Girona, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto stejnojmenn\u00e9 provincie a z\u00e1rove\u0148 comarcy of Giron\u00e8s i vegueria of Girona, zauj\u00edm\u00e1 strategicky v\u00fdznamnou polohu na soutoku \u0159ek Ter, Onyar, Galligants a G\u00fcell. M\u011bsto se nach\u00e1z\u00ed devades\u00e1t dev\u011bt kilometr\u016f severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Barcelony a je zasazeno do p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho koridoru spojuj\u00edc\u00edho rovinu Empord\u00e0 a katal\u00e1nskou pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed prohlube\u0148. V roce 2020 \u017eilo v Giron\u011b 103 369 obyvatel, zat\u00edmco v \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 aglomeraci zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed Gironu a Salt \u017eilo v t\u00e9m\u017ee roce odhadem 156 400 obyvatel. Jeho kompaktn\u00ed historick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro \u2013 pozoruhodn\u011b zachovan\u00e9 navzdory postupn\u00fdm vp\u00e1d\u016fm, rekonstrukc\u00edm a restaurov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 \u010din\u00ed z Girony centrum intenzivn\u00edho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho a turistick\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu. Jeho st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 hradby, gotick\u00e9 katedr\u00e1ly a rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 ambity sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o mnohovrstevnat\u00e9 minulosti, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 z\u00e1klady, maurskou okupaci, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 znovudobyt\u00ed, \u017eidovsk\u00fd rozkv\u011bt a napoleonsk\u00e9 obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Od nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00edho okam\u017eiku sv\u00e9ho zalo\u017een\u00ed jako \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 Gerundy \u2013 le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed obkro\u010dmo na nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d tepnou \u0158\u00ed\u0161e vedouc\u00ed do C\u00e1dizu \u2013 m\u011bla topografie a hydrografie Girony formativn\u00ed vliv na jej\u00ed urbanizaci. Soust\u011bnka vytesan\u00e1 \u0159ekou Ter mezi masivem Gavarres na z\u00e1pad\u011b a Katal\u00e1nsk\u00fdm transverz\u00e1ln\u00edm poho\u0159\u00edm na v\u00fdchod\u011b p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159irozen\u00fd trycht\u00fd\u0159, kter\u00fdm od starov\u011bku proudily obchod, pout\u011b a vojensk\u00e9 expedice; n\u00e1por poutn\u00edk\u016f na cest\u011b do Santiaga de Compostela a obchodn\u00edk\u016f sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch na severn\u00ed Costa Brava a trhy ji\u017en\u00edho Katal\u00e1nska sledoval stejn\u00e9 obrysy, kter\u00e9 vedly meandr \u0159eky, a prop\u016fj\u010doval m\u011bstu jak p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, tak zranitelnost. V prvn\u00edm stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. usadili \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i sv\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 opevn\u011bn\u00ed na svahu kopce a a\u010dkoli budova pro\u0161la za Petra III. Ceremoni\u00e1ln\u00edho v druh\u00e9m \u010dtrn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed komplexn\u00ed p\u0159estavbou, starobyl\u00e9 valy dodnes vymezuj\u00ed star\u00e9 m\u011bsto Girony \u2013 neporu\u0161en\u00fd poz\u016fstatek v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 nal\u00e9havosti.<\/p>\n
Samotn\u00e9 \u0159eky \u2013 \u017eivouc\u00ed \u017e\u00edly regionu \u2013 nesmazateln\u011b ovlivnily rozvoj m\u011bsta. \u0158eka Ter, hlavn\u00ed vodn\u00ed tok regionu, prot\u00e9k\u00e1 severn\u00edmi okraji Girony ve sm\u011bru od jihoz\u00e1padu k severov\u00fdchodu, ne\u017e se spoj\u00ed s \u0159ekou Onyar, kter\u00e1 prot\u00edn\u00e1 osadu od jihu k severu. Ne\u00faprosn\u00e9 z\u00e1plavy, zaznamenan\u00e9 ji\u017e od st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch kronik, pravideln\u011b p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ely m\u011bstskou strukturu a vedly po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed generace urbanist\u016f k p\u0159estavb\u011b hr\u00e1z\u00ed a stavb\u011b protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch staveb \u2013 co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o dialektice mezi lidskou vynal\u00e9zavost\u00ed a hydrologickou silou. M\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e9, ale nem\u00e9n\u011b ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed gironsk\u00e9ho stromov\u00e9ho spole\u010denstva jsou suchu odoln\u00e9 duby (Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Quercus pubescens) a p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00e9 borovice (Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis), kter\u00e9 se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na svaz\u00edch kopc\u016f; Jejich roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o klimatu za\u0159azen\u00e9m na rozhran\u00ed vlhk\u00e9ho subtropick\u00e9ho (Cfa) a st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho (Csa) podneb\u00ed, kde zimn\u00ed mrazy \u2013 v pr\u016fm\u011bru p\u0159es \u010dty\u0159icet dn\u00ed mezi listopadem a b\u0159eznem \u2013 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed ob\u010dasn\u00e9 sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed a letn\u00ed extr\u00e9my nad \u010dty\u0159icet stup\u0148\u016f Celsia z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9. Ro\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159esahuj\u00ed sedm set milimetr\u016f a koncentruj\u00ed se na ja\u0159e a na podzim, zat\u00edmco bou\u0159ky se mohou objevit po cel\u00fd rok, nejagresivn\u011bji v tepl\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n
Architektonick\u00fd palimpsest m\u011bsta odhaluje prom\u011bnliv\u00e9 estetick\u00e9 a funk\u010dn\u00ed priority v pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed. Na v\u00fdchod od Onyaru, na strm\u00e9m svahu kopce Caputxins, le\u017e\u00ed Barri Vell, jeho\u017e \u00fazk\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 tepny obklopuj\u00ed shluky rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdch, gotick\u00fdch a noucentistick\u00fdch staveb. Mezi nimi stoj\u00ed Farinera Teixidor, p\u0159\u00edklad secese z po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed od Rafaela Mas\u00f3a, jeho\u017e klikat\u00e9 tvary a keramick\u00e9 ozdoby vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed modernistick\u00fd idiom zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00fd region\u00e1ln\u00ed tradic\u00ed. Naproti, na z\u00e1padn\u00ed rovin\u011b, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 expanzi Girony v 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed, dominuje p\u0159\u00edmo\u010da\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed uli\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 \u2013 jej\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy host\u00edc\u00ed modern\u00ed vybaven\u00ed, hotely a obchodn\u00ed tepny \u2013 p\u0159esto se i zde prosazuje vrstevnat\u00e1 minulost m\u011bsta v diskr\u00e9tn\u00edch fragmentech klenut\u00fdch sklepn\u00edch prostor a poz\u016fstatk\u016f zd\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Dominantou panoramatu je katedr\u00e1la Panny Marie Gironsk\u00e9, jej\u00ed\u017e \u0161irok\u00e9 schodi\u0161t\u011b o devades\u00e1ti kamenn\u00fdch schodech stoup\u00e1 k lodi s klenutou klenbou, jej\u00ed\u017e rozp\u011bt\u00ed dvaadvaceti metr\u016f si n\u00e1rokuje nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161pi\u010datou kamennou klenbu v k\u0159es\u0165anstvu. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 budova, postaven\u00e1 na m\u00edst\u011b vizig\u00f3tsk\u00e9 farnosti, pozd\u011bji p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 na me\u0161itu a n\u00e1sledn\u011b bu\u010f p\u0159estav\u011bn\u00e1, nebo rozs\u00e1hle p\u0159estav\u011bn\u00e1 po kone\u010dn\u00e9m maursk\u00e9m vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 785, vd\u011b\u010d\u00ed za sv\u016fj konstruk\u010dn\u00ed g\u00e9nius Jaume Fabr\u00e9mu, mallorsk\u00e9mu architektovi, jeho\u017e obratn\u00e9 propojen\u00ed ch\u00f3rov\u00fdch kapl\u00ed, v\u00fdklenk\u016f s baldach\u00fdny a ornament\u016f ret\u00e1blu spojilo valencijsk\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edbro s katal\u00e1nskou gotickou st\u0159\u00eddmost\u00ed. Ch\u00f3r se otev\u00edr\u00e1 t\u0159emi oblouky do lodi a v jeho prostor\u00e1ch spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed hrobky Ram\u00f3na Berenguera a jeho man\u017eelky; odlit\u00e1 a tepan\u00e1 st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e1 olt\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed pr\u016f\u010del\u00ed \u2013 kdysi ukraden\u00e1 Napoleonov\u00fdmi arm\u00e1dami v roce 1809 \u2013 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch m\u011bsta b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky na Pirineu.<\/p>\n
Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd pr\u016fjezd z katedr\u00e1ln\u00edho okrsku odhaluje rozlehl\u00fd okruh gironsk\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho opevn\u011bn\u00ed. M\u011bstsk\u00e9 hradby, p\u016fvodn\u011b postaven\u00e9 v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch, byly za Petra III. podstatn\u011b p\u0159estav\u011bny a jejich z\u00e1klady byly podep\u0159eny starobyl\u00fdm zdivem. V \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, kdy pokroky v d\u011blost\u0159electvu tyto valy zastaraly, byly \u010d\u00e1sti hradeb asimilov\u00e1ny do soukrom\u00fdch obydl\u00ed, p\u0159esto severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st a rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st z\u016fstaly dochov\u00e1ny a pln\u00e9 v\u011b\u017e\u00ed a cimbu\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed panoramatick\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy na pestr\u00e9 st\u0159echy m\u011bsta a na pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed aluvi\u00e1ln\u00ed pozemky za nimi. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 promen\u00e1da pod\u00e9l t\u011bchto hradeb \u2013 kde hodnota spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jak v n\u00e1mah\u011b v\u00fdstupu, tak v meditativn\u00edm pr\u016fzkumu m\u011bstsk\u00e9 morfologie Girony \u2013 vyjad\u0159uje hmatateln\u00fd pocit kontinuity mezi obrannou nutnost\u00ed a sou\u010dasn\u00fdm voln\u00fdm \u010dasem.<\/p>\n
C\u00edrkevn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed nab\u00fdv\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00edho vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed v kolegi\u00e1ln\u00edm kostele Sant Feliu, jeho\u017e gotick\u00e1 lo\u010f ze 14. stolet\u00ed je zakon\u010dena fas\u00e1dou z 18. stolet\u00ed \u2013 jej\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e je mezi ibersk\u00fdmi kostely vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm prvkem. Uvnit\u0159 se vedle kaple zasv\u011bcen\u00e9 svat\u00e9mu Narcisovi, \u00fadajn\u011b jednomu z prvn\u00edch biskup\u016f biskupstv\u00ed, nach\u00e1zej\u00ed hrobka svat\u00e9ho Felixe a hrobka ryt\u00ed\u0159e \u00c1lvareze, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se krystalizuje gironsk\u00e9 propojen\u00ed hagiografie a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 state\u010dnosti. Podobn\u011b kl\u00e1\u0161ter Sant Pere de Galligants, zalo\u017een\u00fd kolem roku 950 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b postaven\u00fd v rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9m stylu kolem roku 1130, stoj\u00ed jako stroh\u00fd d\u016fkaz benediktinsk\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsnosti; jeho kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed ark\u00e1dy a nezdoben\u00e9 hlavice evokuj\u00ed \u00e9ru liturgick\u00e9 discipl\u00edny p\u0159ed propracov\u00e1n\u00edm gotick\u00e9ho rozmachu.<\/p>\n
V srdci \u010dtvrti Mercadal vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Pla\u00e7a de la Independ\u00e8ncia \u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako Pla\u00e7a de Sant Agust\u00ed \u2013 hold obr\u00e1nc\u016fm m\u011bsta b\u011bhem obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed v letech 1808 a 1809. N\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, lemovan\u00e9 jednotn\u00fdmi neoklasicistn\u00edmi fas\u00e1dami, kter\u00e9 jsou prokl\u00e1d\u00e1ny ark\u00e1dami, zauj\u00edm\u00e1 m\u00edsto b\u00fdval\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera Sant Agust\u00ed; jeho symetrick\u00e9 proporce, by\u0165 jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b realizovan\u00e9 v osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed ambice m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho architekta Mart\u00edho Suredy vytvo\u0159it uzav\u0159en\u00fd prostor s ark\u00e1dami, estetiku odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed noucentismu. Dnes si n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017eivou atmosf\u00e9ru, o\u017eivenou kav\u00e1rnami a restauracemi trval\u00e9 historie \u2013 mezi nimi\u017e jsou Caf\u00e9 Royal, Cinema Alb\u00e9niz a Casa Marieta \u2013 jejich\u017e oblouky pr\u016f\u010del\u00ed zapojuj\u00ed kolemjdouc\u00ed do tich\u00e9ho dialogu mezi historickou pam\u011bt\u00ed a ka\u017edodenn\u00edm ritu\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdchodn\u00ed n\u00e1b\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Onyar o\u017eivuje \u0159ada v\u00edcepatrov\u00fdch dom\u016f, jejich\u017e fas\u00e1dy, vymalovan\u00e9 panelov\u00fdmi odst\u00edny navr\u017een\u00fdmi Enricem Ansesou a Jamesem J. Faix\u00f3em ve spolupr\u00e1ci s architekty Fusesem a J. Viaderem, nab\u00edzej\u00ed zdr\u017eenlivou paletu, kter\u00e1 podtrhuje p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00fd temperament m\u011bsta. Jeden nenat\u0159en\u00fd exempl\u00e1\u0159 v Ballesteries 29 \u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Casa Mas\u00f3 \u2013 p\u0159edstavuje rodi\u0161t\u011b Rafaela Mas\u00f3a a je zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm jeho noucentistick\u00e9ho \u00e9tosu; od roku 2006 slou\u017e\u00ed jako s\u00eddlo nadace Fundaci\u00f3 Rafael Mas\u00f3, jej\u00ed\u017e b\u00edle nat\u0159en\u00e1 fas\u00e1da je kontrapunktem k polychromovan\u00e9mu uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Souhra odrazu \u0159eky a geometrie fas\u00e1dy dod\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u011bstsk\u00e9mu klidu, jako by samotn\u00e9 obydl\u00ed ti\u0161e hovo\u0159ily s vodou, nad n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Gironsk\u00e1 \u017eidovsk\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165, neboli Call, zab\u00edr\u00e1 skromnou plochu v Barri Vell; jej\u00ed labyrintov\u00e9 uli\u010dky uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed poz\u016fstatky kdysi pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed komunity, kter\u00e1 vzkv\u00e9tala a\u017e do ediktu z roku 1492, kdy byli nuceni konvertovat nebo vyhnat obyvatele. Pot\u00e9 byla \u010dtvr\u0165 zape\u010det\u011bna, znovu postavena a z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti smaz\u00e1na, dokud smrt gener\u00e1la Francisca Franca v listopadu 1975 neobnovila z\u00e1jem o region\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Vykop\u00e1vky odhalily d\u016fm st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho u\u010dence Nachmanida, kter\u00fd m\u011bsto koupilo v roce 1987, a bylo exhumov\u00e1no asi 1200 dokument\u016f \u2013 talmudsk\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e, rodinn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, synagog\u00e1ln\u00ed invent\u00e1\u0159e a jm\u00e9na konvertit\u016f \u2013 kter\u00e9 rekonstruuj\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u017eivot gironsk\u00fdch \u017did\u016f. Na ulici Carrer de Sant Lloren\u00e7 je st\u00e1le viditeln\u00fd obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd v\u00fd\u0159ez pro mezuzu, zat\u00edmco v Centre Bonastruc \u00e7a Porta na ulici Carrer de la For\u00e7a \u2013 b\u00fdval\u00e9 synagoze z patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed \u2013 nyn\u00ed s\u00eddl\u00ed Muzeum \u017eidovsk\u00e9 historie v Giron\u011b a Nachmanid\u016fv institut pro \u017eidovsk\u00e1 studia, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se potvrzuje z\u00e1vazek m\u011bsta k v\u011bdeck\u00e9mu p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a mezikulturn\u00edmu dialogu.<\/p>\n
Gironsk\u00e1 silueta p\u0159itahuje pozornost film\u016f, zejm\u00e9na slou\u017eila jako kulisa pro adaptace filmu Mnich a pro 10. epizodu \u0161est\u00e9 s\u00e9rie televizn\u00edho seri\u00e1lu Hra o tr\u016fny. Jej\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 ulice a monument\u00e1ln\u00ed kamenn\u00e1 schodi\u0161t\u011b byly inscenov\u00e1ny tak, aby evokovaly jak stroh\u00e9 v\u011bzen\u00ed, tak fantastick\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e fiktivn\u00edho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed. Jejich m\u011bstsk\u00e1 z\u00e1stavba prop\u016fj\u010duje autenticitu um\u011blosti, ani\u017e by se skl\u00e1n\u011bla do karikatury. Takov\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed podtrhuje schopnost Girony fungovat sou\u010dasn\u011b jako \u017eiv\u00e9 muzeum a dynamick\u00e1 filmov\u00e1 kulisa, jej\u00ed patinovan\u00e9 kameny prop\u016fj\u010duj\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm starov\u011bk\u00fdm i vymy\u0161len\u00fdm.<\/p>\n
Dopravn\u00ed tepny se do Girony sb\u00edhaj\u00ed stejn\u011b pevn\u011b jako poutn\u00ed cesty ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Provinci\u00ed prot\u00ednaj\u00ed autopista AP-7 a st\u00e1tn\u00ed silnice N-II, kter\u00e9 spojuj\u00ed m\u011bsto s pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm a s horsk\u00fdmi pr\u016fjezdy do Pyrenej\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho obvodu tvo\u0159\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou s\u00ed\u0165 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch a mezim\u011bstsk\u00fdch spoj\u016f soukrom\u00e9 autobusy, zat\u00edmco d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 autobusy roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed spojen\u00ed s hlavn\u00edmi katal\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi m\u011bsty. V\u00fdznamnou roli hraje i \u017eeleznice: konven\u010dn\u00ed vlaky Media Distancia zvl\u00e1dnou cestu z Barcelony do Girony p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b za sedmdes\u00e1t p\u011bt minut, zat\u00edmco vysokorychlostn\u00ed vlaky AVE zkracuj\u00ed tento interval na \u00factyhodn\u00fdch t\u0159icet sedm minut a sahaj\u00ed a\u017e za francouzsk\u00e9 hranice do Figueres, Toulouse, Marseille a Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Gironsk\u00e9 vlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u011b od Star\u00e9ho M\u011bsta, je p\u0159\u00edkladem modern\u00ed infrastruktury diskr\u00e9tn\u011b integrovan\u00e9 do historick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed vstupn\u00ed br\u00e1na le\u017e\u00ed asi deset kilometr\u016f ji\u017en\u011b: leti\u0161t\u011b Girona\u2013Costa Brava, kter\u00e9 se rozrostlo b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed jako uzlov\u00e9 leti\u0161t\u011b Ryanairu, ne\u017e se hlavn\u00ed provoz leteck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159esunul do Barcelony\u2013El Prat. Kyvadlov\u00e1 doprava spojuje leti\u0161t\u011b a m\u011bsto zhruba za t\u0159icet minut, zat\u00edmco prodlou\u017een\u00e1 trasa trvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161edes\u00e1t minut doprav\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky do centra Barcelony. Navzdory \u010dast\u00e9mu myln\u00e9mu n\u00e1zvu leti\u0161t\u011b \u2013 kter\u00e9 je pod barcelonsk\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem r\u016fzn\u011b prod\u00e1v\u00e1no n\u00edzkon\u00e1kladov\u00fdmi dopravci \u2013 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed leteckou vstupn\u00ed branou do letovisek na Costa Brav\u011b a jeho skromn\u00fd termin\u00e1l skr\u00fdv\u00e1 nadm\u011brn\u00fd region\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdvoj Girony z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 Gerundy v modern\u00ed provin\u010dn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto je poznamen\u00e1n momenty zlomu a obnovy. M\u011bsto, kter\u00e9 v roce 715 dobyli Maurov\u00e9, v roce 785 znovu dobyla Svat\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 a v dev\u00e1t\u00e9m a des\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed bylo su\u017eov\u00e1no vikingsk\u00fdmi, sarac\u00e9nsk\u00fdmi a franck\u00fdmi n\u00e1jezdy, si nicm\u00e9n\u011b vybudovalo osobitou katal\u00e1nskou identitu, kter\u00e1 a\u017e do roku 1492 p\u0159ijala prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eidovskou enkl\u00e1vu. Mezi sedmn\u00e1ct\u00fdm a devaten\u00e1ct\u00fdm stolet\u00edm opakovan\u00e9 francouzsk\u00e9 vp\u00e1dy prov\u011b\u0159ily jeho opevn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvrcholily obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00edm b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky na Pirineu; po Napoleonov\u011b por\u00e1\u017ece byly \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00e1padn\u00ed hradby demontov\u00e1ny, zat\u00edmco v\u00fdchodn\u00ed valy byly \u017e\u00e1rliv\u011b uchov\u00e1ny, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zachoval vojensk\u00fd charakter Star\u00e9ho M\u011bsta. Centrum m\u011bsta \u2013 rozprost\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se pod\u00e9l v\u00fdchodn\u00edho b\u0159ehu \u0159eky Onyar \u2013 si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd otisk, zat\u00edmco Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto na z\u00e1pad\u011b a jihu se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 v m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed s obchody, ubytovnami a termin\u00e1ly \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed a silni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy. Klimatick\u00e9 extr\u00e9my \u2013 zimn\u00ed teploty pod p\u011bti stupni Celsia a letn\u00ed maxima t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159iceti stup\u0148\u016f Celsia \u2013 nut\u00ed ob\u010dany i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky k odpo\u010dinku u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159esto kompaktn\u00ed z\u00e1stavba m\u011bsta l\u00e1k\u00e1 k celoro\u010dn\u00edm proch\u00e1zk\u00e1m, jej\u00ed\u017e kameny v\u00fdmluvn\u011b vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o minul\u00fdch stalet\u00edch a sou\u010dasn\u00e1 vitalita sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o ohledupln\u00e9 ochran\u011b pam\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n
V Giron\u011b soutok \u0159ek zrcadl\u00ed soutok d\u011bjin: \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9, maursk\u00e9, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 katal\u00e1nsk\u00e9, \u017eidovsk\u00e9, napoleonsk\u00e9 a modern\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 epocha zanechala na jej\u00edch ulic\u00edch, n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch a budov\u00e1ch otisk \u2013 otisky, kter\u00e9 se sb\u00edhaj\u00ed v \u017eivouc\u00ed kronice, je\u017e p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed jak zv\u011bdavost badatele, tak i cit b\u00e1sn\u00edka. Zde, v srdci katal\u00e1nsk\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b tepen, se n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk setk\u00e1v\u00e1 nejen s m\u011bstem z kamene a vody, ale i s p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem odolnosti a obnovy, artikulovan\u00fdm v gotick\u00fdch klenb\u00e1ch, rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ambitech, neoklasicistn\u00edch ark\u00e1d\u00e1ch a okrov\u00fdch a rum\u011blkov\u00fdch fas\u00e1d\u00e1ch b\u0159eh\u016f Onyar. Takov\u00e1 je podstata Girony: m\u00edsta, kde spodn\u00ed linie, polo\u017een\u00e1 vp\u0159edu a uprost\u0159ed, odhaluje \u017eivouc\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed vepsan\u00e9ho ve velk\u00e9m na b\u0159ez\u00edch \u010dty\u0159 sb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch se \u0159ek.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Girona, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto sv\u00e9 stejnojmenn\u00e9 provincie v autonomn\u00edm spole\u010denstv\u00ed Katal\u00e1nsko, \u0160pan\u011blsko, je zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm centrem nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm se na k\u0159i\u017eovatce \u010dty\u0159 \u0159ek: Ter, Onyar, Galligants a G\u00fcell. Zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed metropolitn\u00ed oblast Girona-Salt m\u011bla m\u00edt v roce 2020 zhruba 156 400 lid\u00ed, toto starobyl\u00e9 m\u011bsto m\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed populaci 103 369. Girona, kter\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed velk\u00fd odkaz katal\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury a historie, je spr\u00e1vn\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem comarca Giron\u00e8s a vegueria Girona, 99 kilometr\u016f severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Barcelony.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3753,"parent":13090,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13242","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13242"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13242\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}