Tur\u00edn je m\u011bsto s 856 745 obyvateli (2025) v r\u00e1mci sv\u00fdch obecn\u00edch hranic, rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 130 kilometrech \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch na z\u00e1padn\u00edm b\u0159ehu \u0159eky P\u00e1d v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii, t\u011bsn\u011b pod \u00fadol\u00edm Susa a obklopen\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00edm alpsk\u00fdm obloukem a kopcem Superga. Jeho \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e1 oblast \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 1,7 milionu obyvatel, zat\u00edmco metropolitn\u00ed region se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na 2,2 milionu. Jako hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Piemontu a metropolitn\u00edho m\u011bsta Tur\u00edna bylo prvn\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem It\u00e1lie (1861\u20131865).<\/p>\n
Po\u010d\u00e1tky Tur\u00edna sahaj\u00ed k \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 osad\u011b Augusta Taurinorum, zalo\u017een\u00e9 v podh\u016f\u0159\u00ed Alp. Jeho strategick\u00e1 poloha na b\u0159ehu \u0159eky p\u0159il\u00e1kala k postupn\u00e9mu nab\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdznamu: v roce 1563 se stal s\u00eddlem Savojsk\u00e9ho v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed a pozd\u011bji srdcem Sardinsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed pod z\u00e1\u0161titou Savojsk\u00e9ho rodu. B\u011bhem Risorgimenta si Tur\u00edn vyslou\u017eil p\u0159\u00edvlastek \u201ekol\u00e9bka italsk\u00e9 svobody\u201c a vychoval osobnosti, jako byl Camillo Benso, hrab\u011b z Cavouru. M\u011bsto si po sjednocen\u00ed It\u00e1lie v roce 1861 kr\u00e1tce znovu udr\u017eelo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed prim\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Obdob\u00ed Belle \u00c9poque se v Tur\u00ednu kask\u00e1dovit\u011b prol\u00ednalo architektonick\u00fdmi rozkv\u011bty. Mno\u017eily se barokn\u00ed kostely, rokokov\u00e9 pal\u00e1ce a neoklasicistn\u00ed fas\u00e1dy, mezi nimi\u017e se vyzna\u010duje honosn\u00fd Palazzo Madama a Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Piazza Castello. Savojsk\u00fd dv\u016fr si nechal postavit elegantn\u00ed pas\u00e1\u017ee a n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, kter\u00e9 o stalet\u00ed pozd\u011bji tvo\u0159\u00ed soubor sv\u011btov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO: rezidence kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho rodu Savojc\u016f. Racionalistick\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy se dostavily za fa\u0161ismu, nejviditeln\u011bji v stroh\u00fdch kolon\u00e1d\u00e1ch na Via Roma, kter\u00e9 navrhl Marcello Piacentini. Tato t\u0159\u00edda spojuje n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Piazza Carlo Felice \u2013 s v\u00fdhledem z velk\u00e9ho foyeru n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed Porta Nuova \u2013 a n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Piazza Castello, centrum kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 a ob\u010dansk\u00e9 moci.<\/p>\n
M\u011bstsk\u00e9 j\u00e1dro se to\u010d\u00ed kolem souhv\u011bzd\u00ed symbolick\u00fdch n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed. Piazza San Carlo, p\u011b\u0161\u00ed o\u00e1za, p\u0159edstavuje jezdeck\u00fd pomn\u00edk Emmanuela Philiberta, m\u00edstn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako Caval \u00ebd Brons. Jeho \u00factyhodn\u00e9 kav\u00e1rny \u2013 Caff\u00e9 Torino a Caff\u00e9 San Carlo \u2013 byly sv\u011bdky diskurzu devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Nedaleko se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Piazza Vittorio Veneto, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed barokn\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, kter\u00e9 pod ark\u00e1dov\u00fdmi galeriemi vedouc\u00edmi na Via Po, je\u017e sama prot\u00edn\u00e1 centrum m\u011bsta s promen\u00e1dami pod\u00e9l \u0159eky, hem\u017e\u00ed no\u010dn\u00ed energi\u00ed.<\/p>\n
S\u00ed\u0165 p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f \u2013 Dora Riparia, Stura di Lanzo a Sangone \u2013 roz\u0161i\u0159uje tok \u0159eky P\u00e1d m\u011bstem. Tyto vodn\u00ed cesty formovaly \u010dtvrti bohat\u00e9 na odli\u0161n\u00e9 identity. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd \u010dtvr\u0165 Quadrilatero Romano, kdysi st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 j\u00e1dro m\u011bsta, byla revitalizov\u00e1na do labyrintu komorn\u00edch uli\u010dek, o\u017eiven\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00fdmi d\u00edlnami a aperitiv bary. Vedle se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Via Garibaldi, lemovan\u00e1 Egyptsk\u00fdm muzeem, kter\u00e9 je domovem jedn\u00e9 z nejrozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edch sb\u00edrek egyptsk\u00fdch staro\u017eitnost\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b po K\u00e1hi\u0159e.<\/p>\n
Na jihu se San Salvario prom\u011bnilo v multikulturn\u00ed \u010dtvr\u0165, ohrani\u010denou \u017eeleznic\u00ed a \u0159ekou P\u00e1d. Jeho litinov\u00e9 fas\u00e1dy a p\u0159estav\u011bn\u00e9 lofty nyn\u00ed host\u00ed levn\u00e9 bary, kter\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00ed pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed no\u010dn\u00ed \u017eivot. V\u00fdchodn\u011b od San Salvaria se pod\u00e9l b\u0159ehu \u0159eky rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 Parco del Valentino. V jeho st\u0159edu se nach\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00e1mek, poz\u016fstatek savojsk\u00fdch loveck\u00fdch rev\u00edr\u016f, v n\u011bm\u017e s\u00eddl\u00ed fakulta architektury Polytechnick\u00e9 univerzity v Tur\u00edn\u011b. V jeho prostor\u00e1ch se nach\u00e1z\u00ed Borgo Medioevale, v\u011brn\u00e1 rekonstrukce region\u00e1ln\u00edch pevnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Obytn\u00e9 \u010dtvrti sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o stratifikovan\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji Tur\u00edna. Crocetta, kdysi savojsk\u00e1 loveck\u00e1 rezervace, nab\u00edz\u00ed eklektick\u00e9 a secesn\u00ed pal\u00e1ce pod\u00e9l bulv\u00e1r\u016f, jako je Corso Duca degli Abruzzi. Tur\u00edn, nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u010dtvr\u0165 m\u011bsta, se py\u0161n\u00ed slavn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady stylu Liberty \u2013 mezi nimi i Casa della Vittoria \u2013 a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v n\u00ed ty\u010d\u00edc\u00ed se v\u011b\u017e Torre Intesa Sanpaolo. Kostel San Donato si ve sv\u00fdch \u00fazk\u00fdch uli\u010dk\u00e1ch zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny; jeho vrcholem je Chiesa di Nostra Signora del Suffragio e Santa Zita, p\u00e1t\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed budova Tur\u00edna.<\/p>\n
Aurora, nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u010dtvr\u0165 m\u011bsta, se zrodila z agr\u00e1rn\u00edch osad. Cascina Aurora dala jm\u00e9no \u010dtvrt\u00edm, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed pulzuj\u00ed projekty adaptivn\u00edho znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed: v b\u00fdval\u00fdch textiln\u00edch tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch s\u00eddl\u00ed designov\u00e9 \u0161koly, zat\u00edmco pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee, jako je Nuvola \u2013 navr\u017een\u00e1 Normanem Fosterem a CNN chv\u00e1len\u00e1 mezi deseti nejlep\u0161\u00edmi univerzitn\u00edmi budovami sv\u011bta \u2013 signalizuj\u00ed avantgardn\u00ed \u00e9tos. Borgo Dora, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 sv\u00fdm ble\u0161\u00edm trhem Mercatino del Balon, zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 zbytky pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed: Arsenale della Pace a kas\u00e1rna Cavalli stoj\u00ed na str\u00e1\u017ei uprost\u0159ed klikat\u00fdch uli\u010dek.<\/p>\n
Ve Vanchiglii a Fetta di Polenta prop\u016fj\u010duje souhra vody a kamene filmov\u00fd n\u00e1dech. Mole Antonelliana, postaven\u00e1 v polovin\u011b devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a zv\u011b\u010dn\u011bn\u00e1 na dvoucentov\u00e9 eurominci, se ty\u010d\u00ed do v\u00fd\u0161ky 167 metr\u016f jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed muzeum sv\u011bta a s\u00eddl\u00ed v n\u011bm N\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum kinematografie. Nedaleko le\u017e\u00ed Tur\u00ednsk\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno v kapli Svat\u00e9ho pl\u00e1tna v katedr\u00e1le svat\u00e9ho Jana K\u0159titele, kter\u00e9 p\u0159itahuje poutn\u00edky i u\u010dence.<\/p>\n
Akademick\u00e1 zdatnost je z\u00e1kladem identity Tur\u00edna. Tur\u00ednsk\u00e1 univerzita, zalo\u017een\u00e1 v patn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, a Polytechnick\u00e1 univerzita s rozlehl\u00fdm kampusem o rozloze 122 000 m\u00b2 vzd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159es 30 000 student\u016f v oborech od humanitn\u00edch v\u011bd po in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed. Tyto instituce s\u00eddl\u00ed v v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch centrech, jako je General Motors Global Propulsion Systems, kter\u00e1 s\u00eddl\u00ed v b\u00fdval\u00fdch \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch oprav\u00e1rn\u00e1ch v Cenisii.<\/p>\n
Tur\u00ednsk\u00fd pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd vzestup vzkv\u00e9tal na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed d\u00edky fordistick\u00fdm princip\u016fm a posunoval se od slu\u017eeb k masov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b. Fiat byl zalo\u017een v roce 1899, brzy pot\u00e9 v roce 1906 Lancia. M\u011bsto sice p\u0159e\u010dkalo v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale p\u0159esto se stalo z\u00e1kladem \u201epr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho troj\u00faheln\u00edku\u201c po boku Mil\u00e1na a Janova. A\u010dkoli se automobilov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba od ropn\u00e9ho \u0161oku v roce 1973 sn\u00ed\u017eila, Stellantis (d\u0159\u00edve Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) si udr\u017euje v\u00fdznamnou pozici a velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st tur\u00ednsk\u00e9 exportn\u00ed ekonomiky je i nad\u00e1le ta\u017eena zpracovatelsk\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslem.<\/p>\n
P\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 subtropick\u00e9 vlhk\u00e9 klima, modulovan\u00e9 bl\u00edzkost\u00ed Alp. Zimy jsou chladn\u00e9 a v n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch \u010dasto pln\u00e9 mlh; sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed je ob\u010dasn\u00e9, ale z\u0159\u00eddka pokryje m\u011bsto. V l\u00e9t\u011b se mohou objevit odpoledn\u00ed bou\u0159ky. V d\u016fsledku v\u011btru f\u00f6hn jsou v\u00fdchodn\u00ed svahy su\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e z\u00e1padn\u00ed strana Alp. Sr\u00e1\u017eky se koncentruj\u00ed na ja\u0159e a na podzim, zat\u00edmco letn\u00ed lij\u00e1ky p\u0159eru\u0161uj\u00ed dusn\u00e9 dny.<\/p>\n
Tur\u00ednsk\u00e9 kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed je stejn\u011b bohat\u00e9 jako jeho historie. Gianduiotto, \u010dokol\u00e1da ve tvaru ingotu z piemontsk\u00fdch l\u00edskov\u00fdch o\u0159\u00ed\u0161k\u016f, koexistuje s bicerinem, vrstvenou sm\u011bs\u00ed espressa, \u010dokol\u00e1dy a ml\u00e9ka. Dvoulet\u00fd festival CioccolaT\u00d2 oslavuje tyto tradice. Caff\u00e8 Mulassano se hl\u00e1s\u00ed k vyn\u00e1lezu tramezzina \u2013 jeho troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 n\u00e1hra\u017eky \u010dajov\u00e9ho sendvi\u010de \u2013 kolem roku 1925. Mezi m\u00edstn\u00ed inovace pat\u0159\u00ed pizza al padellino, minipizzu s tlust\u00fdm t\u011bstem, a MoleCola, dom\u00e1c\u00ed cola uveden\u00e1 na trh v roce 2012. Hnut\u00ed Slow Food, kter\u00e9 zrodilo nedaleko v Bra, a setk\u00e1n\u00ed Terra Madre podtrhuj\u00ed gastronomickou hojnost regionu.<\/p>\n
Tur\u00edn se v\u011bnuje i glob\u00e1ln\u00edm ud\u00e1lostem. V letech 1934 a 1990 spolupo\u0159\u00e1dal mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale, v roce 2006 p\u0159iv\u00edtal zimn\u00ed olympijsk\u00e9 hry a v roce 2022 hostil sout\u011b\u017e Eurovision Song Contest. V letech 2021 a\u017e 2025 bude d\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm fin\u00e1le ATP, \u010d\u00edm\u017e si upevn\u00ed sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm sportovn\u00edm kalend\u00e1\u0159i. Na h\u0159i\u0161ti se Juventus a Tur\u00edn utkaj\u00ed v Derby della Mole, co\u017e je rivalita stejn\u011b nel\u00edtostn\u00e1 jako v evropsk\u00e9m fotbale.<\/p>\n
I kdy\u017e Tur\u00edn nese t\u00edhu historie, d\u00edv\u00e1 se na Alpy s pohledem up\u0159en\u00fdm do budoucnosti. Jeho bulv\u00e1ry z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u0159edem diskuse, jeho n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed amfite\u00e1try m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Od \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch hradeb po sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mrakodrapy, od pal\u00e1c\u016f po parky, m\u011bsto prol\u00edn\u00e1 minulost a p\u0159\u00edtomnost do ucelen\u00e9ho celku. Vyb\u00edz\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ke kontemplaci ne\u017e k pouh\u00e9mu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a nab\u00edz\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde se kultura, pr\u016fmysl a ka\u017edodenn\u00ed rytmus plynule prol\u00ednaj\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tur\u00edn s populac\u00ed 846 916 k dubnu 2024 slou\u017e\u00ed jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 centrum obchodu a kultury v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii. Tur\u00edn, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fapat\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edho alpsk\u00e9ho oblouku a pod kopcem Superga, se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu \u0159eky P\u00e1d, ji\u017en\u011b od \u00fadol\u00ed Susa. M\u011bstsk\u00e1 oblast pojme p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,7 milionu obyvatel, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed metropolitn\u00ed region m\u00e1 podle odhad\u016f OECD 2,2 milionu obyvatel.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3253,"parent":11663,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11790","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11790","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11790"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11790\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11663"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}