Paraguay, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Paraguaysk\u00e1 republika, zauj\u00edm\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed polohu na jihoamerick\u00e9m kontinentu. Bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu k mo\u0159i je ohrani\u010den Argentinou na jihu a jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b, Braz\u00edli\u00ed na v\u00fdchod\u011b a severov\u00fdchod\u011b a Bol\u00edvi\u00ed na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b. Tenk\u00fd p\u00e1s \u0159eky Paraguay prot\u00edn\u00e1 zemi, prop\u016fj\u010duje j\u00ed jm\u00e9no a rozd\u011bluje ji na dv\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 oblasti: v\u00fdchodn\u00ed zemi zvln\u011bn\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00ed a zalesn\u011bn\u00fdch kopc\u016f a z\u00e1padn\u00ed rozlohu Gran Chaco, \u0159\u00ed\u0161i \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 vegetace a ob\u010dasn\u00fdch ba\u017ein.<\/p>\n
Po\u010det obyvatel se pohybuje kolem 6,1 milionu. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2,3 milionu \u017eije v Asunci\u00f3nu, hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b a hlavn\u00edm centru obchodu a spr\u00e1vy, spolu s p\u0159ilehl\u00fdmi p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00edmi. Venkovsk\u00e9 oblasti ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch si udr\u017euj\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd rytmus, zat\u00edmco jen mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st obyvatel \u2013 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u010dty\u0159i ze sta \u2013 \u017eije v rozlehl\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed Chaco, kter\u00e9 se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na v\u00edce ne\u017e polovin\u011b rozlohy st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n
Po\u010d\u00e1tky modern\u00ed Paraguaye sahaj\u00ed a\u017e k p\u0159\u00edchodu \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch objevitel\u016f v roce 1524. O n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let pozd\u011bji, v roce 1537, se pod z\u00e1\u0161titou conquistador\u016f zformovala osada Asunci\u00f3n, kter\u00e1 se stala prvn\u00edm administrativn\u00edm centrem guvernor\u00e1tu R\u00edo de la Plata. B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho stolet\u00ed jezuit\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i zalo\u017eili s\u00ed\u0165 misi\u00ed mezi domorod\u00fdmi Guaran\u00ed a zavedli n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou v\u00fduku spolu se zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi a \u0159emesln\u00fdmi technikami. Tyto osady spojovaly prvky domorod\u00e9ho a evropsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota a\u017e do vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed jezuitsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du v roce 1767. Paraguay, zredukovan\u00fd na perifern\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, p\u0159etrval a\u017e do prvn\u00edch let 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy region z\u00edskal nez\u00e1vislost na \u0160pan\u011blsku.<\/p>\n
Devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9 stolet\u00ed se uk\u00e1zalo jako bou\u0159liv\u00e9. V nov\u011b suver\u00e9nn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b se vyst\u0159\u00eddala \u0159ada siln\u00fdch vl\u00e1d. Od roku 1864 do roku 1870 se Paraguay v konfliktu zn\u00e1m\u00e9m jako paraguaysk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka postavil proti alianci Braz\u00edlie, Argentiny a Uruguaye. V\u00fdsledek Paraguay zni\u010dil: vzdala se a\u017e t\u0159etiny sv\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a ztratila zhruba polovinu obyvatelstva. Obnova si vy\u017e\u00e1dala desetilet\u00ed. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se Paraguay b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky v Chaco (1932\u20131935) znovu zapojila do rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch boj\u016f proti Bol\u00edvii; tentokr\u00e1t si paraguaysk\u00e9 s\u00edly udr\u017eely kontrolu nad sporn\u00fdmi \u00fazem\u00edmi.<\/p>\n
Politick\u00fd \u017eivot v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch desetilet\u00edch se odehr\u00e1val pod vlivem \u0159ady vojensky veden\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f. Nejd\u00e9le trvaj\u00edc\u00ed se objevil v roce 1954, kdy se moci ujal Alfredo Stroessner. Jeho administrativa vl\u00e1dla a\u017e do p\u0159evratu v roce 1989, kter\u00fd zah\u00e1jil sou\u010dasn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed civiln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy a volebn\u00ed sout\u011b\u017ee.<\/p>\n
Paraguaysk\u00e1 ekonomika se vyv\u00edjela v r\u00e1mci region\u00e1ln\u00edch obchodn\u00edch blok\u016f. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dleny Ji\u017en\u00edho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho trhu (Mercosur) a m\u00e1 k\u0159esla v Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, Organizaci americk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, Hnut\u00ed nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch a Limsk\u00e9 skupin\u011b. P\u0159esto\u017ee Paraguay nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k mo\u0159i, sm\u011bruje v\u00fdvoz a dovoz p\u0159es vodn\u00ed cestu Paran\u00e1\u2013Paraguay, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup k atlantsk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstav\u016fm. \u0158\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed doprava z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 a p\u0159epravuje komodity na sever do p\u0159\u00edstavu Asunci\u00f3n a d\u00e1le do Buenos Aires, kde kotv\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed lodn\u00ed linky.<\/p>\n
Topograficky se v\u00fdchodn\u00ed region \u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Regi\u00f3n Oriental \u2013 skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z travnat\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00ed prokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch zalesn\u011bn\u00fdmi kopci. \u00darodn\u00e1 a hlubok\u00e1 p\u016fda umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00f3ji, kuku\u0159ice a skotu. Na z\u00e1pad\u011b, v oblasti Chaco neboli Regi\u00f3n Occidental, se ter\u00e9n zplo\u0161\u0165uje do k\u0159ovin a ob\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. V r\u00e1mci st\u00e1tn\u00edch hranic se prot\u00edn\u00e1 \u0161est ekologick\u00fdch z\u00f3n: atlantick\u00e9 lesy Alto Paran\u00e1, vlhk\u00e9 a such\u00e9 Chaco, savany Cerrado, z\u00e1plavov\u00e9 oblasti Pantanal a travn\u00ed porosty zatopen\u00e9 Paranou. Celistvost les\u016f se podle glob\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek \u0159ad\u00ed mezi pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9; v roce 2019 se Paraguay um\u00edstil na sedmdes\u00e1t\u00e9m \u010dtvrt\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b ze 172 zem\u00ed v oblasti ochrany krajiny. Podzemn\u00ed zvodn\u011bl\u00e1 vrstva Guaran\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed jednu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sladkovodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v Americe.<\/p>\n
Klima se dr\u017e\u00ed vzoru dvou ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed: vlhk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed od \u0159\u00edjna do b\u0159ezna a su\u0161\u0161\u00edho obdob\u00ed od dubna do z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Bez horsk\u00fdch bari\u00e9r se po cel\u00e9 zemi neru\u0161en\u011b proh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed a andsk\u00e9 vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 masy. Od kv\u011btna do srpna vanou z And chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011btry, kter\u00e9 v zimn\u00edch noc\u00edch ob\u010das sni\u017euj\u00ed teploty pod bod mrazu. Naopak letn\u00ed maxima dosahuj\u00ed v lednu vrcholu kolem 29 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia, a to d\u00edky severn\u00edm proud\u016fm vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm z Amazonsk\u00e9 p\u00e1nve. Sr\u00e1\u017eky sm\u011brem na z\u00e1pad klesaj\u00ed \u2013 z p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 170 centimetr\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch les\u00edch na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 centimetr\u016f v poho\u0159\u00ed Chaco \u2013 co\u017e formuje zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 mo\u017enosti a hustotu os\u00eddlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Administrativn\u011b se Paraguay d\u011bl\u00ed na sedmn\u00e1ct departement\u016f a hlavn\u00ed okres Asunci\u00f3n. Departementy se shlukuj\u00ed ve dvou zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch regionech: t\u0159i v provincii Chaco \u2013 Boquer\u00f3n, Alto Paraguay a Presidente Hayes \u2013 a zbytek ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed polovin\u011b pod\u00e9l hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta. Silni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 se t\u00e1hne p\u0159es 78 850 kilometr\u016f, a\u010dkoli m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u010dtrn\u00e1ct procent m\u00e1 zpevn\u011bn\u00fd povrch. Mezi ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 infrastrukturn\u00ed projekty pat\u0159\u00ed Bioceanic Corridor, nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed d\u00e1lnice t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se na z\u00e1pad a spojuj\u00edc\u00ed brazilsk\u00e9 a argentinsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstavy p\u0159es severn\u00ed Paraguay. Po pl\u00e1novan\u00e9m dokon\u010den\u00ed bude proch\u00e1zet t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 550 kilometr\u016f \u0159\u00eddce propojen\u00fdmi okresy, co\u017e slibuje nov\u00e9 trasy pro exportn\u00ed dopravu a otev\u0159e vnitrozem\u00ed investic\u00edm. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 2022 Paraguay slavnostn\u011b otev\u0159el p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovinu t\u00e9to trasy, kter\u00e1 spojuje m\u011bsto Carmelo Peralta na brazilsk\u00e9 hranici s Loma Plata v Boquer\u00f3nu. Sou\u010dasn\u011b pokra\u010dovaly pr\u00e1ce na zdvojn\u00e1soben\u00ed j\u00edzdn\u00edch pruh\u016f pod\u00e9l silnice \u010d. 2 mezi Asunci\u00f3nem a Ciudad del Este \u2013 kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd hrani\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159echod do Braz\u00edlie \u2013 a do ledna t\u00e9ho\u017e roku bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 100 kilometr\u016f.<\/p>\n
Leteck\u00e9 spojen\u00ed se soust\u0159ed\u00ed kolem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho leti\u0161t\u011b Silvia Pettirossiho pobl\u00ed\u017e Asunci\u00f3nu, kter\u00e9 je \u010dast\u00fdm zprost\u0159edkovatelem let\u016f do Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky. D\u00e1le na v\u00fdchod p\u0159epravuje leti\u0161t\u011b v Ciudad del Este zna\u010dn\u00fd objem n\u00e1kladu p\u0159es trojmez\u00ed hrani\u010d\u00edc\u00ed s Braz\u00edli\u00ed a Argentinou.<\/p>\n
Demograficky se Paraguay vyzna\u010duje vysok\u00fdm stupn\u011bm etnick\u00e9 sm\u011bsi. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u2013 v\u00edce ne\u017e devades\u00e1t procent \u2013 \u200b\u200bsleduje sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v evropsk\u00fdch i domorod\u00fdch p\u0159edc\u00edch, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v kmenech Guaran\u00ed. Jazyk Guaran\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 vedle \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny jako b\u011b\u017en\u00fd jazyk; v\u00edce ne\u017e dev\u011bt z deseti Paraguayc\u016f mluv\u00ed guaran\u00edsk\u00fdmi dialekty a jopara, lidov\u00e1 sm\u011bs guaran\u00ed a \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny, prostupuje ka\u017edodenn\u00ed konverzac\u00ed. Urbanizace dosahuje zhruba \u0161edes\u00e1ti t\u0159\u00ed procent, co\u017e je jedna z nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch hodnot v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel se shlukuje v Asunci\u00f3nu a jeho okol\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Kulturn\u00ed \u017eivot odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed guaran\u00edjsk\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a ibersk\u00fdch vliv\u016f. Vy\u0161\u00edvac\u00ed tradice, jako je ao po'\u00ed a krajkov\u00e1n\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u00f1andut\u00ed, se objevuj\u00ed v od\u011bvech a bytov\u00fdch textili\u00edch. Hudebn\u00ed formy spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed na domorod\u00e9 harf\u011b a kyta\u0159e a projevuj\u00ed se svi\u017en\u00fdmi polkami a um\u00edrn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed guarania, \u017e\u00e1nrem, kter\u00fd na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed formoval Jos\u00e9 Asunci\u00f3n Flores. Lidov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje rezonuj\u00ed na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch m\u011bsta, zat\u00edmco rozhlasov\u00e9 stanice poskytuj\u00ed st\u00e1l\u00fd proud dvojjazy\u010dn\u00fdch program\u016f.<\/p>\n
Paraguaysk\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b tuto f\u00fazi rovn\u011b\u017e vyjad\u0159uje. Maniok, ko\u0159enov\u00e1 zelenina, tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad chleb\u016f a kol\u00e1\u010d\u016f \u2013 zejm\u00e9na chipa, bochn\u00edku ve tvaru prstence sm\u00edchan\u00e9ho se s\u00fdrem a kuku\u0159i\u010dnou moukou \u2013 a sopa paraguaya, hust\u00e9ho kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9ho kol\u00e1\u010de, kter\u00fd se \u010dasto pod\u00e1v\u00e1 na setk\u00e1n\u00edch. Pokrmy kombinuj\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, cibuli, papriky a \u010derstvou kuku\u0159ici v du\u0161en\u00fdch pokrmech a p\u0159\u00edloh\u00e1ch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed kulin\u00e1\u0159skou identitu, kter\u00e1 ct\u00ed jak prvky p\u0159edk\u016f, tak i ty, kter\u00e9 se v nich nach\u00e1zej\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Literatura a film se v polovin\u011b dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed rozv\u00edjely, spisovatel\u00e9 jako Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Maz\u00f3, Roque Vallejos a Augusto Roa Bastos zmapovali nov\u00e1 poetick\u00e1 a narativn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Roa Bastos, jeho\u017e d\u00edlo z\u00edskalo Nobelovu cenu, dal hlas paraguaysk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti v pr\u00f3ze, kter\u00e1 se vyzna\u010duje psychologickou hloubkou. Filmov\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed n\u00e1roda z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 skromn\u00e9 \u200b\u200bco do rozsahu, ale odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1jem o dokumentaci m\u00edstn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f.<\/p>\n
V dom\u00e1cnostech soci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury kladou d\u016fraz na vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 vazby se protk\u00e1vaj\u00ed venkovsk\u00fdm i m\u011bstsk\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm. V mnoha komunit\u00e1ch kmot\u0159i p\u0159eb\u00edraj\u00ed roli kvazi-patron\u016f, jsou vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni pro sv\u00e9 postaven\u00ed a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee sv\u00fdm kmot\u0159enc\u016fm poskytnou veden\u00ed a ochranu v r\u00e1mci neform\u00e1ln\u00ed podp\u016frn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n
Na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b se Paraguay v indexu lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje um\u00edstila na 105. m\u00edst\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b, co\u017e nazna\u010duje pokrok ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, zdravotnictv\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmech, i kdy\u017e je zde prostor pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed. HDP na obyvatele m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd paritou kupn\u00ed s\u00edly se um\u00edstil na sedm\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b mezi jihoamerick\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. V roce 2014 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum ozna\u010dil Paraguay za \u201enej\u0161\u0165astn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto na sv\u011bt\u011b\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vysokou spokojenost se \u017eivotem dle vlastn\u00edho ud\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva p\u0159ipisoval komunitn\u00edm vazb\u00e1m a kulturn\u00ed soudr\u017enosti.<\/p>\n
Paraguay dnes stoj\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce tradic a zm\u011bn. S t\u00edm, jak silnice a vodn\u00ed cesty otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 trasy, jak se m\u011bsta roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed a zalesn\u011bn\u00e9 kopce \u0161eptaj\u00ed o nevyu\u017eit\u00e9m potenci\u00e1lu, zem\u011b se rozv\u00edj\u00ed pod stabiln\u00ed spr\u00e1vou. Jej\u00ed lid\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00e1z\u00e1ni na rytmy \u0159ek a p\u016fdy, na zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 a adaptovan\u00e9 jazyky a na zvyky, kter\u00e9 ukotvuj\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot. V tomto vnitrozemsk\u00e9m n\u00e1rod\u011b rezonuje tep minulosti i sou\u010dasnosti v ka\u017ed\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, na ka\u017ed\u00e9 rovin\u011b a pod\u00e9l ka\u017ed\u00e9ho klikat\u00e9ho z\u00e1krutu \u0159eky, kter\u00fd Paraguayi umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edstup do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Paraguay, formally known as the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked nation located in South America, with an estimated population of around 6.1 million inhabitants. About 2.3 million people live in Asunci\u00f3n, the capital and biggest city, together with the metro area around it. Paraguay, in the center of South America, with borders to Brazil east and northeast, Argentina to the south and southwest, and Bolivia to the northwest.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4079,"parent":24096,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6656","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6656"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6656\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24096"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}