyhl\u00eddkov\u00e1 m\u00edsta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00edcedenn\u00ed traverzy:<\/strong> Expertn\u00ed expedice p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ledovcovou \u010depi\u010dku (7\u201314 dn\u00ed) s ubytov\u00e1n\u00edm v horsk\u00fdch chat\u00e1ch. Tyto expedice vy\u017eaduj\u00ed expedi\u010dn\u00ed dovednosti a obvykle zahrnuj\u00ed dosa\u017een\u00ed st\u0159edu ledovce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u0161echny aktivity na ledovci <em>mo\u0161t<\/em> Nechte se pr\u016fvodcem. I p\u0159i jednoduch\u00fdch proch\u00e1zk\u00e1ch se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed lana a vybaven\u00ed. M\u00edstn\u00ed provozovatel\u00e9 (nap\u0159. Glacier Guides, Arctic Adventures) zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010das\u00ed na led\u011b se rychle m\u011bn\u00ed. Pr\u016fvodci s sebou nos\u00ed satelitn\u00ed telefony pro p\u0159\u00edpad nouze. Povolen\u00ed pro Vatnaj\u00f6kull nejsou vy\u017eadov\u00e1na (na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00edch ledovc\u016f), ale ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed zn\u00ed v\u017edy najmout si akreditovan\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce a informovat str\u00e1\u017ece parku o sv\u00e9m pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Vybaven\u00ed (ledov\u00e9 boty, ma\u010dky, \u00favazky) si m\u016f\u017eete zap\u016fj\u010dit u v\u011bt\u0161iny pr\u016fvodcovsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. D\u016frazn\u011b se doporu\u010duje tepl\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vrstvy a v\u011btruodoln\u00e9 svrchn\u00ed oble\u010den\u00ed; i v l\u00e9t\u011b m\u016f\u017ee v\u00edtr od Vatnaj\u00f6kullu dramaticky sn\u00ed\u017eit teplotu. Upozor\u0148ujeme, \u017ee nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky jsou n\u00edzk\u00e9 (\u22642 110 m), tak\u017ee v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e1 nemoc je vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 \u2013 ale zima a horsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed.<\/p><cite>Praktick\u00e9 informace<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak nav\u0161t\u00edvit Vatnaj\u00f6kull: Kompletn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jak se tam dostat:<\/strong> Obchvat (Trasa 1) ob\u00edh\u00e1 Island a proch\u00e1z\u00ed pod\u00e9l ji\u017en\u00edho okraje Vatnaj\u00f6kullu. Z Reykjav\u00edku je\u010fte na v\u00fdchod po Trase 1: Skaftafell\/Skaft\u00e1rdalur (z\u00e1padn\u00ed vstup k ledovci) je p\u0159es V\u00edk vzd\u00e1len\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 330 km (5\u20136 hod.). J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (v\u00fdchodn\u00ed laguna) je p\u0159es H\u00f6fn vzd\u00e1len\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 380 km (5,5\u20136,5 hod.). Silnice (vedouc\u00ed severn\u011b od ledovce) jsou v l\u00e9t\u011b dob\u0159e udr\u017eovan\u00e9. V zim\u011b m\u016f\u017ee siln\u00e9 sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed uzav\u0159\u00edt \u00faseky Trasy 1 (p\u0159ed cestou si ov\u011b\u0159te informace na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Islandsk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy silnic). \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 silnice nepronikaj\u00ed ledovcem; v\u0161echny v\u00fdlety za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed z hlavn\u00edch center (Skaftafell, H\u00f6fn atd.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vstupn\u00ed body a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/strong><br>\u2013 <em>Skaftafell (z\u00e1padn\u00ed strana):<\/em> Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se zde n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e9 centrum, kemp a v\u00fdchody na stezky do ledu (nap\u0159. Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull). Toto je hlavn\u00ed centrum pro p\u011b\u0161\u00ed turistiku a ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b. K dispozici jsou chaty, hostely a kemp.<br>\u2013 <em>J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n (v\u00fdchodn\u00ed strana):<\/em> Mal\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e9 centrum u laguny nab\u00edz\u00ed parkov\u00e1n\u00ed, toalety a v\u00fdlety lod\u00ed. Ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed (hotely\/penziony) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v nedalek\u00e9m H\u00f6fnu (cca 80 km v\u00fdchodn\u011b).<br>\u2013 <em>P\u0159\u00edstav:<\/em> M\u011bsto v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Vatnaj\u00f6kullu, p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00e9 \u201ehlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto humr\u016f\u201c, je z\u00e1kladnou pro v\u00fdlety za v\u00fdchodn\u00ed ledovou \u010depic\u00ed (nedaleko Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kullu). Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se zde n\u011bkolik hotel\u016f a restaurac\u00ed.<br>\u2013 <em>P\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e9 cesty:<\/em> Severn\u011b od Vatnaj\u00f6kullu vedou silnice F-road (\u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 trasy) (nap\u0159. F88, F905) a napojuj\u00ed se na vnitrozemskou vyso\u010dinu (pouze pro vozy s pohonem v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159 kol). Tyto silnice vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159ejezdy \u0159ek a v l\u00e9t\u011b jsou sj\u00edzdn\u00e9 pouze se superd\u017e\u00edpy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nejlep\u0161\u00ed doba k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b (m\u011bs\u00edc po m\u011bs\u00edci):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>M\u011bs\u00edc<\/td><td>Podm\u00ednky a hlavn\u00ed body<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>leden\u2013\u00fanor<\/strong><\/td><td>Tuh\u00e1 zima: spousta sn\u011bhu, kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dny (4\u20136 hodin sv\u011btla). Na m\u00edst\u011b jsou ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b; mnoho stezek pokryt\u00fdch sn\u011bhem. Sez\u00f3nn\u00ed v\u00fdlety lod\u00ed (zamrzl\u00e1 laguna). Dobr\u00e9 pro pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e se zasn\u011b\u017eenou scen\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>b\u0159ezen\u2013duben<\/strong><\/td><td>P\u0159echod do jara. Ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b jsou st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u00e9; za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 dlouh\u00e9 denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo. Sez\u00f3na sn\u011b\u017en\u00fdch sk\u00fatr\u016f je aktivn\u00ed. Silnice z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed zledovat\u011bl\u00e9 a\u017e do konce dubna. Mo\u017enost rann\u00ed turistiky (s ma\u010dkami).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>kv\u011bten<\/strong><\/td><td>Pozdn\u00ed jaro: rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst denn\u00edho sv\u011btla, \u00fastup sn\u011bhov\u00e9 linie. Za\u010d\u00e1tek n\u011bkter\u00fdch t\u00far po ledovci. \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed silnic. Skaftafell m\u00e1 mnoho divok\u00fdch kv\u011btin. Davy jsou st\u00e1le m\u00edrn\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u010derven\u2013srpen<\/strong><\/td><td>Hlavn\u00ed sez\u00f3na. Cel\u00e9 l\u00e9to: dlouh\u00e9 (24 hodin v \u010dervnu) denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo, minimum sn\u011bhu na n\u00edzk\u00fdch stezk\u00e1ch. V\u0161echny t\u00fary prob\u00edhaj\u00ed (p\u011b\u0161\u00ed turistika, lezen\u00ed po ledu, plavba lod\u00ed). J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n je splavn\u00fd. Spolehliv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k silnic\u00edm. O\u010dek\u00e1vejte nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det turist\u016f a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ceny.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed<\/strong><\/td><td>Brzk\u00fd podzim: chladn\u011bji, m\u00e9n\u011b dav\u016f. Za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed se tvo\u0159it n\u011bkter\u00e9 ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b (zejm\u00e9na v \u0159\u00edjnu). Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e je viditeln\u00e1 s n\u00e1vratem noci. Ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 sez\u00f3na ve fjordech (H\u00f6fn).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0159\u00edjen\u2013listopad<\/strong><\/td><td>Prvn\u00ed sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed. Ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b se otev\u00edraj\u00ed v listopadu (za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed). Mnoho cestovn\u00edch kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kon\u010d\u00ed v polovin\u011b listopadu. Silnice se mohou po bou\u0159\u00edch za\u010d\u00edt uzav\u00edrat. Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 podzimn\u00ed barvy kolem okraj\u016f ledovc\u016f.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Prosinec<\/strong><\/td><td>Temn\u00e1 zima se vrac\u00ed. Ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b jsou rozhodn\u011b otev\u0159en\u00e9; dny jsou velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 (4\u20135 hodin v prosinci). Ly\u017ea\u0159sk\u00e1 t\u00fara po ledovci mo\u017en\u00e1. Sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9 sk\u00fatry na ledovci. Silnice \u010dasto zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1ny bou\u0159emi \u2013 sledujte aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed informace.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pozn\u00e1mka k pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> L\u00e9to (\u010derven\u2013srpen) je nejdostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 nejru\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Pokud cestujete v zim\u011b, m\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee mnoho slu\u017eeb pozastavuje nebo omezuje provoz. V\u017edy si to ov\u011b\u0159te. <strong>silnice.je<\/strong> kv\u016fli podm\u00ednk\u00e1m na d\u00e1lnici a pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m (zejm\u00e9na v listopadu a b\u0159eznu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Co si sbalit:<\/strong> Vln\u011bn\u00e9\/z\u00e1kladn\u00ed oble\u010den\u00ed, zateplen\u00e1 bunda, nepromokav\u00e1 vrstva. Pevn\u00e9 turistick\u00e9 boty (nepromokav\u00e9, s oporou kotn\u00edk\u016f). Tepl\u00e1 \u010depice, rukavice a slune\u010dn\u00ed br\u00fdle (ochrana proti odlesk\u016fm od sn\u011bhu). Na ledovcov\u00e9 t\u00fary si vezm\u011bte mal\u00fd batoh na denn\u00ed no\u0161en\u00ed, fotoapar\u00e1t s n\u00e1hradn\u00edmi bateriemi (studen\u00fd stav vyb\u00edj\u00ed baterii). Turistick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti obvykle poskytuj\u00ed \u00favazek, ma\u010dky a helmu; m\u011bli byste m\u00edt tepl\u00e9 spodn\u00ed vrstvy. Pokud jedete sami, vezm\u011bte si s sebou nouzovou deku a n\u00e1hradn\u00ed d\u00edly (silnice mohou b\u00fdt odlehl\u00e9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pr\u016fvodci a bezpe\u010dnost:<\/strong> Pro jak\u00e9koli cestov\u00e1n\u00ed po ledovci nebo aktivity na led\u011b si najm\u011bte certifikovan\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce. Licencovan\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti znaj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 trasy a nos\u00ed s sebou nouzov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. D\u016frazn\u011b se nedoporu\u010duje vydat se na Vatnaj\u00f6kull sami. V\u017edy n\u011bkomu sd\u011blte sv\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u010das n\u00e1vratu. Po\u010das\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee rychle m\u011bnit \u2013 je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se vyd\u00e1te za jasn\u00e9 oblohy a b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika hodin se setk\u00e1te s mlhou podobnou v\u00e1nici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N\u00e1klady a rozpo\u010det:<\/strong> Ceny z\u00e1jezd\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed: jednoduch\u00e9 1\u20132hodinov\u00e9 proch\u00e1zky po ledovci obvykle stoj\u00ed 100\u2013200 EUR na osobu; celodenn\u00ed t\u00fary 200\u2013300 EUR. Prohl\u00eddky ledov\u00fdch jeskyn\u00ed (s vybaven\u00edm) jsou podobn\u00e9. V\u00fdlety lod\u00ed na J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu stoj\u00ed kolem 30\u201350 EUR. Ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti Vatnaj\u00f6kullu sah\u00e1 od levn\u00fdch penzion\u016f (cca 100 EUR\/noc) a\u017e po luxusn\u00ed hotely (nad 200 EUR). Zapo\u010d\u00edtejte s pron\u00e1jmem auta (v zim\u011b doporu\u010dujeme 4x4), palivem, stravou (restaurace v H\u00f6fnu jsou dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed) a poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm pro p\u0159\u00edpad m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch se podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edstupnost:<\/strong> V\u011bt\u0161ina turistick\u00e9 infrastruktury (st\u0159edisek, kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch stezek) se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na parkovi\u0161t\u00edch nebo v jejich bl\u00edzkosti. Samotn\u00fd ledovcov\u00fd ter\u00e9n je v\u0161ak pro kolov\u00e1 vozidla nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd. N\u011bkter\u00e9 turistick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti nab\u00edzej\u00ed j\u00edzdu na sn\u011b\u017en\u00fdch sk\u00fatrech, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed ch\u016fzi. Bezbari\u00e9rov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup: Omezen\u00fd \u2013 ter\u00e9n je nerovn\u00fd. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnick\u00e1 centra jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou vhodn\u00e1 pro voz\u00ed\u010dk\u00e1\u0159e, ale p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed lokality (nap\u0159. J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n) maj\u00ed nerovn\u00fd ter\u00e9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna a budoucnost Vatnaj\u00f6kullu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull proch\u00e1z\u00ed m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm zmen\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm. Stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echny islandsk\u00e9 ledovce dos\u00e1hl vrcholu b\u011bhem mal\u00e9 doby ledov\u00e9 (kolem 17. stolet\u00ed) a od t\u00e9 doby se zmen\u0161uje. Odhady ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee islandsk\u00e9 ledovce ztratily od roku 1890 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 17 % sv\u00e9 plochy; velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to ztr\u00e1ty je zp\u016fsobena Vatnaj\u00f6kullem a Langj\u00f6kullem. V letech 21. a 22. stolet\u00ed se t\u00e1n\u00ed ledovc\u016f zrychlilo: mezi lety 2000 a 2017 ztr\u00e1cel islandsk\u00fd led v pr\u016fm\u011bru p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 43 km\u00b2 ro\u010dn\u011b. Ledovcov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka Vatnaj\u00f6kullu v sou\u010dasnosti zten\u010duje v pr\u016fm\u011bru \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b o 1 m\/rok (s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zten\u010den\u00edm na okraj\u00edch). Pro kontext, Vatnaj\u00f6kull obsahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 000 km\u00b3 ledu (p\u0159es 90 % celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed Islandu); pokud by se zcela roztavil, zv\u00fd\u0161il by glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hladinu mo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 1 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bdci p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed, \u017ee v d\u016fsledku oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed bude ledovec nad\u00e1le ustupovat. Modely nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee pokud se klima otepl\u00ed o n\u011bkolik stup\u0148\u016f, mohl by ledovec v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm stolet\u00ed ztratit polovinu sv\u00e9ho objemu. N\u011bkolik v\u00fdtokov\u00fdch ledovc\u016f se ji\u017e dramaticky st\u00e1hlo, odhalilo skaln\u00ed podlo\u017e\u00ed a vytvo\u0159ilo nov\u00e1 jezera. \u00dabytek ledu m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dopad na m\u00edstn\u00ed hydrologii: letn\u00ed tok taj\u00edc\u00ed vody se v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch zv\u00fd\u0161il, co\u017e ovlivnilo zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edmi sedimenty a vodn\u00ed zdroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Klimatick\u00fd kontext:<\/strong> Observato\u0159e poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fastup Vatnaj\u00f6kullu je rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u mnoha men\u0161\u00edch ledovc\u016f kv\u016fli vysok\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m na Islandu a mo\u0159sk\u00e9mu teplu. Ledovec je citliv\u00fdm klimatick\u00fdm indik\u00e1torem: pokles sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed nebo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e1n\u00ed se rychle projevuje ztr\u00e1tou objemu (podobn\u011b jako u gr\u00f3nsk\u00fdch odtokov\u00fdch ledovc\u016f v men\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku). Tato situace posiluje glob\u00e1ln\u00ed obavy o klima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull v\u0161ak kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 naprost\u00e9 velikosti nezmiz\u00ed p\u0159es noc. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci odhaduj\u00ed, \u017ee i p\u0159i siln\u00e9m oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat v\u00fdznamnou ledovou masou (i kdy\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b zredukovanou) a\u017e do konce 21. stolet\u00ed. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed Islandsk\u00fdm meteorologick\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem a glaciology zaji\u0161\u0165uje ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed aktualizovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje o zm\u011bn\u011b tlou\u0161\u0165ky (hmotnostn\u00ed bilance).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull vs. Jin\u00e9 velk\u00e9 ledovce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Takto si Vatnaj\u00f6kull stoj\u00ed v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi slavn\u00fdmi ledovcov\u00fdmi masy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td>Ledovec \/ Ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka<\/td><td>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed<\/td><td>Plocha (km\u00b2)<\/td><td>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Vatnaj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Island<\/td><td>~8,100<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed na Islandu; <em>\u010dasto uv\u00e1d\u011bn jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b<\/em> mimo Arktidu. Objem ~3 000 km\u00b3.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka Severny Island<\/strong><\/td><td>Nov\u00e1 zem\u011b, Rusko<\/td><td>~20,500<\/td><td>Co se t\u00fd\u010de plochy, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v (evropsk\u00e9m) Rusku \u2013 na dalek\u00e9m severu Arktidy, tak\u017ee je \u010dasto vylu\u010dov\u00e1na z po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eEvropa\u201c.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Austfonna (severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0160picberky, Norsko<\/td><td>~8,100<\/td><td>Rozlohou zhruba odpov\u00edd\u00e1 Vatnaj\u00f6kullu (nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovcov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka na \u0160picberk\u00e1ch). Rozlohou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v Norsku.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Langj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Island<\/td><td>~950<\/td><td>Druh\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka Islandu (Z\u00e1padn\u00ed vyso\u010dina).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Hofsj\u00f6kull<\/strong><\/td><td>Island<\/td><td>~925<\/td><td>T\u0159et\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka Islandu (Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed vyso\u010dina).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Jostedalsbreen<\/strong><\/td><td>Norsko (pevninsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st)<\/td><td>~487<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed norsk\u00fd (pevninsk\u00fd) ledovec.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Aletsch<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0160v\u00fdcarsko (Alpy)<\/td><td>~79<\/td><td>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00fd horsk\u00fd (nearktick\u00fd) ledovec co do d\u00e9lky\/rozlohy.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kter\u00fdkoli horsk\u00fd ledovec na evropsk\u00e9 pevnin\u011b. I dohromady Langj\u00f6kull a Hofsj\u00f6kull (&lt;2 000 km\u00b2) maj\u00ed pouze asi 25 % rozlohy Vatnaj\u00f6kullu. (Podle objemu je kontrast je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed.) Glob\u00e1ln\u011b je Vatnaj\u00f6kull mal\u00fd ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Gr\u00f3nskem (1,7 milionu km\u00b2) nebo antarktick\u00fdmi ledov\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00edty, ale mezi giganty Islandu a Evropy p\u0159evy\u0161uje v\u011bt\u0161inu, s v\u00fdjimkou toho rusk\u00e9ho odchylky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o Vatnaj\u00f6kullu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co je Vatnaj\u00f6kull?<\/strong><br>A: Vatnaj\u00f6kull je mohutn\u00e1 ledov\u00e1 \u010depi\u010dka na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b Islandu. S rozlohou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8 100 km\u00b2 je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ledovcem Islandu a (mimo Arktidu) \u010dasto ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v Evrop\u011b. Le\u017e\u00ed na vrcholc\u00edch n\u011bkolika hor a sopek a nap\u00e1j\u00ed des\u00edtky v\u00fdtokov\u00fdch ledovc\u016f. N\u00e1zev v island\u0161tin\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201eledovec s vodami\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Je Vatnaj\u00f6kull skute\u010dn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ledovcem v Evrop\u011b?<\/strong><br>A: B\u011b\u017en\u011b se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ano: Vatnaj\u00f6kull je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00fd ledovec mimo Arktidu. Severn\u00ed ostrov na Nov\u00e9 zemi (Rusko) m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovcovou \u010depi\u010dku (cca 20 500 km\u00b2), ale le\u017e\u00ed v dalek\u00e9 Arktid\u011b. Pokud to vylou\u010d\u00edme, Vatnaj\u00f6kull m\u00e1 s rozlohou ~8 100 km\u00b2 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ledovec v kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Co je J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n a kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Diamantov\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u017e?<\/strong><br>A: J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n je rozlehl\u00e1 ledovcov\u00e1 laguna na ji\u017en\u00edm okraji souostrov\u00ed Vatnaj\u00f6kull, kter\u00e1 vznikla \u00fastupem \u00fast\u00ed Brei\u00f0amerkurj\u00f6kullu. Nyn\u00ed se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na plo\u0161e asi 18 km\u00b2. Diamantov\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u017e je pl\u00e1\u017e s \u010dern\u00fdm p\u00edskem hned vedle J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu. Ledovce plavou z laguny do mo\u0159e a \u010dasto se vyplavuj\u00ed na Diamantovou pl\u00e1\u017e, kde se t\u0159pyt\u00ed na tmav\u00e9m p\u00edsku. V l\u00e9t\u011b se na J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu konaj\u00ed v\u00fdlety lod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed zbl\u00edzka pohledy na ledovce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Mohou turist\u00e9 chodit po Vatnaj\u00f6kullu?<\/strong><br>A: Ty <em>m\u016f\u017ee<\/em> ch\u016fze po ledovci, ale <strong>pouze s pr\u016fvodcem a vhodn\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm<\/strong>Samostatn\u00fd pohyb po ledu je zak\u00e1z\u00e1n kv\u016fli skryt\u00fdm trhlin\u00e1m a n\u00e1hl\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m po\u010das\u00ed. T\u00fary po ledovci s pr\u016fvodcem (s ma\u010dkami a lany) za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed ze Skaftafellu, J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu nebo H\u00f6fnu a mohou trvat od n\u011bkolika hodin a\u017e po cel\u00e9 dny. I kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 t\u00fary po ledovci vy\u017eaduj\u00ed z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f certifikovan\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Jsou ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b ve Vatnaj\u00f6kullu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a kdy je mohu nav\u0161t\u00edvit?<\/strong><br>A: Velkolep\u00e9 modr\u00e9 ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b se p\u0159irozen\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed ka\u017edou zimu taj\u00edc\u00ed vodou. Existuj\u00ed zhruba od listopadu do b\u0159ezna, kdy studen\u00fd vzduch a taj\u00edc\u00ed voda vyhloub\u00ed tunely pod ledovcem. Koncem jara\/l\u00e9ta se z\u0159\u00edt\u00ed. Prohl\u00eddky ledov\u00fdch jeskyn\u00ed s pr\u016fvodcem se proto konaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b v zim\u011b. Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jeskyn\u00ed se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, proto se v\u017edy vydejte se zku\u0161en\u00fdm pr\u016fvodcem s helmou a \u010delovkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Kdy je nejlep\u0161\u00ed doba k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Vatnaj\u00f6kullu?<\/strong><br>A: Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na va\u0161ich z\u00e1jmech. Pro turistiku a m\u00edrn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed je nejlep\u0161\u00ed pozdn\u00ed jaro a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tek podzimu (kv\u011bten\u2013z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed): silnice jsou otev\u0159en\u00e9 a v\u011bt\u0161ina aktivit se zde po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1. Pro ledov\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b a zimn\u00ed scen\u00e9rie nab\u00edz\u00ed prosinec\u2013\u00fanor zasn\u011b\u017eenou krajinu a pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159i (i kdy\u017e denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo je kr\u00e1tk\u00e9). V\u00fdlety lod\u00ed po J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu se konaj\u00ed v l\u00e9t\u011b. P\u0159elomov\u00e1 obdob\u00ed (duben nebo z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed) znamenaj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b dav\u016f a \u200b\u200bm\u00edrn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Jak daleko je Vatnaj\u00f6kull od Reykjav\u00edku a d\u00e1 se tam dojet autem?<\/strong><br>A: Okraj Vatnaj\u00f6kullu je asi 330 km od Reykjav\u00edku po okruhu. Cesta trv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4\u20136 hodin (se zast\u00e1vkami). Okru\u017en\u00ed silnice je asfaltov\u00e1 po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce ji\u017en\u00edho okraje ledovce. V l\u00e9t\u011b jsou silnice dob\u0159e udr\u017eovan\u00e9. V zim\u011b m\u016f\u017ee hust\u00e9 sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed kr\u00e1tce uzav\u0159\u00edt ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00faseky, proto si v\u017edy ov\u011b\u0159te aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav silnic (viz <em>silnice.je<\/em>) p\u0159ed cestou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ot\u00e1zka: Vyskytuje se na Vatnaj\u00f6kullu nebo v jeho bl\u00edzkosti divok\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159?<\/strong><br>A: Ano, zejm\u00e9na v pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch a n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch oblastech. V hor\u00e1ch se potuluj\u00ed pol\u00e1rn\u00ed li\u0161ky. V J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3nu a na pl\u00e1\u017ei Diamond Beach se na ledov\u00fdch kr\u00e1ch \u010dasto vyh\u0159\u00edvaj\u00ed tule\u0148 obecn\u00fd a m\u016f\u017eete zde spat\u0159it kajky mo\u0159sk\u00e9, ryb\u00e1ky, chaluhy pol\u00e1rn\u00ed a racky. V bl\u00edzk\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch n\u011bkdy lov\u00ed drav\u00ed pt\u00e1ci, jako jsou sokoli nebo orli skaln\u00ed. V zim\u011b m\u016f\u017eete na okraji parku spat\u0159it soby. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 velk\u00e1 suchozemsk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata zde v\u0161ak ne\u017eij\u00ed. <em>na<\/em> samotn\u00fd led.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For millennia, adventurers, scientists, and environmentalists have been enthralled by Europe&#8217;s biggest glacier, Vatnajokull, a magnificent natural wonder. Covering 8,101 square kilometers, it is proof of the unvarnished force and beauty of earthly geological events. Large sheets of ice accumulating in the region marked the start of the story of the glacier 2.5 million years ago Its surface, covered in ice formations with sharp edges and seracs reaching heavens, is always changing masterpiece.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2935,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-unusual-places","category-magazine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1285"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1285\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}