Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land, v maor\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako Aotearoa, je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Tich\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou \u00fachvatnou krajinou a hlubok\u00fdm kulturn\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm. Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou hlavn\u00edch pevninsk\u00fdch mas \u2013 Severn\u00edho ostrova (Te Ika-a-M\u0101ui) a Ji\u017en\u00edho ostrova (Te Waipounamu) \u2013 a v\u00edce ne\u017e 700 men\u0161\u00edch ostrov\u016f, se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi \u0161est\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1ty co do rozlohy. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Austr\u00e1lie naproti Tasmanovu mo\u0159i a ji\u017en\u011b od Nov\u00e9 Kaledonie, Fid\u017ei a Tongy. Vyzna\u010duje se rozmanitou krajinou s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi horsk\u00fdmi vrcholy, zejm\u00e9na p\u016fsobiv\u00fdmi Ji\u017en\u00edmi Alpami. Tato v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 geografie je v\u011bt\u0161inou d\u016fsledkem tektonick\u00e9ho vyzdvihov\u00e1n\u00ed a sope\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 formovaly ter\u00e9n po miliony let.<\/p>\n
Hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu je Wellington, a\u010dkoli Auckland je nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem. Tyto metropolitn\u00ed oblasti jsou \u017eiv\u00fdmi centry kultury a obchodu a zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed dynamickou a rostouc\u00ed identitu n\u00e1roda. Navzdory sv\u00e9mu sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu statusu byl Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land posledn\u00ed velkou pevninou os\u00eddlenou lidmi. V letech 1280 a\u017e 1350 za\u010dali polyn\u00e9\u0161t\u00ed mo\u0159eplavci os\u00eddlovat ostrovy a nakonec zp\u011bstovali jedine\u010dnou maorskou kulturu, kter\u00e1 je dodnes z\u00e1kladn\u00edm aspektem identity Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu.<\/p>\n
Evropsk\u00fd objev Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu za\u010dal v roce 1642 nizozemsk\u00fdm dobrodruhem Abelem Tasmanem, kter\u00fd byl prvn\u00edm Evropanem, jen\u017e ostrovy pozoroval a dokumentoval. Teprve v roce 1769 dorazil na Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land britsk\u00fd objevitel kapit\u00e1n James Cook, kter\u00fd jej zmapoval, co\u017e usnadnilo n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kontakty a p\u0159\u00edpadnou kolonizaci. Smlouva z Waitangi, podepsan\u00e1 v roce 1840 mezi deleg\u00e1ty Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a maorsk\u00fdmi n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edky, p\u0159edstavovala kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd okam\u017eik v historii Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu. Tato smlouva polo\u017eila z\u00e1klad britsk\u00e9 suverenity a v roce 1841 vytvo\u0159ila Korunn\u00ed kolonii Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se tato \u00e9ra vyzna\u010dovala spory mezi koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed spr\u00e1vou a maorsk\u00fdmi kmeny, kter\u00e9 vedly k odcizen\u00ed a p\u0159ivlastn\u011bn\u00ed si zna\u010dn\u00e9ho maorsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Postup Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu k nez\u00e1vislosti byl postupn\u00fd. Status dominia z\u00edskal v roce 1907 a \u00faplnou form\u00e1ln\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost z\u00edskal v roce 1947, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si v \u010dele st\u00e1tu zachoval britsk\u00e9ho monarchy. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land dynamickou a kosmopolitn\u00ed zem\u00ed s populac\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5,25 milionu osob. P\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed populace m\u00e1 evropsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed men\u0161inovou skupinu tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed Maorov\u00e9, po nich\u017e n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed asijsk\u00e9 a tichomo\u0159sk\u00e9 men\u0161iny. Diverzifikovan\u00e1 demografick\u00e1 krajina se projevuje v kultu\u0159e Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z maorsk\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a ran\u00fdch britsk\u00fdch osadn\u00edk\u016f, spolu se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi dopady zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 imigrace.<\/p>\n
N\u00e1rod uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u0159i \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky: angli\u010dtinu, maor\u0161tinu a novoz\u00e9landsk\u00fd znakov\u00fd jazyk, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e angli\u010dtina je p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm jazykem. Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land jako vysp\u011bl\u00fd n\u00e1rod je l\u00eddrem v oblasti soci\u00e1ln\u00edho pokroku. Byl prvn\u00edm n\u00e1rodem, kter\u00fd zavedl minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mzdu a ud\u011blil \u017een\u00e1m volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. Zem\u011b trvale dosahuje vysok\u00fdch um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v glob\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnocen\u00edch kvality \u017eivota a lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako zem\u011b s jednou z nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u00farovn\u00ed vn\u00edman\u00e9 korupce na sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u0159esto se i nad\u00e1le pot\u00fdk\u00e1 se struktur\u00e1ln\u00edmi rozd\u00edly, zejm\u00e9na mezi maorskou a evropskou demografickou skupinou.<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed pro\u0161el Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land podstatn\u00fdmi ekonomick\u00fdmi transformacemi, kdy p\u0159e\u0161el z protekcionistick\u00e9 ekonomiky na liberalizovanou ekonomiku voln\u00e9ho obchodu. V n\u00e1rodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed dominuje sektor slu\u017eeb, kter\u00fd vyst\u0159\u00eddal pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd sektor a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed cestovn\u00ed ruch slou\u017e\u00ed jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zdroj hotovosti. Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land se aktivn\u011b zapojuje do \u0159ady mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed, jako jsou Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, Spole\u010denstv\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f, ANZUS a Asijsko-pacifick\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce. Udr\u017euje pozoruhodn\u011b siln\u00e9 vazby se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, Spojen\u00fdm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00edm a dal\u0161\u00edmi tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, co\u017e zahrnuje i v\u00fdraznou \u201etranstasmanskou\u201c identitu sd\u00edlenou s Austr\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land funguje v r\u00e1mci parlamentn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd se vyzna\u010duje jednokomorov\u00fdm z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fdm sborem. V \u010dele administrativy stoj\u00ed premi\u00e9r Christopher Luxon. Panovn\u00edkem zem\u011b je kr\u00e1l Karel III., kter\u00e9ho na m\u00edst\u011b zastupuje gener\u00e1ln\u00ed guvern\u00e9rka Cindy Kiro. Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land je rozd\u011blen do 11 region\u00e1ln\u00edch rad a 67 \u00fazemn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f pro m\u00edstn\u00ed spr\u00e1vu. \u00dazem\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu zahrnuje nejen jeho hlavn\u00ed ostrovy, ale tak\u00e9 Tokelau, Cookovy ostrovy, Niue a Rossovu z\u00e1vislou oblast v Antarktid\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land, v maor\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako Aotearoa, je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Tich\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Je zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou \u00fachvatnou krajinou a hlubok\u00fdm kulturn\u00edm d\u011bdictv\u00edm. Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou hlavn\u00edch pevninsk\u00fdch mas \u2013 Severn\u00edho ostrova (Te Ika-a-M\u0101ui) a Ji\u017en\u00edho ostrova (Te Waipounamu) \u2013 a v\u00edce ne\u017e 700 men\u0161\u00edch ostrov\u016f, se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi \u0161est\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1ty co do rozlohy. Nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Austr\u00e1lie naproti Tasmanovu mo\u0159i a ji\u017en\u011b od Nov\u00e9 Kaledonie, Fid\u017ei a Tongy. Vyzna\u010duje se rozmanitou krajinou s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi horsk\u00fdmi vrcholy, zejm\u00e9na p\u016fsobiv\u00fdmi Ji\u017en\u00edmi Alpami. Tato v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 geografie je v\u011bt\u0161inou d\u016fsledkem tektonick\u00e9ho vyzdvihov\u00e1n\u00ed a sope\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e9 formovaly ter\u00e9n po miliony let.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4203,"parent":24105,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9692","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9692"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9692\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}