An\u0161an le\u017e\u00ed v klidn\u00e9m kout\u011b centr\u00e1ln\u011b-jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edho Liaoningu, asi devades\u00e1t kilometr\u016f ji\u017en\u011b od \u0160en-jangu. N\u00e1zev m\u011bsta \u2013 doslova \u201esedlov\u00e1 hora\u201c \u2013 je odvozen od n\u00edzk\u00e9ho vrcholu na jihu, kter\u00fd v ub\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm sv\u011btle p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 zak\u0159iven\u00ed ko\u0148sk\u00e9ho sedla. Tato m\u00edrn\u00e1 skaln\u00ed vyv\u00fd\u0161enina byla sv\u011bdkem stalet\u00ed konflikt\u016f a obchodu a dnes je hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem o rozloze 9 270 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,3 miliony obyvatel, co\u017e z An\u0161anu v Liaoningu d\u011bl\u00e1 t\u0159et\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto co do po\u010dtu obyvatel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An\u0161an, t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 133 kilometr\u016f od v\u00fdchodu na z\u00e1pad, p\u0159eklenuje ploch\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy \u0159eky Liao a stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed obrysy poho\u0159\u00ed \u010cchien. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9, \u00farodn\u00e9 oblasti \u2013 v\u00edce ne\u017e 24 000 hektar\u016f orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy \u2013 kde pod m\u00edrn\u00fdm sluncem vzkv\u00e9taj\u00ed pole se zeleninou a slavn\u00e1 hru\u0161ka Nanguo. Na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b kopce ustupuj\u00ed rozeklan\u00fdm h\u0159eben\u016fm a zalesn\u011bn\u00fdm svah\u016fm, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park \u010cchien-\u0161an, 44 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch rozlehlou rezervaci taoistick\u00fdch a buddhistick\u00fdch svatyn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An\u0161an pod svou p\u016fdou skr\u00fdv\u00e1 nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 nerostn\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed. Lo\u017eiska \u017eelezn\u00e9 rudy z\u00e1sobuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd ocel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd komplex m\u011bsta; z\u00e1soby magnezitu a mastku pat\u0159\u00ed k nejhojn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b; nefritov\u00e9 \u017e\u00edly poskytuj\u00ed hadovit\u00e9 kameny tak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objeven\u00fd \u2013 nyn\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b vytesan\u00fd do 260tunov\u00e9ho Buddhy \u2013 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00edstn\u00ed pam\u00e1tkou. Uheln\u00e9 sloje le\u017e\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b hloub\u011bji a dlouho se t\u011b\u017eily jako palivo pro vysok\u00e9 pece a zimn\u00ed vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lidsk\u00e1 historie regionu sah\u00e1 a\u017e k prehistorick\u00fdm os\u00eddlen\u00edm. Za dynastie Tang okupovaly tuto oblast c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 s\u00edly b\u011bhem ta\u017een\u00ed proti Goguryeo: ruiny pevnost\u00ed z doby Ming a maj\u00e1kov\u00fdch v\u011b\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1le ozna\u010duj\u00ed starou severoji\u017en\u00ed cestu mezi Liaoyangem a Haj\u010dengem. P\u0159esto An\u0161an po v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9 historie z\u016fstal sp\u00ed\u0161e zast\u00e1vkou ne\u017e c\u00edlem, poset\u00fd skromn\u00fdmi hostinci pro \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky putuj\u00edc\u00ed mezi hlavn\u00edmi m\u011bsty provinci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V roce 1918 \u010d\u00ednsko-japonsk\u00e9 partnerstv\u00ed zah\u00e1jilo \u010dinnost spole\u010dnost Anshan Zhenzing Iron Ore Company. Kdy\u017e Japonci v roce 1931 zalo\u017eili Mand\u017eukuo, tento podnik p\u0159e\u0161el pod v\u00fdlu\u010dnou japonskou kontrolu a na severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed rovin\u011b m\u011bsta vyrostla p\u0159ilehl\u00e1 ocel\u00e1rna. Osada se rozr\u016fstala kolem bran tov\u00e1ren a l\u00e1kala d\u011bln\u00edky a podnikatele do sv\u00fdch noc\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00fdch pecemi. Osvobozen\u00ed Lidovou osvobozeneckou arm\u00e1dou 19. \u00fanora 1948 se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 v parku Li\u0161i-\u0161an, kde pam\u00e1tn\u00edk z \u0161ed\u00e9ho kamene p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 posledn\u00ed konflikt ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ve m\u011bst\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky postavila An\u0161an do centra sv\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch ambic\u00ed. V prosinci 1948 byla z v\u00e1lkou po\u0161kozen\u00fdch z\u00e1vod\u016f zalo\u017eena \u017eelez\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 a ocel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost Angang; do \u010dervence 1949 byla omezen\u00e1 v\u00fdroba obnovena. V r\u00e1mci st\u00e1tn\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1vod rozrostl v jedno z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch center v\u00fdroby oceli. Z otev\u0159en\u00fdch pec\u00ed chrlily oblaka prachu a v\u00fdpar\u016f, co\u017e An\u0161anu upevnilo pov\u011bst ponur\u00e9 a za\u010douzen\u00e9 ba\u0161ty t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Od 80. let 20. stolet\u00ed \u0159ada technologick\u00fdch reviz\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eila jak zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tak i po\u017eadavky na pracovn\u00ed s\u00edlu. Konvertory s vh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00edm kysl\u00edku nahradily star\u0161\u00ed tav\u00edrny; linky pro plynul\u00e9 odl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed, zaveden\u00e9 v roce 2000, je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce sn\u00ed\u017eily mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic ve vzduchu. A\u010dkoli tyto pokroky omezily po\u010det pracovn\u00edch sil v ocel\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a n\u011bkter\u00e9 nechaly bez st\u00e1l\u00e9ho zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, zm\u00edrnily environment\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e Anshanu. V posledn\u00edch letech se urbanist\u00e9 sna\u017eili vyv\u00e1\u017eit ko\u0159eny t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu s nov\u00fdmi ambicemi jako\u017eto m\u00edsta s historick\u00fdm a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Administrativn\u011b se Anshan skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze \u010dty\u0159 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch obvod\u016f \u2013 Tiedong na v\u00fdchod\u011b, Tiexi na z\u00e1pad\u011b, Lishan severn\u011b od centr\u00e1ln\u00edho ml\u00fdna a Qianshan v p\u0159edm\u011bstsk\u00fdch kopc\u00edch \u2013 spolu s jedn\u00edm okresem, jedn\u00edm autonomn\u00edm okresem pro mand\u017euskou men\u0161inu a m\u011bstem okresn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b Haicheng. Prefektura m\u00e1 p\u0159es 3,3 milionu obyvatel; p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,5 milionu \u017eije ve \u010dty\u0159ech hlavn\u00edch okresech. Rychl\u00e1 aglomerace propojila Anshan se sousedn\u00edm Liaoyangem a do roku 2020 dohromady vytvo\u0159ily zastav\u011bnou z\u00f3nu s 2,7 miliony obyvatel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Etnicky An\u0161an odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed strukturu severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010c\u00edny. Chanov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed asi 3 miliony obyvatel; Mand\u017euov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v regionu kdysi dominovali, \u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 520 000 obyvatel, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v okol\u00ed autonomn\u00ed oblasti Siu-jan. Komunity Hui a korejsko-\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 komunity p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i a v\u00edce ne\u017e des\u00edtky tis\u00edc obyvatel a m\u00eds\u00ed se v \u010dtvrt\u00edch, jejich\u017e p\u016fvod sah\u00e1 a\u017e k migraci z doby \u010cching a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9mu n\u00e1boru ve 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed v Anshanu jsou ost\u0159e vymezena. Zimy, pod sibi\u0159sk\u00fdm tlakem vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho tlaku, klesaj\u00ed v lednu na pr\u016fm\u011brnou teplotu -7,6 \u00b0C, s rekordn\u00edmi minimy bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi se -27 \u00b0C. L\u00e9ta, nap\u00e1jen\u00e1 monzunov\u00fdmi proudy, se v pr\u016fm\u011bru horko pohybuj\u00ed kolem -25 \u00b0C a \u010dasto jsou prom\u00e1\u010dena n\u00e1hl\u00fdmi de\u0161ti. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina z 620 milimetr\u016f ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek spadne v \u010dervenci a srpnu. Slune\u010dn\u00ed svit v\u0161ak p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 po dobu 2 595 hodin ro\u010dn\u011b a jarn\u00ed jasnost ustupuje podzimn\u00edmu klidu p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm sn\u011bhem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dopravn\u00ed infrastruktura se rozrostla spolu s pr\u016fmyslem. Leti\u0161t\u011b Anshan Teng'ao, patn\u00e1ct kilometr\u016f jihoz\u00e1padn\u011b od centra, m\u00e1 jednou denn\u011b spojen\u00ed s Pekingem, \u0160anghaj\u00ed, Kantonem, \u010ccheng-tu a Nankingem. Vysokorychlostn\u00ed \u017eeleznice dorazila v roce 2012 s trat\u00ed Charbin-Dalien, kter\u00e1 v l\u00e9t\u011b proch\u00e1z\u00ed stanicemi Anshan West a Haicheng West rychlost\u00ed a\u017e 300 km\/h. Silni\u010dn\u00ed tepny \u2013 zejm\u00e9na osmiproud\u00e1, soukrom\u011b financovan\u00e1 rychlostn\u00ed silnice Shenyang-Haikou \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed rychl\u00fd pohyb na sever i na jih, zat\u00edmco m\u00edstn\u00ed autobusy, tax\u00edky a komplexn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 cyklostezek slou\u017e\u00ed k cestov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turismus nyn\u00ed hraje roli v obnov\u011b m\u011bsta. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park \u010cchien-\u0161an le\u017e\u00ed osmn\u00e1ct kilometr\u016f jihov\u00fdchodn\u011b a jeho vrcholky jsou poset\u00e9 chr\u00e1my, kde se ve spole\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00edch shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed Buddhy i Lao-c'-\u0165i. Jeden \u017eulov\u00fd \u00fates na z\u00e1padn\u00edm okraji parku p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho Maitr\u00e9ju, \u00fadajn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed sochu budouc\u00edho Buddhy. V srdci m\u011bsta p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 park 219 osvobozen\u00ed \u010c\u00ednsk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy v roce 1948 jezery a turistick\u00fdmi stezkami, kter\u00e9 stoupaj\u00ed po m\u00edrn\u00fdch svaz\u00edch k pam\u011btn\u00edm pavilon\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pal\u00e1c nefritov\u00e9ho Buddhy, otev\u0159en\u00fd v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1996, pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejnav\u0161t\u011bvovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pam\u00e1tky Anshanu. Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 jedin\u00fd, 260 tun v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00ed blok hadovit\u00e9ho kamene \u2013 vysok\u00fd t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 osm metr\u016f, s dvojit\u00fdmi rytinami \u0160\u00e1kjamuniho a Kuan-jina na protilehl\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch. Zab\u00edr\u00e1 halu o rozloze 22 104 metr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch, kter\u00e1 je korunov\u00e1na t\u0159iceti t\u0159emi metry a symbolizuje t\u0159iat\u0159icet nebes buddhismu, a je jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch dvoupatrov\u00fdch staveb v tradi\u010dn\u00edm stylu v \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Krom\u011b hor a pam\u00e1tek odkazuj\u00ed an\u0161ansk\u00e9 hork\u00e9 prameny na del\u0161\u00ed historii. Tanggangzi p\u0159itahoval c\u00edsa\u0159e z dynastie \u010cching a dnes nab\u00edz\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9 p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 koupele s miner\u00e1ln\u00ed vodou. Geoterm\u00e1ln\u00ed teplo oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 m\u00edstn\u00ed \u010dtvrti po celou zimu, co\u017e je praktick\u00fd odkaz podzemn\u00edho tepla, kter\u00fd spojuje modern\u00ed bloky s n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky z doby Tang hledaj\u00edc\u00edmi \u00falevu a odpo\u010dinek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 v z\u00e1padn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u00edch Anshanu, kde pastviny p\u0161enice a kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e1 pole obklopuj\u00ed sady proslul\u00e9 hru\u0161kami Nanguo \u2013 pevn\u00fdmi, aromatick\u00fdmi a \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00fdmi \u201ekr\u00e1lem hru\u0161ek\u201c. Tyto plody putuj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd podzim na jih na trhy po cel\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b, co\u017e je p\u0159ipom\u00ednka toho, \u017ee i ve m\u011bst\u011b nejl\u00e9pe zn\u00e1m\u00e9m pro \u017eelezo a uhl\u00ed si zem\u011b zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj klidn\u00fd a produktivn\u00ed puls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Anshanu je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem miner\u00e1l\u016f a stroj\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 hor a mision\u00e1\u0159\u016f, dikt\u00e1torsk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a delik\u00e1tn\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy. Syrov\u00e9 cink\u00e1n\u00ed ocelov\u00fdch pec\u00ed zde ustupuje chr\u00e1mov\u00fdm zvon\u016fm v kopc\u00edch a nefritov\u00e9 Buddhovy o\u010di shl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed na tov\u00e1rny znovuobsazen\u00e9 zelen\u00fdm porostem. Sedlovit\u00fd vrchol p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 jako symbol i str\u00e1\u017ece a v\u00edt\u00e1 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky na m\u00edst\u011b, kde vrstvy historie le\u017e\u00ed t\u011bsn\u011b pod povrchem a \u010dekaj\u00ed na p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Anshan, m\u011bsto na \u00farovni prefektury v provincii Liaoning v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, slou\u017e\u00ed jako pozoruhodn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed zem\u011b. T\u0159et\u00ed nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto v Liaoningu, s 3 325 420 obyvateli na plo\u0161e asi 9 270 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch. Toto vnit\u0159n\u00ed m\u011bsto le\u017e\u00ed 92 kilometr\u016f ji\u017en\u011b od hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta provincie Shenyang.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15998,"parent":15750,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15995","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15995","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15995"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15995\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15750"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15995"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}