Austr\u00e1lie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159es cel\u00fd kontinent, m\u00edsto velkolep\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f a pulzuj\u00edc\u00edch rozpor\u016f. Za \u00fasvitu z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v Rud\u00e9m st\u0159edu p\u00edskovcov\u00fd monolit Uluru (Ayers Rock) jako tich\u00fd sv\u011bdek starov\u011bk\u00e9 historie Austr\u00e1lie. V tomto ran\u00e9m sv\u011btle se rozlehl\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdnota vnitrozem\u00ed Austr\u00e1lie t\u00e1hne k vzd\u00e1len\u00e9mu horizontu a sk\u00e1la se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt nad\u010dasov\u00e1. Austr\u00e1lie je skute\u010dn\u011b rozlehl\u00e1 \u2013 m\u00e1 rozlohu asi 7,69 milionu kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch \u2013 p\u0159esto se jej\u00edch zhruba 28 milion\u016f obyvatel v\u011bt\u0161inou shlukuje na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edch, tak\u017ee vnitrozemsk\u00e9 pou\u0161t\u011b a k\u0159oviny z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed sotva obydlen\u00e9. Navzdory sv\u00e9 rozloze z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed parlamentn\u00ed demokraci\u00ed v r\u00e1mci konstitu\u010dn\u00ed monarchie a jej\u00ed ekonomika je modern\u00ed a prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed. Zem\u011b se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed vysoce rozvinut\u00e9 ekonomice s vysok\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy a trvale se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi p\u0159edn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 ukazatele kvality \u017eivota.<\/p>\n
Austr\u00e1lie m\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 28 milion\u016f obyvatel. P\u0159esto\u017ee je co do rozlohy \u0161estou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed sv\u011bta, v\u00edce ne\u017e 95 % lid\u00ed \u017eije do zhruba 100 km od pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vnitrozem\u00ed je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9, co\u017e vede k hustot\u011b zalidn\u011bn\u00ed pouze asi 3,5 osoby na km\u00b2 \u2013 co\u017e je jedna z nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hustot zalidn\u011bn\u00ed na Zemi. Z hlediska ekonomiky je Austr\u00e1lie v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm glob\u00e1ln\u00edm hr\u00e1\u010dem: bohat\u00e1 na zdroje a slu\u017eby, jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem na obyvatele se \u0159ad\u00ed k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b. Angli\u010dtina je prim\u00e1rn\u00edm jazykem (de facto n\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazykem) a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 72 % Australan\u016f mluv\u00ed doma pouze anglicky. Je tak\u00e9 multikulturn\u00ed: zhruba 30 % obyvatel se narodilo v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sm\u011bs etnick\u00e9ho a jazykov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. M\u011bnou je australsk\u00fd dolar (AUD), kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v cel\u00e9 zemi. Hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem je Canberra, ale nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi m\u011bsty jsou Sydney a Melbourne (ka\u017ed\u00e9 s v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u011bti miliony obyvatel). Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, Austr\u00e1lie je dnes modern\u00ed a bohat\u00e1, s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi nezastav\u011bn\u00fdmi prostory soused\u00edc\u00edmi s hust\u011b os\u00eddlen\u00fdmi pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edmi m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi centry.<\/p>\n
Austr\u00e1lie se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na kontinentu Australasie v ji\u017en\u00edm Pacifiku. Le\u017e\u00ed ji\u017en\u011b od Indon\u00e9sie a Papuy-Nov\u00e9 Guineje, obklopena oce\u00e1ny \u2013 Indick\u00fdm oce\u00e1nem na z\u00e1pad\u011b, Tich\u00fdm oce\u00e1nem na v\u00fdchod\u011b a Ji\u017en\u00edm oce\u00e1nem na jihu. Ostrov Tasm\u00e1nie (s chladn\u00fdmi lesy) le\u017e\u00ed na jihu. Ter\u00e9n zem\u011b je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou rovinatost\u00ed: je to nejplo\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00ed obydlen\u00fd kontinent. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st Austr\u00e1lie se nevy\u0161plh\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e ne\u017e 2 200 m a pouze pod\u00e9l v\u00fdchodn\u00edho okraje (Velk\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u011blov\u00e9ho poho\u0159\u00ed) se hory t\u00e1hnou v souvisl\u00e9m p\u00e1te\u0159i. Jinde jsou kopce a pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed obecn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st vnitrozem\u00ed je such\u00e1: asi 70 % Austr\u00e1lie je klasifikov\u00e1no jako such\u00e1 nebo polosuch\u00e1, co\u017e z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00ed obydlen\u00fd kontinent. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky v cel\u00e9 zemi jsou pouze asi 470 mm\/rok. V d\u016fsledku toho pou\u0161t\u011b dominuj\u00ed st\u0159edu a z\u00e1padu (vnitrozem\u00ed), zat\u00edmco okraje se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Sever m\u00e1 tropick\u00e9 klima s hork\u00fdm, vlhk\u00fdm monzunov\u00fdm obdob\u00edm v l\u00e9t\u011b; jih m\u00e1 m\u00edrn\u00e9 klima s tepl\u00fdmi l\u00e9ty a chladn\u00fdmi zimami. V Queenslandu m\u016f\u017eete za\u017e\u00edt de\u0161tn\u00e9 pralesy a tropick\u00e1 vedra, na vrcholc\u00edch Tasm\u00e1nie alpsk\u00fd sn\u00edh a sluncem rozp\u00e1lenou rudou zemi uprost\u0159ed \u2013 to v\u0161e v jedn\u00e9 zemi.<\/p>\n
Lid\u00e9 dorazili do Austr\u00e1lie p\u0159ed des\u00edtkami tis\u00edc let. Domorod\u00ed Australan\u00e9 se v dob\u011b kontaktu s Evropany v\u011bnovali lovu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v nejm\u00e9n\u011b 250 odli\u0161n\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch. Jejich kultura je jednou z nejstar\u0161\u00edch nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b a udr\u017euje tradice a um\u011bn\u00ed sn\u016f po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. Evropsk\u00e9 objevov\u00e1n\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo Austr\u00e1lie v 17. stolet\u00ed, kdy britsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1n James Cook v roce 1770 obsadil v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed trvalou evropskou osadou byla britsk\u00e1 trestanck\u00e1 kolonie v Sydney Cove v roce 1788. B\u011bhem 19. stolet\u00ed se samostatn\u00e9 kolonie (Nov\u00fd Ji\u017en\u00ed Wales, Victoria, Queensland atd.) rozr\u016fstaly a roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 vlnou, zlatou hore\u010dkou a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zlomem nastal 1. ledna 1901, kdy se \u0161est koloni\u00ed spojilo a vytvo\u0159ilo Australsk\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Od t\u00e9 doby se Austr\u00e1lie postupn\u011b stala samospr\u00e1vn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem. (Dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi kapitolami jsou sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, ekonomick\u00e9 zm\u011bny a imigra\u010dn\u00ed vlny ve 20. stolet\u00ed, ale rok 1788 a rok 1901, kdy vznikla federace, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi daty.)<\/p>\n
Modern\u00ed australsk\u00e1 kultura m\u00eds\u00ed drsn\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed vnitrozem\u00ed s kosmopolitn\u00edm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem. Angli\u010dtina s australsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edzvukem je de facto n\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazykem; s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu z roku 2021 ji zaznamenalo jako jedin\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fdm doma mluv\u00ed asi 72 % lid\u00ed. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a Australan\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed neform\u00e1ln\u00ed a pohodov\u00ed. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u0159et\u00ed Australan se narodil v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, tak\u017ee imigra\u010dn\u00ed vlny u\u010dinily spole\u010dnost velmi multikulturn\u00ed (komunity z Asie, Evropy, Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed). Sport a rekreace v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b jsou vetk\u00e1ny do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e jde o surfov\u00e1n\u00ed za \u00fasvitu, v\u00edkendov\u00e9 grilov\u00e1n\u00ed u p\u0159\u00edstavu nebo obl\u00edben\u00e9 kolo kriketu \u010di australsk\u00e9ho fotbalu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 existuje siln\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o kultu\u0159e domorod\u00fdch obyvatel: mnoho Australan\u016f oslavuje domorod\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed, hudbu a festivaly.<\/p>\n
Mezi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed tradice v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech pat\u0159\u00ed rodea a dostihy ve venkovsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech, pl\u00e1\u017eov\u00e9 festivaly v pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch m\u011bstech a akce ve vysokohorsk\u00fdch oblastech na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Byron Bay (viz n\u00ed\u017ee) je zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdm alternativn\u00edm stylem pln\u00fdm festival\u016f a Brisbane po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00e9 show, jako je zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd veletrh Ekka a oh\u0148ostroj Riverfire. V Alice Springs p\u0159itahuj\u00ed davy sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00e9 akce v outbacku, jako je Camel Cup (velbloud\u00ed z\u00e1vod) a Henley-on-Todd (regata na such\u00e9 \u0159ece). Celkov\u011b maj\u00ed Australan\u00e9 pov\u011bst pohostinnosti a \u201ekamar\u00e1dstv\u00ed\u201c \u2013 ciz\u00ed lid\u00e9 si mohou bez p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ky pov\u00eddat u flat white nebo t\u00e1bor\u00e1ku v outbacku. \u017divot b\u00fdv\u00e1 ve vnitrozem\u00ed pomalej\u0161\u00ed a ve m\u011bstech ru\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale po cel\u00e9 zemi jsou lid\u00e9 obecn\u011b otev\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed a odoln\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Mezi pam\u00e1tky Austr\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 mus\u00edte vid\u011bt, pat\u0159\u00ed pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bsta i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed divy. V Sydney dominuje panoramatu m\u011bsta Sydney Opera v Sydney a most Harbour Bridge. Opera v Sydney \u2013 mistrovsk\u00e9 d\u00edlo architektury 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zaps\u00e1no na seznamu sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u2013 byla dokon\u010dena v roce 1973 a je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ikonou. (Most byl dokon\u010den v roce 1932 a nab\u00edz\u00ed p\u0159echody pro chodce s panoramatick\u00fdm v\u00fdhledem na p\u0159\u00edstav.) Pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed l\u00e1k\u00e1 nespo\u010det prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00edch pl\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, od pl\u00e1\u017ee Bondi v Sydney a\u017e po surfa\u0159sk\u00e9 vlny v Byron Bay. Ve vnitrozem\u00ed se pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Queenslandu t\u00e1hne p\u0159es 2 300 km Velk\u00fd bari\u00e9rov\u00fd \u00fates \u2013 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kor\u00e1lov\u00fd \u00fates na sv\u011bt\u011b; v roce 1981 byl zaps\u00e1n na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO. Uluru\u2013Kata Tjuta ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Austr\u00e1lii (masivn\u00ed \u010derven\u00fd monolit a bl\u00edzk\u00e9 kopule) jsou posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 a \u00fachvatn\u00e9; Uluru je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pam\u00e1tky UNESCO, kter\u00e1 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho geologick\u00fd a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. V Melbourne m\u016f\u017eete prozkoumat uli\u010dky s kav\u00e1rnami a um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u010dtvrti, zat\u00edmco Great Ocean Road ve Victorii nab\u00edz\u00ed \u00fachvatn\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Daleko na severu v tropech nab\u00edz\u00ed de\u0161tn\u00fd prales a vodop\u00e1dy Daintree starobylou d\u017eungli. A v\u0161ude, kde Australan\u00e9 oslavuj\u00ed divo\u010dinu: Klokan\u00ed ostrov (u Ji\u017en\u00ed Austr\u00e1lie) a tasm\u00e1nsk\u00e9 parky odhaluj\u00ed jedine\u010dnou divokou zv\u011b\u0159 a lesy. V hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Canbe\u0159e lemuj\u00ed Parlamentn\u00ed troj\u00faheln\u00edk n\u00e1rodn\u00ed poklady: Budova parlamentu (dokon\u010dena v roce 1988), Australsk\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd pam\u00e1tn\u00edk, N\u00e1rodn\u00ed galerie a Australsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed univerzita l\u00e1kaj\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky. Celkov\u011b vzato rozmanitost zem\u011b \u2013 od kulturn\u00edch rytm\u016f m\u011bst a\u017e po klid vnitrozem\u00ed \u2013 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd cestovatel si zde najde n\u011bco nezapomenuteln\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n
Hlavn\u00edmi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi vstupn\u00edmi branami Austr\u00e1lie jsou hlavn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b v Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perthu a Adelaide. M\u011bsta spojuj\u00ed vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed lety a d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 autobusy nebo vlaky (nap\u0159\u00edklad Indian-Pacific nebo Ghan). Ve m\u011bstech se ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 doprava li\u0161\u00ed: nap\u0159\u00edklad Brisbane a Sydney maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011bstskou \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed a trajektovou s\u00ed\u0165, zat\u00edmco Byron Bay m\u00e1 pouze region\u00e1ln\u00ed autobusy. V\u0161ude se jezd\u00ed po lev\u00e9 stran\u011b silnice. Auto je nejlep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak prozkoumat odlehl\u00e9 oblasti, ale vzd\u00e1lenosti jsou obrovsk\u00e9 \u2013 pl\u00e1nujte si cestu dop\u0159edu, napl\u0148te n\u00e1dr\u017e a vezm\u011bte si vodu do vnitrozem\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se standardn\u00ed australsk\u00e9 z\u00e1str\u010dky (typ I) a elekt\u0159ina 230 V. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnou je australsk\u00fd dolar (AUD). Angli\u010dtina je v\u0161eobecn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 a v obchodn\u00edm nebo form\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed se Australan\u00e9 obvykle zdrav\u00ed pevn\u00fdm pod\u00e1n\u00edm ruky; v neform\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 k\u0159estn\u00ed jm\u00e9na a \u201ekamar\u00e1d\u201c. Spropitn\u00e9 nen\u00ed vy\u017eadov\u00e1no (mal\u00e9 spropitn\u00e9 za v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 slu\u017eby je v\u00edt\u00e1no, ale neo\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je bezpe\u010dnost na vod\u011b a ochrana p\u0159ed sluncem: ji\u017en\u00ed oce\u00e1n m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt chladn\u00fd a rozbou\u0159en\u00fd, zat\u00edmco severn\u00ed letn\u00ed mo\u0159e obsahuje med\u00fazy (\u201e\u017eihadla\u201c), proto dbejte m\u00edstn\u00edho zna\u010den\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvejte opalovac\u00ed kr\u00e9m. Celkov\u011b je Austr\u00e1lie pro cestovatele velmi bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 s n\u00edzkou m\u00edrou kriminality, ale n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci by m\u011bli respektovat m\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy (nap\u0159\u00edklad omezen\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pod vlivem alkoholu a ochranu divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e). B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 zdvo\u0159ilosti \u2013 jako je pozdraven\u00ed nebo pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed, zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 st\u00e1n\u00ed ve front\u011b a d\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ednosti chodc\u016fm \u2013 jsou v\u00edt\u00e1ny. Se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravou je navigace v Austr\u00e1lii snadn\u00e1 a n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci si mohou v tomto obrovsk\u00e9m ostrovn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b u\u017e\u00edt bohat\u00fd a p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Officially the Commonwealth of Australia, Australia is a nation that enthralls with its rich history, dynamic culture, and large landscapes. It includes the mainland of Australia, the island state of Tasmania, and many smaller islands. Australia is a land of contrasts and diversity being the sixth-largest country in the world and the biggest nation by area in Oceania. Characterised by infertile soils, its geographical extent comprises some of the oldest, flattest, driest inhabited areas on Earth.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3758,"parent":24105,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9806","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9806","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9806"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9806\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}