Tuvalu, d\u0159\u00edve naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Elliceovy ostrovy, je mal\u00fd ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v polyn\u00e9sk\u00e9 podoblasti Oce\u00e1nie v Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Tento neobvykl\u00fd st\u00e1t, strategicky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd uprost\u0159ed mezi Havajsk\u00fdm ostrovem a Austr\u00e1li\u00ed, p\u0159edstavuje \u00fa\u017easnou f\u00fazi geografick\u00e9ho a kulturn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu. Tuvalu le\u017e\u00ed severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od ostrov\u016f Santa Cruz \u2013 sou\u010d\u00e1sti \u0160alamounov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f \u2013 severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Vanuatu, jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Nauru, ji\u017en\u011b od Kiribati, z\u00e1padn\u011b od Tokelau, severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od Samoy a Wallis a Futuny a severn\u011b od Fid\u017ei. Tuvalu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm bodem z\u00e1jmu jak pro historick\u00fd, tak i modern\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, proto\u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch kultur a d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n
Zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed \u00fatesov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f a \u0161esti atol\u016f rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch se mezi 5\u00b0 a 10\u00b0 ji\u017en\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky a d\u00e9lky mezi 176\u00b0 a 180\u00b0, nab\u00edz\u00ed ve sv\u011btov\u00e9 geografii zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u010dasovou polohu, proto\u017ee le\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u011b od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed datov\u00e9 hranice. Hned za Vatik\u00e1nem m\u011blo Tuvalu podle s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu z roku 2017 10 645 obyvatel, co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed druh\u00fd nejm\u00e9n\u011b lidnat\u00fd st\u00e1t na sv\u011bt\u011b. Je to nejm\u00e9n\u011b lidnat\u00fd st\u00e1t, kde je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem angli\u010dtina; a\u010dkoli m\u00e1 rozlohu pouh\u00fdch 26 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch, m\u00e1 Tuvalu i p\u0159es svou malou rozlohu velkou kulturn\u00ed a environment\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnotu.<\/p>\n
Polyn\u00e9san\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed sem dorazili v r\u00e1mci v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed migrace Polyn\u00e9san\u016f do Pacifiku, hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 za\u010dalo zhruba p\u0159ed t\u0159emi tis\u00edci lety, byli prvn\u00edmi obyvateli Tuvalu. Tito ran\u00ed kolonist\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvali sv\u016fj talent k navigaci mezi ostrovy v plachetnic\u00edch s dvojit\u00fdm trupem nebo k\u00e1no\u00edch s v\u00fdlo\u017en\u00edkem a byli zku\u0161en\u00fdmi navig\u00e1tory. V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee Polyn\u00e9san\u00e9 migrovali ze Samoy a Tongy na tuvalusk\u00e9 atoly a slou\u017eili jako odrazov\u00fd m\u016fstek pro dal\u0161\u00ed migraci do polyn\u00e9sk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Melan\u00e9sie a Mikron\u00e9sie. V \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm kontextu polyn\u00e9sk\u00e9ho objevov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed kultury toto bohat\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed navigace a os\u00eddlen\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam Tuvalu.<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e se \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd dobrodruh a kartograf \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a stal prvn\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm Evropanem, kter\u00fd proplul souostrov\u00edm a b\u011bhem sv\u00e9 mise p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed Terra Australis spat\u0159il ostrov Nui, za\u010dala v roce 1569 evropsk\u00e1 interakce s Tuvalu. Pozd\u011bji, v roce 1819, byl ostrov Funafuti naz\u00fdv\u00e1n Ellice's Island; anglick\u00fd hydrolog Alexander George Findlay pozd\u011bji celou skupinu ostrov\u016f pojmenoval Ellice Islands. Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie si na konci 19. stolet\u00ed n\u00e1rokovala nad Ellice Islands autoritu, a zahrnula je tak do sv\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry vlivu. Kapit\u00e1n Herbert Gibson z HMS Curacoa ozna\u010dil ka\u017ed\u00fd Ellice Island za britsk\u00fd protektor\u00e1t mezi 9. a 16. \u0159\u00edjnem 1892. Jako sou\u010d\u00e1st Britsk\u00fdch z\u00e1padopacifick\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed (BWPT) Brit\u00e1nie jmenovala rezidentn\u00edho komisa\u0159e, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017eel na ostrovy; od roku 1916 do roku 1975 byly pod koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrolou.<\/p>\n
V roce 1974 znamenalo referendum, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo rozhodnout, zda by Gilbertovy a Elliceovy ostrovy m\u011bly m\u00edt samostatn\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, zlom v historii Tuvalu. V\u00fdsledek vedl k pr\u00e1vn\u00edmu rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kolonie Gilbertovy a Elliceovy ostrovy 1. \u0159\u00edjna 1975. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b rozd\u011blen\u00e9 k 1. lednu 1976, vl\u00e1da z\u0159\u00eddila dv\u011b samostatn\u00e9 britsk\u00e9 kolonie \u2013 Kiribati a Tuvalu. 1. \u0159\u00edjna 1978 se Tuvalu stalo pln\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm jako suver\u00e9nn\u00ed st\u00e1t v r\u00e1mci Commonwealthu; je to konstitu\u010dn\u00ed monarchie v \u010dele s kr\u00e1lem Karlem III. Status Tuvalu jako nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 zem\u011b na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b byl pos\u00edlen, kdy\u017e se 5. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2000 stalo 189. \u010dlenem Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\n
A\u010dkoli m\u00e1 Tuvalu malou rozlohu a m\u00e1lo zdroj\u016f, rybolov a dovoz definuj\u00ed velkou \u010d\u00e1st jeho ekonomiky. Ostrovy maj\u00ed m\u00e1lo p\u016fdy, tak\u017ee zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed licenc\u00ed k rybolovu zahrani\u010dn\u00edm podnik\u016fm, granty a humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed projekty a p\u0159evody od tuvalusk\u00fdch n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f provozuj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1kladn\u00ed lod\u011b proto podporuj\u00ed ekonomiku. Jako n\u00edzko polo\u017een\u00fd ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t je Tuvalu velmi n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k dopad\u016fm zm\u011bny klimatu, zejm\u00e9na ke zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hladiny mo\u0159\u00ed. Jako sou\u010d\u00e1st Aliance mal\u00fdch ostrovn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f se zem\u011b aktivn\u011b \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o klimatu a prosazuje celosv\u011btov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu a jej\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f pro m\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00e9 zem\u011b, jako je Tuvalu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tuvalu, d\u0159\u00edve naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Elliceovy ostrovy, je mal\u00fd ostrovn\u00ed st\u00e1t nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se v polyn\u00e9sk\u00e9 podoblasti Oce\u00e1nie v Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Tento neobvykl\u00fd st\u00e1t, strategicky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd uprost\u0159ed mezi Havajsk\u00fdm ostrovem a Austr\u00e1li\u00ed, p\u0159edstavuje \u00fa\u017easnou f\u00fazi geografick\u00e9ho a kulturn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu. Tuvalu le\u017e\u00ed severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od ostrov\u016f Santa Cruz \u2013 sou\u010d\u00e1sti \u0160alamounov\u00fdch ostrov\u016f \u2013 severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Vanuatu, jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Nauru, ji\u017en\u011b od Kiribati, z\u00e1padn\u011b od Tokelau, severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od Samoy a Wallis a Futuny a severn\u011b od Fid\u017ei. Tuvalu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm bodem z\u00e1jmu jak pro historick\u00fd, tak i modern\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, proto\u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch kultur a d\u011bjin.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3712,"parent":24105,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9549","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9549","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9549"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9549\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}