Marshallovy ostrovy, v mar\u0161al\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako \u1e42aje\u1e37, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Republika Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f (Aolep\u0101n Aor\u014dkin \u1e42aje\u1e37), jsou suver\u00e9nn\u00ed ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v oblasti Mikron\u00e9sie v severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Marshallovy ostrovy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u011b od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed datov\u00e9 linie a severn\u011b od rovn\u00edku. Jsou osobit\u00fdm n\u00e1rodem s bohatou histori\u00ed a jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi geografick\u00fdmi charakteristikami. St\u00e1t se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 29 kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch atol\u016f a p\u011bti ostrov\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou rozd\u011bleny do dvou souostrov\u00ed: Ratak na v\u00fdchod\u011b a Ralik na z\u00e1pad\u011b. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee 97,87 % \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu tvo\u0159\u00ed voda, co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00ed st\u00e1t s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pom\u011brem vody k pevnin\u011b.<\/p>\n
Marshallovy ostrovy maj\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed hranice s n\u011bkolika \u00fazem\u00edmi a st\u00e1ty: ostrovem Wake na severu, Kiribati na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b, Nauru na jihu a Federativn\u00edmi st\u00e1ty Mikron\u00e9sie na z\u00e1pad\u011b. Majuro, hlavn\u00ed a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto, v n\u011bm\u017e \u017eije asi pades\u00e1t procent populace zem\u011b a funguje jako politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 centrum.<\/p>\n
Historie Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f je z\u00e1sadn\u011b zakotvena v austron\u00e9sk\u00e9 migraci, kter\u00e1 na ostrovy dorazila ji\u017e ve 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Prvn\u00ed imigranti p\u0159ivezli plodiny z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, jako jsou kokosov\u00e9 o\u0159echy, obrovsk\u00e9 ba\u017einat\u00e9 taro a chlebovn\u00edk, a tak\u00e9 domestikovanou dr\u016fbe\u017e, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e byly ostrovy trvale obyvateln\u00e9. V polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo ostrov\u016f n\u011bkolik \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch expedic; \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 galeony se v\u0161ak obecn\u011b plavily po Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu d\u00e1le na sever, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se Marshallovy ostrovy vyh\u00fdbaly.<\/p>\n
Ostrovy byly pojmenov\u00e1ny na po\u010dest britsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1na Johna Marshalla, kter\u00fd v roce 1788 provedl pr\u016fzkum oblasti. V 50. letech 19. stolet\u00ed za\u010dali p\u0159ich\u00e1zet ameri\u010dt\u00ed protestant\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i a z\u00e1padn\u00ed obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, co\u017e znamenalo n\u00e1stup zna\u010dn\u00e9ho zahrani\u010dn\u00edho vlivu. V 70. a 80. letech 19. stolet\u00ed ovl\u00e1dli ekonomiku n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed obchodn\u00edci s koprou, co\u017e vedlo k anexi Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f N\u011bmeckou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed jako protektor\u00e1tu v roce 1885. B\u011bhem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky napadlo ostrovy Japonsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1sledn\u011b staly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu pro ji\u017en\u00ed mo\u0159e. Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce p\u0159evzaly moc Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty a spravovaly ostrovy jako sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u011b\u0159eneck\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed Tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. V letech 1946 a\u017e 1958 provedly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty 67 jadern\u00fdch test\u016f na atolu Bikini a atolu Enewetak, co\u017e m\u011blo na ostrovy hlubok\u00fd dopad.<\/p>\n
Snaha o samospr\u00e1vu za\u010dala zalo\u017een\u00edm Mikron\u00e9sk\u00e9ho kongresu v roce 1965, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo pos\u00edlit autonomii tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. V kv\u011btnu 1979 Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty uznaly \u00fastavu Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f a jejich prezidenta Amatu Kabuu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e n\u00e1rodu ud\u011blily nez\u00e1vislost. \u00dapln\u00e9 suverenity bylo dosa\u017eeno na z\u00e1klad\u011b Paktu o voln\u00e9m p\u0159idru\u017een\u00ed se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00fd nab\u00edzel obranu, finan\u010dn\u00ed podporu a p\u0159\u00edstup k americk\u00fdm instituc\u00edm, jako je Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed komise a Po\u0161tovn\u00ed slu\u017eba Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Marshallovy ostrovy jsou \u010dlenem Tichomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed od roku 1983 a \u010dlenem Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f se staly v roce 1991.<\/p>\n
Ekonomika Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b orientov\u00e1na na slu\u017eby, dopln\u011bna rybolovem a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zna\u010dn\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st jejich HDP. Finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc poskytovan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci Paktu o voln\u00e9m p\u0159idru\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla p\u016fvodn\u011b skon\u010dit v roce 2023, byla prodlou\u017eena o dal\u0161\u00edch 20 let. Zem\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako svou m\u011bnu americk\u00fd dolar a v roce 2018 ozn\u00e1mila z\u00e1m\u011br zav\u00e9st novou kryptom\u011bnu jako leg\u00e1ln\u00ed platidlo.<\/p>\n
Obyvatelstvo Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z osob mar\u0161alsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a men\u0161\u00edch komunit p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, \u010c\u00edny, Filip\u00edn a dal\u0161\u00edch tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmi jazyky jsou mar\u0161al\u0161tina a angli\u010dtina, kter\u00e9 zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed a historick\u00e9 vazby n\u00e1roda. N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kultury a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e1 populace vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd typ syst\u00e9mu v\u00edry. P\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost je ke Sjednocen\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi Kristov\u011b \u2013 kongrega\u010dn\u00ed na Marshallov\u00fdch ostrovech nebo k Bo\u017e\u00edmu shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Marshallovy ostrovy, v mar\u0161al\u0161tin\u011b ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako \u1e42aje\u1e37, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Republika Marshallov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f (Aolep\u0101n Aor\u014dkin \u1e42aje\u1e37), jsou suver\u00e9nn\u00ed ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v oblasti Mikron\u00e9sie v severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Marshallovy ostrovy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u011b od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed datov\u00e9 linie a severn\u011b od rovn\u00edku. Jsou osobit\u00fdm n\u00e1rodem s bohatou histori\u00ed a jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi geografick\u00fdmi charakteristikami. St\u00e1t se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 29 kor\u00e1lov\u00fdch atol\u016f a p\u011bti ostrov\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou rozd\u011bleny do dvou souostrov\u00ed: Ratak na v\u00fdchod\u011b a Ralik na z\u00e1pad\u011b. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee 97,87 % \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu tvo\u0159\u00ed voda, co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00ed st\u00e1t s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm pom\u011brem vody k pevnin\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3354,"parent":24105,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9611","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9611","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9611"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9611\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9611"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}