Tripolis le\u017e\u00ed na skalnat\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eku osmdes\u00e1t jedna kilometr\u016f severn\u011b od Bejr\u00fatu a shl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Jako druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsto Libanonu a hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto jeho Severn\u00edho guvernor\u00e1tu p\u0159edstavuje nejsevern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstav zem\u011b. Po stalet\u00ed slou\u017eil jako k\u0159i\u017eovatka \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e m\u011bstsk\u00e1 z\u00e1stavba je sv\u011bdectv\u00edm o f\u00e9nick\u00fdch mo\u0159eplavc\u00edch, \u0159eck\u00fdch osadn\u00edc\u00edch, k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u00edch, maml\u00fack\u00fdch guvern\u00e9rech a osmansk\u00fdch spr\u00e1vc\u00edch. V po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch ka\u017ed\u00e1 civilizace zanechala propleten\u00fd k\u00e1men a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00e9 formovaly jak jeho panorama, tak i spole\u010densk\u00e9 kontury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zaznamenan\u00fd n\u00e1zev, Athar, se objevuje ve f\u00e9nick\u00fdch an\u00e1lech ze 14. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. \u0158e\u010dt\u00ed kolonist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jej n\u00e1sledovali, jej p\u0159ejmenovali na Tripolis \u2013 doslova \u201et\u0159i m\u011bsta\u201c \u2013 a z toho vze\u0161el modern\u00ed arabsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u1e6car\u0101bulus. V arabsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b si vyslou\u017eil p\u0159\u00edvlastek a\u0161-\u0160\u00e1m, \u201ez Levanty\u201c, aby se odli\u0161il od sv\u00e9ho libyjsk\u00e9ho jmenovce. Za k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy postavil Raymond de Saint-Gilles v roce 1102 prvn\u00ed pevnost a pojmenoval ji Mont P\u00e8lerin. Citadela vyho\u0159ela v roce 1289 a znovu povstala za vl\u00e1dy em\u00edra Essendemira Kurg\u00edho v letech 1307\u20131308. Jej\u00ed mohutn\u00e1 br\u00e1na, s n\u00e1pisem S\u00fcleymana I. Velkolep\u00e9ho, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed osmansk\u00e9 obnov\u011b; dal\u0161\u00ed ta\u017een\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed pod veden\u00edm guvern\u00e9ra Mustafy Aghy Barbara pos\u00edlilo jej\u00ed hradby a komnaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tripolissk\u00e9 Star\u00e9 M\u011bsto si zachovalo stopy sv\u00fdch mameluck\u00fdch restaur\u00e1tor\u016f. Ulice se zu\u017euj\u00ed, aby odradily obl\u00e9hac\u00ed stroje; klenut\u00e9 mosty se klenou nad uli\u010dkami s vysok\u00fdmi zdmi; skryt\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edlny kdysi chr\u00e1nily str\u00e1\u017ee. Kolem klikat\u00fdch uli\u010dek stoj\u00ed trhy a karavanser\u00e1je, ch\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 kdysi hostily obchodn\u00edky m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do Aleppa nebo Dama\u0161ku. V t\u011bchto uli\u010dk\u00e1ch \u0159emesln\u00edci pokra\u010duj\u00ed ve star\u00fdch \u0159emeslech \u2013 v\u00fdrobci m\u00fddla lisuj\u00ed olivov\u00fd olej do tvrd\u00fdch bochn\u00edk\u016f; m\u011bd\u011bn\u00edci kuj\u00ed t\u00e1cy; tesa\u0159i vy\u0159ez\u00e1vaj\u00ed intarzovan\u00e9 krabice. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed hukot koexistuje s m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm vol\u00e1n\u00edm k modlitb\u011b a zvony maronitsk\u00fdch a pravoslavn\u00fdch kostel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 architektura z doby maml\u00fak\u016f tak\u00e9 p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1. Velk\u00e1 me\u0161ita Mansouri, \u0159ada m\u011bstsk\u00fdch hammam\u016f a nedalek\u00e1 madrasa al-Uthmaniyya ilustruj\u00ed souhru funkce a ornament\u016f tohoto obdob\u00ed. Dochovalo se p\u011bt l\u00e1zn\u00ed: Abed, Izz El-Din, Hajeb, Jadid a An-Nouri, posledn\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roce 1333 guvern\u00e9rem Nur El-Dinem pobl\u00ed\u017e Velk\u00e9 me\u0161ity. Kdy\u017e Ibn Battutah v roce 1355 nav\u0161t\u00edvil me\u0161itu, v\u0161iml si \u201ekr\u00e1sn\u00fdch l\u00e1zn\u00ed\u201c uprost\u0159ed zahrad s vodn\u00edmi kan\u00e1ly \u2013 popis, kter\u00fd v t\u011bchto chladn\u00fdch komnat\u00e1ch s klenut\u00fdmi st\u011bnami st\u00e1le rezonuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kousek od Star\u00e9ho M\u011bsta se nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Al-Tell s hodinovou v\u011b\u017e\u00ed, postavenou v roce 1906 u p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e9ho v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed vl\u00e1dy sult\u00e1na Abdula Hamida II. Jej\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i cifern\u00edky, darovan\u00e9 osmansk\u00fdm dvorem, st\u00e1le ukazuj\u00ed \u010das i po rekonstrukci v roce 1992, kter\u00e1 obnovila jeho mechanismy. Nedaleko stoj\u00ed Citadela, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u00edskovcov\u00e9 zdi se dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 odli\u0161n\u00fdch obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervaci \u010dtve\u0159ice ostr\u016fvk\u016f \u2013 Palmov\u00e9 ostrovy. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z nich, m\u00edstn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Kr\u00e1li\u010d\u00ed ostrov, se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na plo\u0161e zhruba dvaceti hektar\u016f. Za francouzsk\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu se na jeho p\u00edsc\u00edch kdysi p\u00e1sli introdukovan\u00ed evropsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l\u00edci; dnes nab\u00edz\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b ohro\u017een\u00fdm karet\u00e1m karet\u00e1m, vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm tule\u0148\u016fm mnich\u016fm a st\u011bhovav\u00fdm pt\u00e1k\u016fm. Vykop\u00e1vky v roce 1973 odhalily obydl\u00ed z doby k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e1 spojuj\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed zele\u0148 se staletou lidskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed. UNESCO prohl\u00e1silo ostrovy v roce 1992 za chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 a zakazuje rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f a kempov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby se zachovala jak divok\u00e1 zv\u011b\u0159, tak i kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Za Kr\u00e1l\u00edkov\u00fdm ostrovem le\u017e\u00ed Bakarsk\u00e9 ostrovy, kter\u00e9 si kdysi za osmansk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy pronaj\u00edmali jako lod\u011bnici Adel a Khiereddine Abdulwahabovi a kter\u00e9 dodnes slou\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm dodavatel\u016fm. Na z\u00e1pad\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ostrov Ramkin s \u0161irokou p\u00edse\u010dnou pl\u00e1\u017e\u00ed lemovanou strm\u00fdmi v\u00e1pencov\u00fdmi \u00fatesy. Tyto ostrovy dohromady r\u00e1muj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstavn\u00ed \u010dtvr\u0165 Tripolisu El Mina, kter\u00e1 se snoub\u00ed s vlastn\u00edm m\u011bstem a tvo\u0159\u00ed tak souvislou pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed aglomeraci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Demografick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed mozaiku Libanonu. V roce 2014 tvo\u0159ili registrovan\u00ed voli\u010di p\u0159es 92 procent muslim\u016f, z nich\u017e asi 82 \u200b\u200bprocent se identifikovalo jako sunnit\u00e9 a 8,7 procenta jako alavit\u00e9; k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 tvo\u0159ili n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es 7 procent. Dnes tvo\u0159\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 \u2013 \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed ortodoxn\u00ed, maronit\u00e9, melkit\u0161t\u00ed, syr\u0161t\u00ed a arm\u00e9ni \u2013 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 5 procent m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Sunnitsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti, jako je Bab al-Tabbaneh, le\u017e\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u011b bl\u00edzko alavitsk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny D\u017eabal Mohsen a nap\u011bt\u00ed se od roku 2011 opakovan\u011b vyost\u0159uje, proto\u017ee konflikty v sousedn\u00ed S\u00fdrii si vy\u017e\u00e1daly zrcadlovou loajalitu. Tyto konfrontace podkop\u00e1vaj\u00ed stabilitu Tripolisu a zhor\u0161uj\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee ve m\u011bst\u011b, kter\u00e9 je dlouho rozd\u011bleno mezi bohat\u0161\u00ed obchodn\u00edky a znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00e9 \u010dtvrti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tripolissk\u00e9 klima m\u00edrn\u00ed extr\u00e9my. Zimn\u00ed de\u0161t\u011b padaj\u00ed mezi prosincem a b\u0159eznem, zat\u00edmco l\u00e9ta z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed such\u00e1. Bl\u00edzk\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd proud zm\u00edr\u0148uje zimn\u00ed teploty zhruba o deset stup\u0148\u016f Celsia ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vnitrozemsk\u00fdmi \u00fadol\u00edmi; v l\u00e9t\u011b sni\u017euje pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed v\u00e1nek teploty asi o sedm stup\u0148\u016f. Sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bsto pot\u011b\u0161it maxim\u00e1ln\u011b jednou za deset let, ale zimn\u00ed krupobit\u00ed se vyskytuje s ur\u010ditou pravidelnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve m\u011bst\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 rozmanitost architektonick\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed. Za me\u0161itou Mansouri a st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdmi hammamy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed dva tucty me\u0161it r\u016fzn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu: mameluck\u00e9 stavby, jako jsou me\u0161ita Taynal, Arghoun Shah a Al-Attar; osmansk\u00e9 z\u00e1klady v\u010detn\u011b Abou Bakra Al-Siddeeqa a Al-Rahmy; a impozantn\u00ed Omar Ibn El-Chattab na okraji star\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. Mezi k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky pat\u0159\u00ed katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Michaela (maronitsk\u00e1), katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Eli\u00e1\u0161e (\u0159eck\u00e1 pravoslavn\u00e1), katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Efr\u00e9na (syrsk\u00e1 pravoslavn\u00e1), katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka (\u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e1), katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed (melkitsk\u00e1), katedr\u00e1la svat\u00e9ho Hokekalousda (arm\u00e9nsk\u00e1 pravoslavn\u00e1), kostel Panny Marie Zv\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed (melkitsk\u00e1) a tripolisk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed evangelick\u00fd kostel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na ji\u017en\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupu do m\u011bsta stoj\u00ed modern\u00ed z\u00e1sah, Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdstavi\u0161t\u011b Rachida Karamiho. Jeho n\u00e1vrh byl v roce 1962 navr\u017een brazilsk\u00fdm architektem Oscarem Niemeyerem pro sv\u011btovou v\u00fdstavu, ale jeho v\u00fdstavba byla ukon\u010dena v roce 1975 s vypuknut\u00edm ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v Libanonu. Na plo\u0161e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 75 hektar\u016f se dochovalo patn\u00e1ct kostern\u00edch, nedokon\u010den\u00fdch staveb, jejich\u017e zak\u0159iven\u00e9 st\u0159echy a piloti nazna\u010duj\u00ed utopickou vizi zamrzlou v \u010dase. Administrativn\u00ed setrva\u010dnost a epizodick\u00e9 nepokoje zanechaly toto m\u00edsto z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nevyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, lemovan\u00e9 hotelem, kter\u00fd se rozpad\u00e1 v zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V roce 2023 UNESCO zapsalo komplex na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed i na seznam sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed v ohro\u017een\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e uznalo jeho kulturn\u00ed hodnotu a nejist\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doprava do Tripolisu se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edmi trasami. Z bejr\u00fatsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed Charles Helou se n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci mohou nalodit na autobus s arabsk\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm \u2013 \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u201eTrablos Express\u201c \u2013 nebo se sd\u00edlet taxi, jeho\u017e j\u00edzdn\u00e9 se rovn\u00e1 cen\u011b pro \u010dty\u0159i osoby. Minibusy jezd\u00ed ze stanic Cola a Daoura; v centru Tripolisu \u00fa\u010dtuj\u00ed sd\u00edlen\u00e9 taxislu\u017eby 1 000 LL za cestuj\u00edc\u00edho, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e cena se u del\u0161\u00edch tras zvy\u0161uje na 2 000 LL. P\u0159\u00edstav odbavuje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00ed dopravu, ale Med Star provozuje jedin\u00fd pravideln\u00fd trajekt pro cestuj\u00edc\u00ed v Libanonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u017enice v Tripolisu ve Star\u00e9m M\u011bst\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem libanonsk\u00e9ho kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho a \u0159emesln\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. V ned\u011bli r\u00e1no se do cukr\u00e1ren v Hallabu sj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed skupiny z Bejr\u00fatu, kter\u00e9 l\u00e1k\u00e1 lepkav\u00fd maamoul a knafeh. A\u010dkoli mnoho prodejc\u016f obchoduje s n\u00e1zvem Hallab, Rafaat Hallab (zal. 1881) a Abdel Rahman Al Hallab zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed nep\u0159eru\u0161enou linii k cukr\u00e1\u0159i z 19. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd jako prvn\u00ed zdokonalil tripolit\u00e1nsk\u00e9 sladkosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V krajin\u011b poznamenan\u00e9 ekonomickou nerovnost\u00ed a sporadick\u00fdmi nepokoji Tripolis p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 jako \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b architektonick\u00fdch vrstev a lidsk\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed. Jeho \u00fazk\u00e9 uli\u010dky a skryt\u00e9 dvorky nesou otisk mo\u0159eplavc\u016f, obchodn\u00edk\u016f a vl\u00e1dc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed formovali m\u011bsto, je\u017e z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 odoln\u00e9 i neklidn\u00e9. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 kameny a modern\u00ed ruiny zde evokuj\u00ed nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd rozhovor mezi minulost\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed a zvou ty, kdo se zdr\u017e\u00ed, aby odhalili p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy vepsan\u00e9 do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho oblouku a uli\u010dky.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tripolis, druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 centrum v Libanonu, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed 81 kilometr\u016f severn\u011b od Bejr\u00fatu a m\u00e1 odhadovanou populaci asi 730 000 obyvatel. Toto energick\u00e9 m\u011bsto, posazen\u00e9 na v\u00fdchodn\u00edm St\u0159edozemn\u00edm mo\u0159i a funguj\u00edc\u00ed jako nejsevern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed libanonsk\u00fd mo\u0159sk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav, je s\u00eddlem okresu Tripolis a severn\u00ed gubernie. Demografick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed m\u011bsta je v\u011bt\u0161inou sunnitsk\u00e9 muslimy, dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed populace Alavit\u016f a \u0159adu k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch denominac\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Maronit\u016f a Arm\u00e9n\u016f, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost m\u011bsta.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2828,"parent":14746,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14752","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14752"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14752\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14746"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}