Francie p\u0159edstavuje studii vrstevnat\u00fdch kontrast\u016f: m\u00edrn\u00e1 pevnina vytesan\u00e1 dlouh\u00fdmi pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edmi, legend\u00e1rn\u00edmi poho\u0159\u00edmi a zvln\u011bn\u00fdmi pl\u00e1n\u011bmi, z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e1 dom\u00e9na rozprost\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159es tropick\u00e9 \u0159eky, sope\u010dn\u00e9 ostrovy a pol\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchozy, populace p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161edes\u00e1t osm milion\u016f, utkan\u00e1 z tis\u00edcilet\u00ed migrac\u00ed a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edchod\u016f, a republika, jej\u00ed\u017e politick\u00e9 experimenty od galsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry a\u017e po P\u00e1tou republiku formovaly modern\u00ed pojet\u00ed ob\u010danstv\u00ed a pr\u00e1v. V srdci t\u00e9to rozlehlosti le\u017e\u00ed Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e, jej\u00ed kulturn\u00ed a ekonomick\u00e9 centrum, ale skute\u010dn\u00fd rozm\u011br n\u00e1roda se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed ve stalet\u00edch stejn\u011b jako v kilometrech \u2013 jeho st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 katedr\u00e1ly a renesan\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1mky, osv\u00edcensk\u00e9 salony a revolu\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1pal, v\u011bda Belle \u00c9poque a procesy dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek sleduje geografii, historii, spole\u010dnost, ekonomiku, spr\u00e1vu v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch, infrastrukturu a kulturn\u00ed zvyklosti Francouzsk\u00e9 republiky a odhaluje zemi, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1rove\u0148 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 a neust\u00e1le se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Obrysy metropolitn\u00ed Francie sahaj\u00ed od R\u00fdna k Atlantiku a od St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e k Laman\u0161sk\u00e9mu pr\u016flivu a Severn\u00edmu mo\u0159i a pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 551 500 km\u00b2 \u2013 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochu mezi \u010dleny Evropsk\u00e9 unie \u2013 a hrani\u010d\u00ed s Belgi\u00ed, Lucemburskem, N\u011bmeckem, \u0160v\u00fdcarskem, It\u00e1li\u00ed, Monakem, Andorrou a \u0160pan\u011blskem. Za kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropou dr\u017e\u00ed Francie druhou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdlu\u010dnou ekonomickou z\u00f3nu na sv\u011bt\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm karibsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f, jihoamerick\u00fdch de\u0161tn\u00fdch prales\u016f, tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch souostrov\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00edch a Antarktick\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Jej\u00ed z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9 regiony a \u00fazem\u00ed j\u00ed poskytuj\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd dosah p\u0159es 11 milion\u016f km\u00b2 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed dom\u00e9ny. V t\u011bchto rozmanit\u00fdch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch \u2013 od 41\u00b0 do 51\u00b0 severn\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky a 6\u00b0 z\u00e1padn\u00ed d\u00e9lky do 10\u00b0 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed d\u00e9lky \u2013 se krajina p\u0159esouv\u00e1 od pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch ba\u017ein a rovin na severu a z\u00e1pad\u011b k starobyl\u00fdm sope\u010dn\u00fdm plo\u0161in\u00e1m Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho masivu, drsn\u00fdm h\u0159eben\u016fm Pyrenej\u00ed, ty\u010d\u00edc\u00edm se vrchol\u016fm Alp a v\u00e1pencov\u00fdm sout\u011bsk\u00e1m na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b a jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b.<\/p>\n
Os\u00eddlen\u00ed keltsk\u00fdmi Galy v dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9 ustoupilo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 anexi v roce 51 p\u0159. n. l., co\u017e p\u0159ipravilo p\u016fdu pro galsko-\u0159\u00edmskou civilizaci, jej\u00ed\u017e silnice, m\u011bsta a z\u00e1kony p\u0159etrvaly a\u017e do ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku. S franskou nadvl\u00e1dou a Karol\u00ednskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed Verdunsk\u00e1 smlouva (843 n. l.) prom\u011bnila Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Franky v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 dosp\u011bla ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Francouzsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Feud\u00e1ln\u00ed fragmentace definovala vrcholn\u00fd st\u0159edov\u011bk, i kdy\u017e presti\u017e monarchie rostla; stolet\u00e1 v\u00e1lka proti Anglii, kter\u00e1 trvala od roku 1337 do roku 1453, prov\u011b\u0159ila odolnost kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a v d\u016fsledku toho se panovnick\u00e1 autorita postupn\u011b centralizovala. Mecen\u00e1\u0161stv\u00ed v \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed podpo\u0159ilo francouzskou renesanci um\u011bn\u00ed, literatury a v\u011bdy, zat\u00edmco n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 rozpory mezi katol\u00edky a hugenoty propukly v ob\u010dansk\u00e9 nepokoje; na konci tohoto stolet\u00ed zv\u00edt\u011bzily francouzsk\u00e9 zbran\u011b ve t\u0159icetilet\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a vl\u00e1da Ludv\u00edka XIV. d\u00e1le roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila vliv prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm diplomacie, v\u00e1lky a dvorn\u00ed sl\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n
Francouzsk\u00e1 revoluce v roce 1789 zru\u0161ila Ancien R\u00e9gime (Star\u00fd re\u017eim), co\u017e vyvrcholilo Deklarac\u00ed pr\u00e1v \u010dlov\u011bka a ob\u010dana, kter\u00e1 zakotvovala svobodu, majetek a rovnost. Za Napoleona Bonaparteho zavedla Prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e francouzsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, ne\u017e se v roce 1815 rozpadla. V\u00fdkyvy mezi monarchi\u00ed, republikou a \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159es Bourbonskou restauraci, Druhou republiku, Druh\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a nakonec T\u0159et\u00ed republiku \u2013 byly zm\u00edrn\u011bny industrializac\u00ed, kulturn\u00edm rozkv\u011btem b\u011bhem Belle \u00c9poque a traumatem francouzsko-prusk\u00e9ho konfliktu (1870\u201371). Dv\u011b sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed prov\u011b\u0159ily odolnost Francie: prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka si vy\u017e\u00e1dala ni\u010div\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 a materi\u00e1ln\u00ed ob\u011bti, ale vy\u0161la z n\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzn\u011b; ve druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce vedla por\u00e1\u017eka v roce 1940 k okupaci a kolaboraci pod Vichy, pot\u00e9 k osvobozen\u00ed v roce 1944 a kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 \u010ctvrt\u00e9 republice. V roce 1958 Charles de Gaulle zalo\u017eil P\u00e1tou republiku, jej\u00ed\u017e \u00fastava p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1. Dekolonizace v 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed odd\u011blila v\u011bt\u0161inu z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch panstv\u00ed, a\u010dkoli politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 vazby z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed siln\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Francouzsk\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd profil kombinuje diverzifikovan\u00fd, soci\u00e1ln\u011b-tr\u017en\u00ed model s v\u00fdznamnou \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed st\u00e1tu a soukrom\u00e9ho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. Jej\u00ed nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed HDP se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi deset nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b a na druh\u00e9 m\u00edsto v EU; podle parity kupn\u00ed s\u00edly je celosv\u011btov\u011b dev\u00e1t\u00e1. Slu\u017eby tvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b t\u0159etiny produkce a zam\u011bstnanosti, zpracovatelsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u011btinu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed necel\u00e1 dv\u011b procenta, a\u010dkoli francouzsk\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce vede v Evropsk\u00e9 unii jak objemem, tak hodnotou. Jako t\u0159et\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00fd v\u00fdrobce a osm\u00fd na sv\u011bt\u011b podle produkce Francie vyv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed stroje, vozidla, leteck\u00fd a kosmick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, l\u00e9\u010diva a luxusn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed; je p\u00e1t\u00fdm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm obchodn\u00edm n\u00e1rodem na sv\u011bt\u011b a druh\u00fdm v Evrop\u011b. Euroz\u00f3na a jednotn\u00fd trh podporuj\u00ed jej\u00ed \u0161irok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke kapit\u00e1lu a pracovn\u00ed s\u00edle; p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investice plynou p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b do v\u00fdroby, nemovitost\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00edch slu\u017eeb, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e glob\u00e1ln\u00ed firmy jsou soust\u0159ed\u011bny v pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9m regionu.<\/p>\n
Dopravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b propl\u00e9taj\u00ed n\u00e1rod a propojuj\u00ed ho p\u0159es hranice. \u017delezni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 SNCF o d\u00e9lce 29 473 km \u2013 druh\u00e1 v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b hned po N\u011bmecku \u2013 zahrnuje vysokorychlostn\u00ed trat\u011b TGV dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed rychlosti 320 km\/h, Eurostar proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed tunelem pod Laman\u0161sk\u00fdm pr\u016flivem a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spojen\u00ed se v\u0161emi sousedy krom\u011b Andorry. Silnice se t\u00e1hnou p\u0159es milion kilometr\u016f, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje nejhust\u0161\u00ed kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165, s d\u00e1lnicemi financovan\u00fdmi z m\u00fdtn\u00e9ho, \u200b\u200bkter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, a d\u00e1lnicemi obsluhuj\u00edc\u00edmi siln\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 trhy, kde dominuj\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed zna\u010dky. Vnitrozemsk\u00e9 vodn\u00ed cesty, v\u010detn\u011b Canal du Midi, spojuj\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159skou a atlantskou p\u00e1nev. Leteck\u00e1 doprava funguje p\u0159es 464 leti\u0161\u0165, z nich\u017e hlavn\u00ed je Charles-de-Gaulle u Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee, zat\u00edmco deset n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f \u2013 Marseille je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed \u2013 usnad\u0148uje pohyb n\u00e1kladu a cestuj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n
Demograficky m\u011bla Francie v lednu 2025 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 68,6 milionu obyvatel, co\u017e z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed druh\u00fd nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1t EU a t\u0159et\u00ed nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1t Evropy po Rusku a N\u011bmecku. Jej\u00ed populace rostla d\u00edky relativn\u011b vysok\u00e9 pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 plodnosti \u2013 vrcholu v roce 1800 dos\u00e1hla \u010dty\u0159 d\u011bt\u00ed na \u017eenu a udr\u017eela se nad \u00farovn\u00ed pot\u0159ebnou k nahrazen\u00ed populace a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed \u2013 a v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 imigraci. V roce 2023 \u010dinila celkov\u00e1 m\u00edra plodnosti 1,79, co\u017e je pod \u00farovn\u00ed pot\u0159ebnou k nahrazen\u00ed populace, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v EU, a to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee st\u00e1rnouc\u00ed elektor\u00e1t m\u00e1 jednu p\u011btinu obyvatel ve v\u011bku \u0161edes\u00e1ti p\u011bti let a v\u00edce. O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 d\u00e9lka \u017eivota p\u0159i narozen\u00ed dos\u00e1hla 82,7 let, co\u017e je jedna z nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot na sv\u011bt\u011b. Urbanizace soust\u0159e\u010fuje dv\u011b t\u0159etiny populace ve m\u011bstech a jejich periferi\u00edch: Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e (p\u0159es 13 milion\u016f v metropolitn\u00ed oblasti), Lyon, Marseille, Lille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, \u0160trasburk, Montpellier a Rennes. Projekce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edrn\u00fd r\u016fst a\u017e do poloviny 40. let 21. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd bude ovlivn\u011bn trendy v migraci a porodnosti.<\/p>\n
B\u011bhem dvou tis\u00edcilet\u00ed se vedle n\u00e1rodn\u00ed struktury vyno\u0159ovaly region\u00e1ln\u00ed identity: keltsko-galsk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v Bretani a Burgundsku, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed v Provens\u00e1lsku a Akvit\u00e1nii, germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 prvky v Alsasku a Lotrinsku, st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 vlivy na Korsice. Dnes Francie uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 region\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyky \u2013 breton\u0161tinu, okcit\u00e1n\u0161tinu, baski\u010dtinu, katal\u00e1n\u0161tinu, vl\u00e1msk\u00e9 dialekty a alsa\u0161tinu \u2013 v r\u00e1mci \u00fastavn\u00ed ochrany d\u011bdictv\u00ed, p\u0159esto\u017ee francouz\u0161tina z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedin\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem v obchod\u011b a administrativ\u011b. Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, zalo\u017een\u00e1 v roce 1635, slou\u017e\u00ed jako ceremoni\u00e1ln\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ece jazykov\u00fdch standard\u016f.<\/p>\n
Francouzsk\u00e1 republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 \u00fastava zakotvuje la\u00efcit\u00e9, striktn\u00ed sekularismus ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, kter\u00fd se zrodil z odd\u011blen\u00ed c\u00edrkve od st\u00e1tu v roce 1905. Zat\u00edmco katolicismus po stalet\u00ed definoval n\u00e1rodn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, jeho ve\u0159ejn\u00fd v\u00fdznam upadal; p\u0159esto je 94 procent francouzsk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch struktur katolick\u00fdch. Men\u0161inov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u2013 protestantismus, judaismus, isl\u00e1m \u2013 praktikuj\u00ed svobodn\u011b, i kdy\u017e bez st\u00e1tn\u00edho uzn\u00e1n\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou Alsaska-Mosely, kde p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed historick\u00e9 konkord\u00e1ty. St\u00e1t zkoum\u00e1 skupiny pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za kulty, aby nezasahovaly do politiky.<\/p>\n
Gastronomie z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem n\u00e1rodn\u00ed identity a m\u011bkk\u00e9 s\u00edly. Region\u00e1ln\u00ed kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 tradice odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed klimatickou a kulturn\u00ed rozmanitost: pokrmy bohat\u00e9 na ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky na severu a ve st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Centr\u00e1ln\u00edho masivu, pokrmy na b\u00e1zi olivov\u00e9ho oleje na jihu, cassoulet v okol\u00ed Toulouse, choucroute v Alsasku, quiche v Lotrinsku, hov\u011bz\u00ed bourguignon v Burgundsku, provens\u00e1lsk\u00e1 tapen\u00e1da u Azurov\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Francie je l\u00eddrem v Evrop\u011b ve v\u00edn\u011b a s\u00fdru, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e syst\u00e9my kontroly apelac\u00ed spojuj\u00ed produkty s jejich terroirem. Form\u00e1ln\u00ed j\u00eddlo p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 \u2013 hlavn\u00ed chod, plat principal, fromage nebo dezert \u2013 co\u017e podtrhuje spole\u010denskou atmosf\u00e9ru. Michelinsk\u00fd pr\u016fvodce, kter\u00fd vznikl v roce 1900, i nad\u00e1le ud\u011bluje hv\u011bzdi\u010dky, kter\u00e9 mohou zm\u011bnit reputaci; do roku 2006 m\u011bly francouzsk\u00e9 restaurace p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 620 hv\u011bzdi\u010dek.<\/p>\n
Kulturn\u00ed instituce posiluj\u00ed image Francie jako\u017eto intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho a um\u011bleck\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta. Jej\u00edch 52 pam\u00e1tek sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO zahrnuje st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 katedr\u00e1ly, kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 pal\u00e1ce, prehistorick\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010dtvrti. Muzea sv\u011btov\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu \u2013 pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00fd Louvre (7,7 milionu n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f v roce 2022), Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Centre Pompidou \u2013 uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed mistrovsk\u00e1 d\u00edla od starov\u011bku a\u017e po modernismus. Region\u00e1ln\u00ed muzea v Lyonu, Lille, Montpellier a jinde obohacuj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed identitu. Francouzsk\u00e1 rivi\u00e9ra, hrady v \u00fadol\u00ed Loiry, alpsk\u00e1 letoviska a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9 pl\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159itahuj\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b 100 milion\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch turist\u016f, co\u017e daleko p\u0159evy\u0161uje kteroukoli jinou zemi. Disneyland Paris s vlastn\u00ed stanic\u00ed TGV z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejru\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1bavn\u00edm parkem v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n
Administrativn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj: Metropolitn\u00ed Francie zahrnuje dvan\u00e1ct pevninsk\u00fdch region\u016f a Korsiku, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed na 96 departement\u016f, \u010dasto pojmenov\u00e1van\u00fdch podle \u0159ek nebo geografick\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Krom\u011b p\u011bti z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch departement\u016f \u2013 Guadeloupe, Martinik, Francouzsk\u00e1 Guyana, R\u00e9union, Mayotte \u2013 le\u017e\u00ed \u0161est region\u016f s r\u016fznou autonomi\u00ed (Francouzsk\u00e1 Polyn\u00e9sie, Nov\u00e1 Kaledonie, Svat\u00fd Bartolom\u011bj, Svat\u00fd Martin, Saint-Pierre a Miquelon, Wallis a Futuna) a neobydlen\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace, jako je Clipperton a Ji\u017en\u00ed a Antarktick\u00e9 zem\u011b. Dohromady se tato \u00fazem\u00ed rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed ve dvan\u00e1cti \u010dasov\u00fdch p\u00e1smech, co\u017e je v\u00edce ne\u017e kter\u00fdkoli jin\u00fd st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Turistick\u00e9 trasy sahaj\u00ed od m\u011bstsk\u00fdch promen\u00e1d a\u017e po venkovsk\u00e1 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b. Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e nab\u00edz\u00ed n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Seiny, katedr\u00e1lu Notre-Dame (\u010dek\u00e1 na rekonstrukci), vitr\u00e1\u017ee v kapli Sainte-Chapelle, V\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fd oblouk a kav\u00e1rensk\u00fd \u017eivot na Montmartru. V Lyonu p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Place Bellecour a traboules ve Star\u00e9m Lyonu d\u011bdictv\u00ed tkalcovstv\u00ed hedv\u00e1b\u00ed. Kamenn\u00e9 terasy a vinice v Bordeaux, zelen\u00e9 plochy a expozice Julese Verna v Nantes, Star\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav a Calanques v Marseille, Anglick\u00e1 promen\u00e1da v Nice a br\u00e1ny do Monaka, ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich nab\u00edz\u00ed osobitou atmosf\u00e9ru. Historick\u00e9 poutn\u00ed cesty se t\u00e1hnou na z\u00e1pad od V\u00e9zelay nebo Chartres; pou\u0165 do Lurd v Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es l\u00e1k\u00e1 miliony lid\u00ed kv\u016fli proslul\u00e9mu l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9mu prameni.<\/p>\n
Venkovsk\u00e1 Francie odhaluje spousty st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch vesnic \u2013 z nich\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 160 je ofici\u00e1ln\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no za svou kr\u00e1su \u2013 skryt\u00e1 \u00fadol\u00ed v Dordogne s prehistorick\u00fdmi jeskynn\u00edmi malbami, panstv\u00ed v \u00fadol\u00ed Loiry od Azay-le-Rideau po Chenonceau a provens\u00e1lsk\u00e1 levandulov\u00e1 pole. Normandsk\u00e9 pl\u00e1\u017ee po vylod\u011bn\u00ed v Normandii a Mont-Saint-Michel zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho, respektive jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Breta\u0148sk\u00e9 stoj\u00edc\u00ed kameny v Carnacu sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o prehistorick\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch, zat\u00edmco delta Camargue zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 ba\u017einat\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my a m\u00edstn\u00ed tradice sklizn\u011b soli a pasen\u00ed b\u00fdk\u016f.<\/p>\n
Francouzsk\u00fd ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed protokoly zdvo\u0159ilosti: \u201eBonjour\u201c p\u0159i vstupu do obchod\u016f nebo kav\u00e1ren, \u201eMonsieur\u201c a \u201eMadame\u201c \u200b\u200bp\u0159i form\u00e1ln\u00edm osloven\u00ed, um\u00edrn\u011bnost ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m od\u011bvu \u2013 vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se tepl\u00e1kov\u00fdm souprav\u00e1m nebo b\u00edl\u00fdm tenisk\u00e1m mimo volno\u010dasov\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Baz\u00e9ny vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159il\u00e9hav\u00e9 lycra obleky a \u010depice; pl\u00e1\u017ee dodr\u017euj\u00ed konvence opalov\u00e1n\u00ed. V konverzaci je obvykl\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e otev\u0159en\u00e1 debata ne\u017e nezdvo\u0159ilost. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci si zvykaj\u00ed na kulturn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo\u010darost jako na projev anga\u017eovanosti.<\/p>\n
Francie tak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 studnic\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, l\u00e1zn\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e9ho a v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho pokroku, rozmanitou geografickou oblast\u00ed a modern\u00ed republikou, kter\u00e1 se pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s glob\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdzvami. Jej\u00ed vliv p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 v pr\u00e1vu, jazyce, kuchyni a kultu\u0159e; jej\u00ed rytmy se m\u011bn\u00ed od ticha alpsk\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu k ruchu st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch promen\u00e1d, od ticha katedr\u00e1ln\u00edch uli\u010dek k hluku kav\u00e1rensk\u00fdch teras. Pro cestovatele i badatele Francie nenab\u00edz\u00ed jedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, ale sbor hlas\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd je nalad\u011bn na soulad pam\u011bti a inovace, stability a zm\u011bny.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Francie, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, m\u00e1 k lednu 2024 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 68,4 milionu obyvatel, co\u017e z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed jednu z nejlidnat\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie. Tento kulturn\u011b diverzifikovan\u00fd n\u00e1rod m\u00e1 rozlohu 643 801 \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch kilometr\u016f (248 573 \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch mil), v\u010detn\u011b jeho m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a ciz\u00edch oblast\u00ed. V\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e1 geografick\u00e1 poloha Francie, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy a St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnila jej\u00ed historii, kulturu a celosv\u011btov\u00fd dopad.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4906,"parent":24078,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13952","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13952","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13952"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13952\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4906"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}