Chile se t\u00e1hne jako \u00fazk\u00fd p\u00e1s pevniny pod\u00e9l jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edho okraje Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, n\u00e1rod definovan\u00fd extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi zem\u011bpisn\u00fdmi \u0161\u00ed\u0159kami, horami a mo\u0159em. Jeho \u00fazem\u00ed o rozloze p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 756 000 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch na pevnin\u011b sah\u00e1 od vyprahl\u00fdch p\u016fd pou\u0161t\u011b Atacama na severu \u2013 mezi nejsu\u0161\u0161\u00edmi m\u00edsty na Zemi \u2013 a\u017e po spletit\u00e9 vodn\u00ed cesty a ledovce Patagonie na ji\u017en\u00edm konci. Chile, hrani\u010d\u00edc\u00ed s Peru za vysok\u00fdmi Andami na severu, Bol\u00edvi\u00ed na severov\u00fdchod\u011b a Argentinou na v\u00fdchod\u011b, se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 Drakeova pr\u016flivu, kter\u00fd miz\u00ed sm\u011brem k Antarktid\u011b. Za hranicemi sv\u00e9 kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed masy vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 republika pravomoc nad tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdmi v\u00fdspami \u2013 Velikono\u010dn\u00edm ostrovem, ostrovem Juan Fern\u00e1ndez a dal\u0161\u00edmi ostr\u016fvky \u2013 a v r\u00e1mci Antarktick\u00e9 smlouvy si udr\u017euje pozastaven\u00fd n\u00e1rok na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1,25 milionu kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch Antarktidy.<\/p>\n
N\u00e1zev Chile poch\u00e1z\u00ed z tapiserie domorod\u00fdch a koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1znam\u016f. Kroniky ze \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed inck\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed \u2013 Chili \u2013 kter\u00e9 bylo r\u016fzn\u011b spojov\u00e1no s kmenov\u00fdm cacique, \u00fadol\u00edm Aconcagua nebo s domorod\u00fdmi slovy ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edmi chlad, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky \u010di nejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kouty pevniny. \u0160pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9 tento term\u00edn p\u0159ijali po expedici Diega de Almagra na jih v letech 1535\u201336 a prohl\u00e1sili se za \u201emu\u017ee Chilli\u201c. Toto ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1valo v evropsk\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 v angli\u010dtin\u011b se p\u00ed\u0161e \u201eChili\u201c a\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed \u2013 ne\u017e se usadili jako Chile.<\/p>\n
P\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem \u0160pan\u011bl\u016f le\u017eela severn\u00ed polovina dne\u0161n\u00edho Chile pod vlivem Ink\u016f, oblasti s tradicemi n\u00e1horn\u00edch plo\u0161in, kter\u00e9 se rozl\u00e9valy do pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch \u00fadol\u00ed. D\u00e1le na jih se udr\u017eovaly autonomn\u00ed komunity Mapuche, kter\u00e9 odol\u00e1valy vp\u00e1d\u016fm Ink\u016f a pozd\u011bji i opakovan\u00fdm koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1jezd\u016fm. Kdy\u017e dobyvatel\u00e9 v polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed zalo\u017eili trval\u00e1 s\u00eddla, narazili na krajinu \u00fadol\u00ed, \u0159ek a les\u016f, jejich\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 zu\u0159iv\u011b br\u00e1nili jejich autonomii. B\u011bhem dvou stolet\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly osady pod\u00e9l Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fadol\u00ed, ale nikdy si zcela nepotla\u010dily srdce Mapuche ji\u017en\u011b od \u0159eky B\u00edo-B\u00edo.<\/p>\n
Po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti v roce 1818 se Chile sjednotilo v relativn\u011b stabiln\u00ed republiku pod autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi prezidenty. Mlad\u00fd n\u00e1rod se \u00fazemn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159oval prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm konflikt\u016f a vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V polovin\u011b 80. let 19. stolet\u00ed ukon\u010dila organizovan\u00fd Mapuche\u016fv odpor dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u201epacifikace Araucan\u00eda\u201c a v\u00e1lka v Pacifiku (1879\u20131883) proti Peru a Bol\u00edvii zajistila sou\u010dasnou severn\u00ed hranici Chile bohatou na dusi\u010dnany a m\u011b\u010f. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd r\u016fst, zakotven\u00fd ve v\u00fdvozu nerost\u016f a agr\u00e1rn\u00ed kolonizaci Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fadol\u00ed, transformoval demografick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed zem\u011b.<\/p>\n
Dvac\u00e1t\u00e9 stolet\u00ed bylo sv\u011bdkem vln demokratizace, m\u011bstsk\u00e9 migrace a ekonomick\u00e9 diverzifikace. Popula\u010dn\u00ed r\u016fst se zrychlil, m\u011bsta rostla kolem t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch center a Chile se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu st\u00e1le v\u00edce integrovalo do glob\u00e1ln\u00edch trh\u016f. V 60. a na za\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed se v\u0161ak politick\u00e1 polarizace prohloubila. V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1973 svrhla vojensk\u00e1 junta demokraticky zvolenou vl\u00e1du Salvadora Allendeho. Za \u0161estn\u00e1ctilet\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy gener\u00e1la Augusta Pinocheta byla s p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00edm Ort\u00fazarovy komise navr\u017eena \u00fastava z roku 1980 a byly zavedeny rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 reformy. Tyto roky tak\u00e9 p\u0159inesly represe: v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159i tis\u00edce ob\u010dan\u016f p\u0159i\u0161lo o \u017eivot nebo zmizelo. Plebiscit v roce 1988 nastartoval cestu zp\u011bt k civiln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b a v roce 1990 se moci ujala st\u0159edolev\u00e1 koalice, kter\u00e1 Chile provedla dv\u011bma desetilet\u00edmi demokratick\u00e9 konsolidace.<\/p>\n
Chile se dnes \u0159ad\u00ed mezi nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejbohat\u0161\u00ed ekonomiky Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky. Jeho p\u0159\u00edjem na obyvatele ho \u0159ad\u00ed mezi zem\u011b s vysok\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy a v regionu vynik\u00e1 robustn\u00edmi ukazateli spr\u00e1vy v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a trval\u00fdmi investicemi do vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a infrastruktury. Jako zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dlen Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f pomohlo zalo\u017eit Spole\u010denstv\u00ed latinskoamerick\u00fdch a karibsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (CELAC) a Pacifickou alianci a v roce 2010 se p\u0159ipojilo k Organizaci pro hospod\u00e1\u0159skou spolupr\u00e1ci a rozvoj.<\/p>\n
Chile se t\u00e1hne od severu k jihu v d\u00e9lce v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 300 kilometr\u016f, ale \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka z\u0159\u00eddka p\u0159esahuje 350 kilometr\u016f. Jeho sope\u010dn\u00fd p\u00e1te\u0159 \u2013 Andy \u2013 se ty\u010d\u00ed pod\u00e9l v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranice a vyhloub\u00ed p\u00e1nve Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fadol\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Santiago. Na severu se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 pou\u0161\u0165 Atacama, kter\u00e1 poskytuje cenn\u00e1 lo\u017eiska nerostn\u00fdch surovin, zat\u00edmco na jihu krajinu zahaluj\u00ed lesy a pastviny, prokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 jezery a sopkami. P\u0159\u00edstup do Patagonie a Oh\u0148ov\u00e9 zem\u011b p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00fd labyrint fjord\u016f, kan\u00e1l\u016f a poloostrov\u016f.<\/p>\n
V roce 1978 se republika reorganizovala do \u0161estn\u00e1cti region\u016f \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich nesl \u0159\u00edmskou \u010d\u00edslici od severu k jihu, s v\u00fdjimkou metropolitn\u00ed oblasti Santiago \u2013 a d\u00e1le se d\u011blila na provincie a obce. Nov\u00e9 regiony vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 v roce 2007 (Arica a Parinacota; Los R\u00edos) a 2018 (\u00d1uble) p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bnily, ale struktura p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 jako z\u00e1klad m\u00edstn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n
Cestovn\u00ed ruch se stal pil\u00ed\u0159em chilsk\u00e9 ekonomiky. Na dalek\u00e9m severu l\u00e1k\u00e1 San Pedro de Atacama n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky k p\u0159edhisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdm ruin\u00e1m, vysokohorsk\u00fdm jezer\u016fm a takzvan\u00e9mu \u00dadol\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce. Ly\u017ea\u0159sk\u00e1 st\u0159ediska v centr\u00e1ln\u00edch And\u00e1ch \u2013 Portillo, Valle Nevado, Termas de Chill\u00e1n \u2013 uspokoj\u00ed milovn\u00edky zimn\u00edch sport\u016f. Ji\u017en\u00ed ter\u00e9n l\u00e1k\u00e1 k objevov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch park\u016f Conguill\u00edo a Nahuelbuta, zat\u00edmco souostrov\u00ed Chilo\u00e9 a labyrint kan\u00e1l\u016f Patagonie \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b Laguny San Rafael a Torres del Paine \u2013 nab\u00edzej\u00ed divo\u010dinu ledovcov\u00e9ho ledu a sn\u011bhu. V\u00edcebarevn\u00e9 kopce a historick\u00e9 lanovky ve Valpara\u00edso jsou zaps\u00e1ny na seznamu m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO a odlehl\u00fd Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ostrov si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 monument\u00e1ln\u00ed sochy moai v Rapa Nui.<\/p>\n
Dom\u00e1c\u00ed cestovatel\u00e9 se od prosince do b\u0159ezna hem\u017e\u00ed letn\u00edmi pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edmi letovisky: severn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edstavy, jako jsou Arica a Iquique; pl\u00e1\u017eemi La Serena a Coquimbo; jezern\u00edm Puc\u00f3nem na jihu; a p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00fdmi m\u011bsty v regionu Valpara\u00edso, zejm\u00e9na bohat\u00fdm Vi\u00f1a del Mar s proslulou hudebn\u00ed sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Rovn\u011b\u017e venkovsk\u00fd surfa\u0159sk\u00fd r\u00e1j Pichilemu za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sez\u00f3nn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edliv.<\/p>\n
V roce 2005 zah\u00e1jila vl\u00e1da mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed kampa\u0148 na zviditeln\u011bn\u00ed rozmanitosti Chile. V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b se udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 doprava pod\u00e9l p\u00e1te\u0159e Patagonie prosazuje v r\u00e1mci projektu Stezka park\u016f \u2013 2 800 kilometr\u016f dlouh\u00e9ho koridoru chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00fd vymysleli pr\u016fkopn\u00edci ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody.<\/p>\n
N\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 topografie Chile vy\u017eaduje komplexn\u00ed dopravn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. Do roku 2020 republikou proch\u00e1zelo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 86 000 kilometr\u016f d\u00e1lnic, z nich\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 21 000 kilometr\u016f bylo zpevn\u011bn\u00fdch. Strategick\u00e9 zdvojen\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch koridor\u016f \u2013 zejm\u00e9na Panamerick\u00e9 d\u00e1lnice (Route 5) \u2013 zlep\u0161ilo spojen\u00ed z Atacamy p\u0159es st\u0159edn\u00ed Chile do Puerto Montt. D\u00e1lkov\u00e9 autobusy dominuj\u00ed mezim\u011bstsk\u00e9 doprav\u011b a zahrnuj\u00ed trasy jako Santiago\u2013Arica (30 hodin) a Santiago\u2013Punta Arenas (40 hodin s p\u0159estupem v Osornu).<\/p>\n
Leteck\u00e1 doprava spojuje vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 regiony: z 372 ranvej\u00ed se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b Mataveri na Velikono\u010dn\u00edm ostrov\u011b py\u0161n\u00ed titulem nejizolovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edho leti\u0161t\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b, zat\u00edmco leti\u0161t\u011b Arturo Merino Ben\u00edtez v Santiagu odbav\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159es dvan\u00e1ct milion\u016f cestuj\u00edc\u00edch. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 leti\u0161t\u011b obsluhuj\u00ed m\u011bsta Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Concepci\u00f3n, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas a Temuco.<\/p>\n
S\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu z roku 2017 zaznamenalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 17,6 milionu obyvatel. Po desetilet\u00edch vysok\u00e9ho r\u016fstu porodnost klesla, co\u017e zpomaluje r\u016fst populace \u2013 projekce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed zhruba 20,2 milionu obyvatel do poloviny stolet\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inu obyvatel tvo\u0159\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e1 centra, zejm\u00e9na Santiago, co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed migraci z venkova do m\u011bst.<\/p>\n
Kulturn\u00ed struktura Chile prol\u00edn\u00e1 domorod\u00e9, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 a pozd\u011bji evropsk\u00e9 vlivy. Severoandsk\u00e9 tradice p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed v horsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech; na jihu n\u011bmeck\u00e9 osadnick\u00e9 komunity vtiskuj\u00ed bavorsk\u00e9 architektonick\u00e9 formy a kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd vkus ve m\u011bstech, jako je Valdivia a Puerto Varas. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed kuchyn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed rozmanitost zem\u011b: mo\u0159sk\u00e9 plody pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, hov\u011bz\u00ed a jehn\u011b\u010d\u00ed na pl\u00e1n\u00edch, ovoce a zelenina z Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fadol\u00ed. Mezi typick\u00e9 pokrmy pat\u0159\u00ed cazuela \u2013 vydatn\u00fd gul\u00e1\u0161 z masa a zeleniny \u2013 empan\u00e1dy, pastel de choclo (kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd a masov\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d), curanto (mo\u0159sk\u00e9 plody a maso pe\u010den\u00e9 v j\u00e1m\u011b) a sopaipillas (sma\u017een\u00e9 t\u011bsto). Syrov\u00e1 sm\u011bs zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako crudos m\u00eds\u00ed andsk\u00e9, \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 a n\u011bmeck\u00e9 prvky: jemn\u011b mletou lamu (nebo \u010dast\u011bji hov\u011bz\u00ed), citrusy, cibuli a evropsk\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed, jako je majon\u00e9za a jogurt.<\/p>\n
Chilsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed je zachov\u00e1no jak v nehmotn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch \u2013 hudb\u011b, tanci, festivalech, \u0159emeslech \u2013, tak i v hmotn\u00fdch pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. P\u011bt lokalit se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed statusu sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Rapa Nui (1995), kostely v Chilo\u00e9 (2000), historick\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165 Valpara\u00edso (2003), ledkov\u00e9 z\u00e1vody Humberstone a Santa Laura (2005) a hornick\u00e9 m\u011bsto Sewell (2006). Od roku 1999 se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b v kv\u011btnu kon\u00e1 Den kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed, kter\u00fd vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k celost\u00e1tn\u00edmu uzn\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto odkazu.<\/p>\n
Chile nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d svou d\u00e9lkou odhaluje kontrasty klimatu a kultury, vytrvalosti domorod\u00fdch obyvatel a odkazu imigrant\u016f, drsn\u00e9 divo\u010diny a kosmopolitn\u00edho m\u011bsta. Jeho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem adaptace na extr\u00e9my, na s\u00edly p\u0159\u00edrody a historick\u00e9 proudy, p\u0159esto v\u017edy formovan\u00fd t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed jeho dlouhou a \u00fazkou zemi naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed domovem.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Chile, located in western South America, has a population of 17.5 million according to the 2017 census and covers a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers. Bound to the north by Peru, to the northeast by Bolivia, and to the east by Argentina, this long, thin country runs along the western coast of the continent. With land closest to Antarctica, the Republic of Chile\u2014as it is formally known\u2014stands as the southernmost nation in the world.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2869,"parent":24096,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7469","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7469"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7469\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24096"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}