Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov zab\u00edr\u00e1 nevelkou rozlohu Guinejsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu u z\u00e1padn\u00edho rovn\u00edkov\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Afriky. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ze dvou hlavn\u00edch ostrov\u016f \u2013 Svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e na jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b a Princova ostrova asi 150 kilometr\u016f na severov\u00fdchod \u2013 a je druh\u00fdm nejmen\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1tem na kontinentu co do rozlohy a po\u010dtu obyvatel, hned za Seychelami. A\u010dkoli se jeho ter\u00e9n a spole\u010dnost dnes mohou zd\u00e1t klidn\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh ostrov\u016f prol\u00edn\u00e1 sope\u010dn\u00e9 ot\u0159esy, traumata imp\u00e9ria, odoln\u00e9 komunity a postupn\u00e9 dozr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v jednu z nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch demokraci\u00ed v Africe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oba ostrovy pat\u0159\u00ed k Kamerunsk\u00e9 sope\u010dn\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 linii, \u0159et\u011bzci zrozen\u00e9mu tektonickou aktivitou pod Guinejsk\u00fdm z\u00e1livem. Zhruba p\u0159ed t\u0159iceti miliony let vytvo\u0159ily hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e9 erupce pod\u00e9l t\u00e9to pukliny \u010dedi\u010dov\u00e9 a znolotick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 jsou nyn\u00ed zv\u011btral\u00e9 do bohat\u00fdch p\u016fd. S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 se t\u00e1hne asi pades\u00e1t kilometr\u016f na d\u00e9lku a t\u0159icet kilometr\u016f na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku. Jeho vrchol vrchol\u00ed na Pico de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, ty\u010d\u00edc\u00edm se 2 024 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em. Pr\u00edncipe, u\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u2013 t\u0159icet kr\u00e1t \u0161est kilometr\u016f \u2013 dosahuje sv\u00e9ho vrcholu na Pico de Pr\u00edncipe (948 metr\u016f). Rovn\u00edkov\u00e1 zna\u010dka prot\u00edn\u00e1 ostrov S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 ji\u017en\u011b od Ilh\u00e9u das Rolas. Mezi zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pam\u00e1tky pat\u0159\u00ed Pico C\u00e3o Grande, strm\u00e1 sope\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 se ty\u010d\u00ed p\u0159es 300 metr\u016f nad okoln\u00edmi lesy a jej\u00ed vrchol je nalad\u011bn na vrstvu oblak\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ostrovy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na rovn\u00edku a za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed hork\u00e9 a vlhk\u00e9 klima na \u00farovni hladiny mo\u0159e s pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi ro\u010dn\u00edmi teplotami okolo 26 \u00b0C a omezen\u00fdmi denn\u00edmi v\u00fdkyvy; vnitrozemsk\u00e9 vyso\u010diny se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm noc\u00edm a pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m kolem 20 \u00b0C. Sr\u00e1\u017eky se dramaticky li\u0161\u00ed \u2013 od p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7 000 milimetr\u016f v obla\u010dn\u011b zahalen\u00fdch vyso\u010din\u00e1ch a\u017e po pouh\u00fdch 800 milimetr\u016f v su\u0161\u0161\u00edch severn\u00edch n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch \u2013 p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e de\u0161t\u011b obvykle padaj\u00ed mezi \u0159\u00edjnem a kv\u011btnem. Vegetace je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ekoregionu vlhk\u00fdch n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch les\u016f Svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e, Princova ostrova a Annob\u00f3nu. Navzdory skromn\u00e9 \u200b\u200brozloze se na ostrovech vyskytuje p\u016fsobiv\u00fd seznam endemick\u00fdch druh\u016f: ibis svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e, nejmen\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu na sv\u011bt\u011b; slune\u010dn\u00ed pt\u00e1k obrovsk\u00fd; a lesn\u00ed specialist\u00e9, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad ibis svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e fiscal. N\u011bkolik druh\u016f netop\u00fdr\u016f a rejsek svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e p\u0159edstavuje \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed savce. Okoln\u00ed vody, klesaj\u00edc\u00ed do dvou tis\u00edc metr\u016f, chr\u00e1n\u00ed kor\u00e1lov\u00e9 \u00fatesy a slou\u017e\u00ed jako hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b pro karety obrovsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159ed koncem patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed zde lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot chyb\u011bl. Portugal\u0161t\u00ed mo\u0159eplavci Jo\u00e3o de Santar\u00e9m a Pedro Escobar zmapovali ostrovy v roce 1470 a na\u0161li zde pouze panensk\u00fd les. Osidlov\u00e1n\u00ed se uk\u00e1zalo jako pomal\u00e9, dokud v \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed cukru nep\u0159il\u00e1kalo nucen\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky z africk\u00e9 pevniny. \u00darodn\u00e9 sope\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fdy ostrov\u016f sice p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely bohat\u00e9 \u00farody, ale za cenu ekonomiky \u2013 a spole\u010dnosti \u2013 postaven\u00e9 na otroctv\u00ed. V sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m a osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed nahradily cukr jako hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdvozn\u00ed artikly k\u00e1va a kakao. Plant\u00e1\u017ee, neboli ro\u00e7as, se rozkl\u00e1daly po krajin\u011b; jejich ruiny, nyn\u00ed znovu obsazen\u00e9 lesem nebo zrestaurovan\u00e9 jako penziony, st\u00e1le stoj\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka t\u00e9to doby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u011bhem devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed prov\u00e1zely plant\u00e1\u017en\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d vlny soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nepokoj\u016f. Po\u017eadavky na lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky a pracovn\u00ed pr\u00e1va naru\u0161ovaly zd\u00e1nlivou vrstvu koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed prosperity. 12. \u010dervence 1975 byla v d\u016fsledku m\u00edrov\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed moci zalo\u017eena Demokratick\u00e1 republika Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov. Od t\u00e9 doby si zem\u011b udr\u017euje pluralitn\u00ed politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, proch\u00e1z\u00ed demokratick\u00fdmi reformami ji\u017e v roce 1990 a za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed pluralitn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V polovin\u011b roku 2018 \u010dinila populace zhruba 201 800 \u2013 p\u0159es 193 000 na Svat\u00e9m Tom\u00e1\u0161i a asi 8 400 na Princov\u011b ostrov\u011b. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni obyvatel\u00e9 Svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e a Princova ostrova maj\u00ed ko\u0159eny v africk\u00fdch p\u0159edc\u00edch nebo sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch lusoafrick\u00fdch lini\u00edch; n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc portugalsk\u00fdch osadn\u00edk\u016f ode\u0161lo po z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti, zat\u00edmco uprchl\u00edci z Angoly dorazili v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Etnick\u00e9 klasifikace zahrnuj\u00ed Angolares (potomky ztroskotan\u00fdch angolsk\u00fdch otrok\u016f), Forros (potomky osvobozen\u00fdch d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f), servi\u00e7ais (smluvn\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci z cel\u00e9 portugalsk\u00e9 Afriky), Tongy (d\u011bti servi\u00e7ais narozen\u00e9 na ostrovech) a tak\u00e9 mal\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 a asijsk\u00e9 men\u0161iny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Portugal\u0161tina slou\u017e\u00ed jako ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed i de facto n\u00e1rodn\u00ed jazyk a plynn\u011b j\u00ed hovo\u0159\u00ed 98,4 procenta populace. Kreol\u0161tina \u2013 forrsk\u00e1, principsk\u00e1, angolsk\u00e1 a kapverdsk\u00e1 \u2013 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed toto prol\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed kultur. Francouz\u0161tina a angli\u010dtina se ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch objevuj\u00ed jako ciz\u00ed jazyky. P\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, zat\u00edmco m\u00edstn\u00ed zvyky a rytmy \u2013 \u00fassua, socop\u00e9, d\u00e9xa \u2013 m\u00eds\u00ed vlivy evropsk\u00fdch tane\u010dn\u00edch s\u00e1l\u016f s africk\u00fdmi perkusemi. Dramatick\u00e1 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed, jako je Tchiloli a dan\u00e7o-Congo, zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed slavnostn\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed tradice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov vykazuje st\u0159edn\u00ed index lidsk\u00e9ho rozvoje, kter\u00fd p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoho subsaharsk\u00fdch prot\u011bj\u0161k\u016f. Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1pis do \u0161kol, prodlu\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se d\u00e9lka \u017eivota (kolem 70 let), prudce sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 kojeneck\u00e1 \u00famrtnost a \u0161irok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k vodovodu a elekt\u0159in\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o soci\u00e1ln\u00edm pokroku. Vl\u00e1dn\u00ed reformy od roku 2015 usnadnily zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed podnik\u016f a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investice. Po\u010det mal\u00fdch podnik\u016f vzrostl, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u011blo k ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nezam\u011bstnanosti a rostouc\u00edmu exportu \u2013 zejm\u00e9na kakaa (95 procent zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho exportu) spolu s k\u00e1vou, koprou a palmov\u00fdmi j\u00e1dry. P\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00edrn\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch produkt\u016f, ale zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti st\u00e1le dominuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turistick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl je slibn\u00fd. Investo\u0159i postavili pl\u00e1\u017eov\u00e9 resorty; mezi vylep\u0161en\u00ed infrastruktury pat\u0159\u00ed modernizace p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f v S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 a Neves v roce 2014, modernizovan\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mobiln\u00edch a internetov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed. \u00da\u0159ady o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee zodpov\u011bdn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd cestovn\u00ed ruch \u2013 s d\u016frazem na pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm parku Obo, t\u00fary k vodop\u00e1d\u016fm, v\u00fdstupy na Pico de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 a v\u00fdlety za mo\u0159sk\u00fdmi vodami \u2013 diverzifikuje zdroje p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, ani\u017e by byla ob\u011btov\u00e1na ekologick\u00e1 integrita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Silni\u010dn\u00ed spojen\u00ed na obou ostrovech je podle region\u00e1ln\u00edch standard\u016f provozuschopn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e \u0159idi\u010di se mus\u00ed pohybovat v \u00fazk\u00fdch uli\u010dk\u00e1ch a ob\u010das se vyskytuj\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 bankomaty nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed karty; n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci si s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed eura nebo americk\u00e9 dolary, kter\u00e9 si sm\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed v bank\u00e1ch nebo hotelech Pestana (v hotelech Pestana se \u00fa\u010dtuje zhruba 5% provize). N\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bna, nov\u00e1 dobra (symbol nDb, ISO STN), nahradila v roce 2018 starou v kurzu 1 000:1. Mince ob\u00edhaj\u00ed v centech a nov\u00fdch dobr\u00e1ch, zat\u00edmco bankovky se pohybuj\u00ed v hodnot\u011b od 5 do 200 nDb. Dovoz m\u011bn nen\u00ed omezen, ale mus\u00ed b\u00fdt deklarov\u00e1ny; v\u00fdvoz je omezen deklarovanou \u010d\u00e1stkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00edstn\u00ed kuchyn\u011b se zam\u011b\u0159uje na ryby \u2013 \u010dasto pod\u00e1van\u00e9 s chlebovn\u00edkem nebo va\u0159en\u00fdmi ban\u00e1ny \u2013 a na hojnost tropick\u00e9ho ovoce: pap\u00e1ji, mangu, ananasu, avok\u00e1du a ban\u00e1nu. Pikantn\u00ed ko\u0159en\u00ed podtrhuje pokrmy souostrov\u00ed. Vnitrozemsk\u00e9 komunity dopl\u0148uj\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny buzios, velk\u00fdmi suchozemsk\u00fdmi \u0161neky, zat\u00edmco pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed dom\u00e1cnosti love mo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161neky. M\u011bstsk\u00e9 hotely mohou nab\u00edzet menu v evropsk\u00e9m stylu za pr\u00e9miov\u00e9 ceny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00e1siln\u00e1 trestn\u00e1 \u010dinnost je vz\u00e1cn\u00e1; s rostouc\u00edm turismem se objevily drobn\u00e9 kr\u00e1de\u017ee a c\u00edlen\u00e9 turistick\u00e9 podvody. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje silni\u010dn\u00ed doprava. Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro divokou zv\u011b\u0159 je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou \u010dern\u00e9 kobry ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e. A\u010dkoli jsou tito jedovat\u00ed hadi obecn\u011b plach\u00ed, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed na lesn\u00edch stezk\u00e1ch ostra\u017eitost. Protijedy jsou k dispozici v m\u00edstn\u00edch nemocnic\u00edch a \u00famrt\u00ed jsou neobvykl\u00e1, pokud je o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed provedeno do dvou hodin po kousnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pevnost S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o ve m\u011bst\u011b S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 \u2013 postaven\u00e1 v roce 1575 a v roce 2006 zrekonstruovan\u00e1 jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum \u2013 nab\u00edz\u00ed okno do mnohovrstevnat\u00e9 minulosti ostrov\u016f. Kdysi se ty\u010dila jako ba\u0161ta proti soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edm n\u00e1mo\u0159nictv\u016fm, nyn\u00ed ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 artefakty, kter\u00e9 sahaj\u00ed od prvn\u00edho kontaktu s Evropany p\u0159es koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed plant\u00e1\u017ee a\u017e po sou\u010dasnou nez\u00e1vislost. D\u016fm \u201ero\u00e7as\u201c \u2013 n\u011bkter\u00e9 zch\u00e1tral\u00e9, jin\u00e9 zrekonstruovan\u00e9 jako p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 vyb\u00edz\u00ed k zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad \u017eivoty, kter\u00e9 kdysi omezovala nucen\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce a nyn\u00ed jsou definov\u00e1ny obnovenou autonomi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov ve sv\u00e9 kompaktn\u00ed podob\u011b zt\u011bles\u0148uje paradoxy lidsk\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed na pozad\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho bohatstv\u00ed. P\u016fdy z vulkanick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu vy\u017eivuj\u00ed kakaovn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 udr\u017eely stalet\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e; odoln\u00e9 populace formovaly stabiln\u00ed politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u00e1ny ostrov\u016f. Cestovatel\u00e9 i v\u011bdci se setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s \u017eivou biodiverzitou i ozv\u011bnou historie pod rezav\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmi dve\u0159mi plant\u00e1\u017e\u00ed. V t\u00e9to sm\u011bsici ostr\u00fdch kontrast\u016f \u2013 \u00farodn\u00e9m r\u00e1ji zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m minulost\u00ed \u2013 stoj\u00ed Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov jako d\u016fkaz obnovy a trval\u00e9 souhry p\u016fdy a lid\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Podmaniv\u00e1 ostrovn\u00ed republika Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Guinejsk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu u z\u00e1padn\u00edho rovn\u00edkov\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Afriky. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b Demokratick\u00e1 republika Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov, tento mal\u00fd n\u00e1rod se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou hlavn\u00edch ostrov\u016f a \u0159ady men\u0161\u00edch ostr\u016fvk\u016f. Asi 150 kilometr\u016f odd\u011bluje dva hlavn\u00ed ostrovy, Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 a Princ\u016fv ostrov; Svat\u00fd Tom\u00e1\u0161 je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z t\u011bchto dvou.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4441,"parent":24063,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10632","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10632","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10632"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10632\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/travelshelper.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}